COMMUNICATION SKILLS

 Methods of Communication
 Verbal
 Non-Verbal
 Visual
 Written

Advantages and Disadvantages of each method

1. Verbal Communication

Advantages:

 Quick exchange of ideas.

 Allows for instant feedback and clarification.

Disadvantages:

 No permanent record.
 Miscommunication due to accents or speech differences.

2. Non-Verbal Communication

Advantages:

 Helps convey emotions effectively.

 Supports verbal communication for better understanding.

Disadvantages:

 Can be misunderstood across cultures.

 Limited in conveying complex information.
3. Written Communication

Advantages:

 Provides a permanent record.

 Can be carefully structured and reviewed.

Disadvantages:

 Slower feedback.
 Requires literacy skills.

4. Visual Communication

Advantages:

 Easy to understand complex data (charts, diagrams).

 Attracts attention and engagement.

Disadvantages:

 May not be detailed enough without text.

 Can be misinterpreted if poorly designed.

Elements of communication cycle

 Sender – The person who conveys the message.
 Message – The information, idea, or thought being
communicated.
 Encoding – Converting the message into symbols, words, or
gestures.
 Channel – The medium used to transmit the message (e.g.,
speech, text, email).
 Receiver – The person who receives and interprets the message.
 Decoding – The process of understanding the message.
 Feedback – The receiver’s response to the message.
 Feedback
>Feedback is an important part of the communication cycle. For
effective communication, the sender needs to receive
acknowledgment from the receiver. It validates effective listening
and ensures the message is understood. Feedback motivates
individuals, improves relationships, and helps enhance performance.
>A good feedback is always:
 specific
 helpful
 kind

Barriers to effective communication

 Language Barriers occur due to differences in language, slang, or
jargon, causing misunderstandings.
 Interpersonal Barriers happen when messages are misinterpreted
due to personal differences, stage fear, or reluctance to
communicate.
 Organizational Barriers result from rigid structures and rules that
limit communication flow in organizations.
 Cultural Barriers arise from misunderstandings between people
of different cultures, often due to stereotypes or differing
customs.

 Methods to overcome barriers

 Use simple language
 Be respectful of other’s opinion
 Take help of translator to overcome language differences.
  Principals of Effective communication (7Cs)
 Clear – Ensure the message is easy to understand.
 Concise – Keep the message brief and to the point.
 Concrete – Provide solid facts and details to support the message.
 Correct – Use proper language and grammar.
 Coherent – Ensure the message is logical and well-organized.
 Complete – Provide all necessary information for understanding.
 Courteous – Be respectful and polite in communication

 Ways to Improve communication

 Use Positive Body Language – Maintain good posture, make
eye contact, and use gestures to convey confidence and
engage your audience.
 Be Clear and Concise – Express your message in a simple
and direct way to ensure your audience understands quickly.
 Think Before Speaking and Avoid Jargon – Take a moment
to organize your thoughts and avoid using complex words or
jargon that might confuse your audience.

STRESS MANAGEMENT

 Stress
>Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social
reaction to any perceived demands or threats
 Stress management techniques
Time Management: Properly managing your time helps reduce
stress by keeping you organized and on track with tasks.

Physical Exercise and Fresh Air: Yoga, meditation, and outdoor

activities improve circulation, relax the body, and reduce stress.

Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet, like Dal, Roti, vegetables,

and fruits, provides the energy needed to manage daily tasks
effectively and reduce stress.

 Importance of the ability to work independently (Self-

reliance)
 Taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.
 Recognizing your mistakes without blaming others.
 Having the ability and will to learn continuously.

 Self-awareness
Self-awareness helps in identifying your strengths and
weaknesses, enabling personal growth. Understanding who you
are, what you like or dislike, your beliefs, and your abilities is
crucial in recognizing areas for improvement. By knowing
yourself, you can work towards turning weaknesses into strengths
and strengths into an exceptional talent.

 Difference between Interest and Ability

>Interests are things you like to do in your free time or things you are curious
about. Abilities are natural or acquired skills that enable you to perform a task
effectively. While interests reflect what you enjoy, abilities determine how well
you can do them.

 Self-Motivation

>Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-
motivation is what pushes us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our
quality of life.

- Types of motivation

 Internal Motivation: This comes from within, where we do things because

they make us feel happy, healthy, or fulfilled. For example, learning to
dance or sing for a school function makes us feel good.
 External Motivation: This comes from external rewards like respect,
recognition, or appreciation. For instance, Suresh participated in a race and
won a prize, which motivated him to practice every morning.

 Self-Regulation (SMART Method of Setting Goals)

>Self-regulation
refers to the ability to control or manage your
emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in different situations

Specific: The goal should be clear and well-defined.

Measurable: You should be able to track your progress and know
when you've achieved it.
Achievable: The goal should be attainable based on your
resources and capabilities.
Realistic: The goal should be realistic and practical, considering
your current situation and limitations.

Time-bound: The goal should have a deadline to ensure focus and

urgency.

 Importance of Time Management

 >Time management skills are important for success as they help prioritize
tasks, set goals, and use time efficiently. By managing time well, individuals
can reduce stress, improve productivity, meet deadlines, and maintain a
healthy work-life balance. This leads to greater success and fulfillment.

BASIC ICT SKILLS

 Operating system
>It is a software that acts as an interface between the user and
the computer.
-Functions of operating system
 It organizes, stores, and retrieves files for easy access.
 It controls the input and output devices like the keyboard,
mouse, and printer.
 It ensures security by controlling who can access the system
and preventing unauthorized use of data.

 Important Shortcuts
Ctrl + Z — Undo
Ctrl + Y — Redo
Ctrl + A — Select All
Ctrl + X — Cut
Ctrl + C — Copy
Ctrl + V — Paste
Ctrl + P — Print
Ctrl + S — Save
F2 — Rename
 Difference between file and folder
 File: A file is a collection of data or information stored on a
computer. It can contain documents, images, videos, or software.
Files have specific extensions like .txt (Notepad), .jpg
(Image), .mp3 (audio), etc.

Folder: A folder is a container or directory used to organize and

store files. A folder can contain files but a file cannot contain
folder.

 Measures while cleaning computer

 Always turn of the computer system before cleaning.
 Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the components of the
computer. First spray the liquid on a cloth and wipe it.
 Use microfiber cloth for cleaning computer components

 Protecting Computer Against Viruses

 Install and regularly update antivirus software to protect
the computer from viruses, malware, and other threats.
 Avoid opening email attachments or downloading files from
untrusted sources
 Keep your operating system and software updated.
 Use secure sites only.
 Use strong passwords.

 Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a

useful software program but once it reaches a computer it starts
behaving like a virus and destroying data.

SPAM Mails
 SPAM mails are unwanted emails, often sent in bulk, usually for
advertising, phishing, or spreading malware

-Ways to deal with them:

 Mark as SPAM: Mark unwanted emails as SPAM to prevent them

from appearing in your inbox.
 Delete Immediately: Avoid opening or interacting with suspicious
emails and delete them right away.

Spam files
SPAM files are unwanted or unnecessary files, often created by
browsing, advertisements, or email attachments.

-Ways to deal with them:

 Use Disk Cleanup: Regularly run disk cleanup tools to
remove temporary and unnecessary files.
 Delete Temporary Files: Manually delete files from the
Temp folder to free up space.

 Disk defragmentation: Disk defragmentation is the process of

organizing scattered files on a hard drive to make the computer
run faster and work more efficiently. It helps the system access
data more quickly.

GREEN SKILLS
Sustainable Development
 >Sustainable development meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
theirs, ensuring a balance between economic growth,
environmental protection, and social well-being.

 Importance of sustainable development

 Preventing Resource Depletion: Sustainable development
ensures resources are used efficiently, preventing future
environmental challenges.
 Shifting Development Strategies: It encourages adopting
development strategies that protect the environment and
promote sustainability.
 Careful Resource Utilization: Sustainable development
emphasizes the responsible use of scarce natural resources to
ensure their long-term availability.

Problems Related to Sustainable Development

 Food: Fertile land for growing crops is decreasing, and soil
quality is being damaged by chemical fertilizers, leading to
reduced agricultural productivity.
 Water: Rivers and ponds are getting polluted by garbage and
chemicals, threatening the availability of clean water for future
use.
 Fuel: Excessive deforestation for wood as fuel and construction
is disrupting the climate, contributing to extreme weather
conditions.

Ways to get clean and affordable energy

  Solar Energy: Solar energy uses the sun's power, which is
unlimited and renewable, making it a clean and sustainable
energy source for the future.
 Wind Energy: Wind power uses the energy from wind to
generate electricity, which is a clean, renewable source of
energy that reduces reliance on fossil fuels.

SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to
end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity
for all. It was launched at United Nations Sustainable
Development Summit in New York in September 2015, forming
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 17 SDGs were
created to focus on critical issues like poverty, gender equality,
water use, energy, climate change, and biodiversity, with targets
for countries to achieve by 2030.

Part B: Chapter-5
Safety VS Security
Safety: The workplace must be free from hazards and risks to ensure
employee well-being. A hazard is anything that can cause harm to
people.

Security: Employees should feel secure at work, free from potential

harm. Security covers areas like personal safety, cybersecurity,
electrical safety, transport safety, and equipment safety.

Electrical Hazards
 Direct contact with live wires can cause electric shock or
electrocution.
 Exposed or worn-out wiring increases the risk of electrical
accidents.
 Ungrounded or faulty equipment may result in electric shocks.
 Unsafe use of electrical equipment can lead to dangerous
situations.

Fire hazards
 Failure to follow fire safety standards increases the risk of
workplace fires.
 Overloading electrical outlets can cause overheating and fires.
 Unawareness of fire escape routes can put employees at risk
during an emergency.
 Lack of emergency response systems can make fire incidents
worse.

Hazards while using computer

 Poor sitting posture can lead to pain and strain.
 Sitting for too long in one position may cause discomfort.
 Repetitive movements can result in muscle fatigue.
 Glare from the screen can be harmful to the eyes.

(Stretching at regular intervals or doing some simple yoga in

your seat can mitigate such hazards.)

 Occupational Overuse Syndrome

 Occupational Overuse Syndrome (RSI) refers to conditions causing
persistent pain or discomfort in muscles, tendons, and soft
tissues. It is often work-related and results from repetitive
movements, sustained or constrained postures, or forceful
motions over time.

General Emergency Handling procedures

 First Aid
Should be quickly accessible to the employees. It should contain all the
important items for first aid required to deal with common problems such
as cuts, burns, headaches and muscle cramps.
 Electrical and fire Safety
Employees should be instructed on electrical safety, including keeping
water and food away from electrical equipment. Electrical staff must
regularly inspect wiring for damage, and emergency equipment, like fire
extinguishers and alarms, should be checked to ensure they are working
properly.
 Evacuation
It is critical for employee to know who is the coordinator or authority to
make decisions during emergencies. The coordinator should be
responsible to handle evacuation process.

General Evacuation Procedures

 Leave the premises immediately and move towards the nearest
emergency exit to ensure your safety.
 Do not spend time collecting personal belongings; proceed directly to
the exit with only essential items.
 Avoid using elevators or escalators during an evacuation to prevent
getting trapped in case of a power failure; use stairs instead.
 Go to the emergency assembly area, check if any colleagues are
missing, and inform the responsible person immediately.
Fire Prevention
 All employees must be aware of the location of fire
extinguishers and how to use them properly in case of an
emergency.
 Ensure that fire extinguishers, first aid stations, and
emergency exits are clearly marked and easily accessible at
all times.
 Do not block or stack materials near exit doors, fire
extinguishers, or electrical panels to ensure these can be
accessed quickly during an emergency.
 Regularly inspect fire extinguishers and report any defects in
fire safety or electrical equipment to your supervisor to
maintain workplace safety.