—_ 4.1 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance } (1mark) | 1. A geneticist interested in studying variations and patterns of inheritance in living beings prefers to choose organisms for experiments with shorter life cycle, Provide a reason. (Delhi 2015) | 8. 2. Mention any two contrasting traits with respect to seeds in pea plant that were studied by Mendel. (al2014) 4.2. Inheritance of One Gene Lila} plants and dwarf plants, the F, generation showed tall and dwarf plants in the ratio of 3 Reason (R) : There is no blending of traits/characters in the F, generation. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A)istrue, but (R) is false. (d) (A)is false, but (R) is true. (2023)(0) 4, Thenumber of different types of gametes that would develop in an organism with genotype AABBCCDd. (a) 1 2 @3 4 (Term |, 2021-22) EW) In Pisum sativum, the pod colour may be green (G) or yellow (g). What percentage of offsprings with green pod colour trait would be obtainedina cross of Gg x Gg? (a) 25% (b) 10. 11. 12. 75% (d) 90% 43, (Term |, 2021-22)(61) A child with blood group O has father with blood group Aand mother with blood group B. What would be the possible genotypes of parents and the child? Choose the correct option. Father Mother Child Fi wi Ai 1; i ee ne (NCERT Exemplar, Term I, 2021-22)(0B) | 16, Given below are the pairs of contrasting traits in | as studied by Mendel. Select the ym the table given (b) 50% (c) 14. (a) (b) Ai () AA @ Fe Pisum sativum incorrectly mentioned option fror below. |S inert 15. By using Punnett squar Character jower colour Violet Pod shape Inflated Constricteg {) Stemheight Tall Dwart Axial Flower position Terminal (Term |, 2021-2973 How many types of gametes can be produced i, Giploid organism which is heterozyBous for 3c 40) 8) «6 16 A) 3 (NCERT, Term |, 2021-29)33 Polydactyly (six-fingered hands) is agenetic condi, due to adominant allele (P) over recessiveallete(y Ssixcfingered woman and a five-fingered man ave; five-fingered child, the genotype of the parents ang the child would be (a) ‘Mother Father Child (a) PP pp Pp () Pp pp pp (©) Pp Pp pp 7 (@) pp PP Pp (Term|, 2021-22) British geneticist R.C. Punnett developed: graphical representation of a genetic cross calle “Punnett Square’. Mention the possible result ts representation predicts of the genetic cross carrie (Delhi 20191 Name the pattern of inheritance where F , phenotype (a) resembles only one of the two parents. (b) doesnot resemble either of the two parentsand isin between the two. (al2019) Name the type of cross that would help to find te genotype of a pea plant bearing violet flowers. (al2017 Statea difference between a gene and anallele. (Delhi 2018 How many kinds of phenotypes would you expect? F, generation in a monohybrid cross exhibiting © dominance? (Delhi 20140 re depict the genotypes = phenotypes of test crosses (where green pod col (G)is dominant over yellow pod colour (g) ing" Pea with unknown genotype. (2023) Two children one with blood ‘ap’ and ott! group ‘AB’ an with blood group 'O' are born to parents where father has blood group and the mother has > Broup'B’ Work outa cross to show howisit pos (ncerr, 2020 Scanned with CamScannernnertanceand Variation : lain the expression of incomplete e ena nes Give an example of flower jominanesomplete dominance. ceiling state the Law of Mendel the genes which ime aromplete dominancefollow. (2020) exhibit does a geneticist need to carry a test cross? nen oPraried? (Foreign 2015) How! and explain the lawof segregation as proposed te el in a monohybrid cross. by Mer (2/5, Foreign 2015) rots was carried out between two pea plants A crerng the contrasting traits of height of the ‘Tats The result the crs showed 50% parental rs, ck ‘out the cross with the help of a Punnett square (ty Name the typeof the cross carried out. (Delhi 2014) How does the gene 'l’ control ABO blood groups jnhumans? Write the effect the gene has on the structure of red blood cells. (Delhi 2014) nn. in sapdragon a cross between true-breeding red flowered (RR) plants and true-breeding white flowered (rr) plants showed a progeny of plants with alpink lowers. fa). The appearance of pink flowers isnot known as blending. Why? (b) What s this phenomenon known as? 20. 24 (al2014) 23, With the help of one example, explain the phenomena ance and multiple allelism in human (al 2014) FEY marks) — 24, Explain Mendel's “Law of segregation” in a typical monohybrid cross with the help of a suitable example, (2020)(R) 35. Differentiate between dominance, incomplete dominance and co-dominance with the help of a suitable example of each. (2020)(0) Explain the phenomena of dominance, multiple alelsmandco-dominance takinghuman ABO blood ‘Broup as an example. %, 2 . What is a test cross? How can it decipher the ‘erozygosity of a plant? (Al 2016) Ateacher wants hissher students tofind the genotype Schos atts bearing purple coloured flowers in thelr ™ hed Barden, Name and explain the cross that will '2ke it possible, (Delhi 2015) Our ita Monohybria cross involving a tall pea plant 2 dwarf pea plant, the offspring populations 28, 2%, 30. The F, HEN 5 marks)_ 92. It 33. (Al 2019) | ” were tall and dwarf in equal ratio, Work out a cross to show how itis possible, (al2015) 2 Progeny of a monohybrid cross showed Phenotypic and genotypic ratio as 1: 2:1, unlike that of Mendel’s monohybrid F ratio. With the help of a suitable example, work out a cross and explain how itis possible. (ai 2015) 31. (a) Write the conclusions Mendel arrived at on dominance of traits on the basis of monahybrid ‘crosses that he carried out in pea plants. (b) Explain why a recessive allele is unable to express itself in a heterozygous state. (Foreign 2014) sometimes observed that the F, progeny has 2 phenotype that does not resemble either of the two parents and has intermediate phenotype. Explain by taking a suitable example and working out the cross upto F, progeny. (2023) ferentiate between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. Substantiate your answer with one example of each. (NCERT Exemplar, Delhi 2019) (U_ 34. (a) How would you find out whether a given tall garden pea plant is homozygous or heterozygous ? Substantiate your answer with the help of Punnett squares. (b) Given below are the F, phenotypic ratios of two independently carried monohybrid crosses : 1:24 “i Mention what does each ratio suggest. (2019) 35. (a) State and explain the law of dominance as proposed by Mendel. (b) How would phenotypes of monohybrid F, and F, progeny showing incomplete dominance in snapdragon and co-dominance in human blood group be different from Mendelian monohybrid F and F> progeny? Explain. (NCERT, Foreign 2015) 36. (a) Acouplewith blood groups’A’and’B' respectively have a child with blood group ‘O: Work out a cross to show howit is possible and the probable blood groups that can be expected in their other offspring. (b) Explain the genetic basis of blood groups in human population. (al 2015¢) | 37. Work out a monohybrid cross upto F, generation between two pea plants and two Antirrhinum plants both having contrasting traits with respect to colour of flower. Comment on the pattern of inheritance in the crosses carried above. (al2014C) \ Scanned with CamScanner od98 4.3 Inheritance of Two Genes 38. The chromosomal theory of inheritance was put forth by, (a) Gregor Mendel and Tschermak (b) Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri (©) Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant (€)_ DeVries and Correns. (NCERT, Term 1, 2021-22)(B) Inchick pea assume that there is nolinkage andallele of large seed (L) is dominant over small seed (I) and green colour seed (G) is dominant over yellow colour seed (g). Two chick pea parent plants when crossed resulted in progeny having seeds with phenotypes small seeds and green colour, and large seeds with yellow colour besides other phenotypic progenies. Select the genotype of these two parents plants. (a) LGC ligg (b) lige * Lee () IGG x1IGg (@) Ge Ugg (Term, 2021-22) 0) In a dihybrid Mende cross, garden pea plants heterozygous for yellow flowers and round seeds are crossed with homozygous white flowers and wrinkled seeds. The genotypic and phenotypic ratio of F, progeny would be (a) 9 3:1 (c) 1:4:4:1 39. 40. (bo) 4:2:2:1 (@) 3:1. (Term 1, 2021-22) (E) Morgan hybridised Drosophila white eyed and yellow bodied female with red eyed and brown bodied male (wild type) and intercrossed their F, progeny. He observed that the two genes (a) did not segregate independent of each other {b)_ may be located on two different chromosomes {c)_ segregated independently of each other (a) showed very high percentage of recombinants. (Term 1, 2021-22) (Kn) 41. (Amark) 42. Name the stage of cell division where segregation of an independent pair of chromosome occurs. (Al 2014) sa) - 43. How would you find genotype of a tall pea plant bearing white flowers ? Explain with the help of a cross. Name the type of cross you would use. (Delhi 2016) 44. 45. 46. 47. HEM s mars) _ 48. 49. 50, 51, 52. a_i | Morgan select Drosophila melanog, reed genes for his lab experiment.» (NCERT Exemplar, Foreign 075 Why did TH. to study sex! tific name of the fruit fly, yy k with fruit-flies fo id Morgan prefer to Wor! fi Seenments? state any three reasons. (Al 2py¢ ssing over of genesarealternativey ify with the help of anexample, Al2016 given below and answer ti, write the scient Linkage and cro’ each other. Justi study the figures question. Cross, CrossB (Parental) White, miniature Wild type Identify in which of the given crosses, the strengthof linkage between the genes is higher? Give reasonsin support of your answer. (Foreign 2014)(0. ‘Compare in any three ways the chromosomal theory of inheritance as proposed by Sutton and Boveri with that of experimental results on pea plant presented by Mendel. (Delhi 2019) () Explain linkage and recombination as put for by TH. Morgan based on his observations wit , Drosophila melanogaster crossing experiment. (b) Write the basis on which Alfred Sturtev=t explained gene mapping. (Delhi 201% Write the Mendelian F, phenotypic ratio ina dito" ross. State the law that he proposed on the basis this ratio. How is this law different from the la segregation? (3/5, Foreign 2015) Mendel published his work on inheritance 1900. en 1865, butt remained unrecognised Thea, Give three reasons for the delay in accepts is Work, (Delhi 2014 the help of a suitable example ie fait where two different domi it express. themselves simultaneou® | 'eny. Name this kind of inheritance patte" (arz084) Explain with inheritance of alleles of a trai inthe pro Scanned with CamScannerr peso Iberitance and Veraton prin organ carried out several dihybrid crosses 59, Moree sla and found F, - ratios deviated very in Pianty from the expected Mendelian ratio, ain his ndings withthe help of one example (Delhi 2014¢) (gmarks) fa. youre given tal ea plant with green seeds. The jenotype of this plant is unknown. You are allowed setgo only ‘selfing’ of these plants to find out the genotype ofthe given plant. Work out all possible crosses and show how you would determine the genotype of the given plant. (2023)(&n) 5, () Why did T.H. Morgan select Drosophila ‘melanogaster for his experiments? {b) How did he disprove Mendelian dinybrid F., phenotypic ratio 9: 3: 3: 1? Explain giving reasons. (2020) (Ap) 56, Mendel crossed a homozygous pea plant having yellow and round seeds with another pea plant bearing green and wrinkled seeds. He found that in some of the F, population new combination of parental characters were observed. How will you explain the appearance of a new combination of parental characters in Fy-offsprings? Support your answer with the help of Punnett square. (2019) 57. (a). Write the scientific name of the organism Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues worked with for their experiments. Explain the correlation between linkage and recombination with respect to genes as studied by them. (b) Howdid Sturtevant explain gene mapping while working with Morgan? (NCERT, 2018) (U] 58. State and explain the “law of independent assortment” ina typical Mendelian dihybrid cross. (Delhi 2017) (R) OR Work out a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross and state the law that he derived from it. (al 2014) 59. Give a genetic explanation for the following cross. When a tall pea plant with round seeds was crossed with a dwarf pea plant with wrinkled seeds then all the individual of F, populations were tall with round Seeds. However, selfing among F, population led toa 9¥3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. (Al 2016) ©. (a) Dinybrid cross between two garden pea plant one homozygous tall with round seeds and the other dwarf with wrinkled seeds was carried. {Write the genotype and phenotype of the Fy Progeny obtained from this cross. 9 (il) Give the different types of gametes of the F, progeny. (il). Write the phenotypes and its ratios of the F generation obtained in this cross along with the explanation provided by Mendel. (b) How were the observations of F, progeny of dihybrid crosses in Drosophila by Morgan different from that of Mendel carried in pea plants? Explain giving reasons (Delhi 2015C) 2a, 61. A tall pea plant bearing violet flowers is given with its unknown genotypes. Explain by working out the crosses how would you find the correct genotypes with respect to the two traits mentioned only by "selfing" the given plants. (al2015C) 62. A pea plant producing yellow coloured and round seeds is given with unknown genotypes. Explainhow you would find the correct genotypes of the plants with respect to the two traits mentioned. Work out the cross and name it. (Al 2015C) 63. A cross was carried out between a pea plant heterozygous for round and yellow seeds with apea plant having wrinkled and green seeds. (a) Show the cross in a Punnett square. (b) Write the phenotype of the progeny of this cross. (c)_ Whatis this cross known as? State the purpose of conducting such across. (Foreign 2014) 64, (a). Workout cross between atall pea plant bearing violet flowers (heterozygous for both) with a dwarfpea plant having white flowers. Write the genotypes and phenotypes of the progeny along, with their ratios (b) Name such a cross and state its importance. (Delhi 2014C) 4.4 Polygenic Inheritance SM 1 mah) 65. Onwhatbasisisthe skin colour ir humans considered polygenic? a12015)0) HEME eras) 66. Explain polygenic inheritance with the help of a suitable example. (Delhi 2014C) BE (5 aris) ee 67.. (a) During a cross involving true breeding red flowered and true breeding white flowered snapdragon plants the F, progeny did not show ‘any of the parental traits, while they reappeared in F, progenies. Explain the mechanism using Punnett square. (b)_ Explain polygenic inheritance with the help of an example. (Foreign 2015) Scanned with CamScanner100 4.5. Pleiotropy Lise} 68. Select the pair-that is not correct, (a) Pleiotropy : Sickle cell anaemia (b) Linkage : Drosophila (c)_ Incomplete dominance: Antirrhinum {d)_Co-dominance : ABO blood group (Term 1, 2021-22)(R) 69. Give an example of a gene responsible for multiple phenotypic expressions, What are such genescalled? State the cause thats responsible for such aneffect. (Foreign 2015) 70. Explain pleiotropy with the help of an example. (Foreign 2014) HE (5 marks) 71. (a) Whatis polygenic inheritance? Explain help of a suitable example. {b)Howare pleiotropic inheritance different from polygenic pattern of inheritance? (Al 2015) (An) marks) _ the 72. (a) inheritance and pleiotropy different from each other? (b) Explain polygenic inheritance pattern with the help of a suitable example. (Al2015) 73. How do “pleiotropy’, “incomplete dominance’, “co- dominance” and “polygenic inheritance” deviate from the observation made by Mendel? Explain with the help of one example foreach. (Delhi 2015C) 4.6 Sex Determination i 74. Which of the following are true about males in a colony of honeybees? (i) They have 16 chromosomes per cell. (ii) They produce sperms by meiosis. (iii). They have a grandfather but no father. {iv) Allmales in the colony are haploid except one. (a) (iJand (ii) only (b) Gi and (ii) only (2) (iiiJand(iv)only —(d)_i)and (iv) only (2023)(E) (Amark) 75, State the fate of a pair of autosomes during gamete formation. (Delhi 2017) 76. Amale honeybee has 16 chromosomes whereas its female has 32 chromosomes. Give one reason. (Al 2016) 77. How many chromosomes do drones of honeybee possess? Name the type of cell division involved in the production of sperms by them. (Al 2015)(U) How are Mendelian inheritance, polygenic _ 3 (TEED COSE Champion Biology Cs 78. Identify and write the correct statement (a) Drosophila male has one X and one y chromosome, (b) Drosophila male has two X chromosomes, (Al2o14 79. Identify the correct statement. (a) Female of many birds has a pair of dissimilar 2 chromosomes, while the males possess a pay similar ZZ.chromosomes. (b) Female of many birds has a pair of similar 2y chromosomes, while the males possess apsicry dissimilar ZW chromosomes. (al 20146, HEB (2 mart 80. Differentiate between male and fe heterogamety. (Dethi 203; 81. Explain mechanism of sex-determination in birds (Delhi 2035, 82. Differentiate between °ZZ' and 'XY’ type of sey determination mechanisms. (Delhi 2015) HEME san ee 83. The cytological observations made in a number of insects led to the development of the concept of genetic/chromosomal basis of sex-determination mechanism. Honey bee is an interesting example to study the mechanism of sex-determination. Study the schematic cross between the male and the female honey bees given below and answer the questions that follow, Fenalehoneybee Selene J Gametes Gametes V7 -| Offspring Maletioneybee Female honey bee | 32chromasomes (a) Identify the cell divisions ‘a’ and ‘B' that lead to gamete formation in female and male honeY bees respectively. (b) Name the process ‘C’ that leads to the development of male honey bee (drone). _, (2020)(U) Compare the mechanism of sex determination inhumans with that of honey bees, with respect tochromosome number. (b) Howisthe gamete formation comparable inthe above two cases? (2020) Parent Male honeybee l-—s 84. (a) Scanned with CamScannerPrinciples of Inheritance and Variation 5. Explain the mechanism of ‘sex determination’ in birds. How does it differ from that of human beings? (2018) PMs marks) 86. (a) Howis sex determined in humans? (0) How does it differ from sex determination in birds and honey bees? —_(NCERT, Delhi. (2014C) 4.8 Genetic Disorders 87, Assertion (A) : In thalassemia, an abnormal ‘myoglobin chain is synthesised due toa gene defect. Reason (R) : a-thalassemia is controlled by genes HBA1 and HBA2 on chromosome 16, (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A), (b) Both (A) and (R) true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). ( Wyistrue, but (R) is false (@) (A)isfalse, but (R) is true. (2023)(0) 88, The cause for Klinefelter’s syndrome in humans is because of (a) anextra copy of autosome (b) anextra copy of X chromosome (q)_ absence of one X chromosome (d)_ absence of one Y chromosome. (Term 1, 2021-22)(R) Given diagram depicts a karyotype obtained after analysis of fetal cells for probable genetic disorder. hy) Kau ie Wn uo WY ‘ 213 | i % 7 18 x VWeog) Ue 120 a Based on the karyotype, the chromosomal disorder detected in unborn fetus and the consequent ‘symptoms the child may suffer from are (3) Down's syndrome : Gynaecomastia, overall masculine, development. 89. (0) Down's syndrome: Furrowed tongue, short stature. (6) Turner's syndrome : Rudimentary ovaries, sterile individual (4) Turner's syndrome : Gynaecomastia, masculine development. (Term 1, 2021-22) 101 90, The autosomal disorder/disease in humans is (a) colour blindne: (b) thalassemia ()_ haemophilia (d) Turner's syndrome. (2020) BREW (1 mark) 91. Name a human genetic disorder due to the following: (a) An additional X-chromosome in a male (b) Deletion of one X-chromosome in a female (2019) 92. State the chromosomal defect in individuals with ‘Turner's syndrome. (Delhi 2015C) 93. Write the chromosomal defect inindividuals affected with Klinefelter’s syndrome. (al 2015¢) HEM 2 marks) 94, State what are Mendelian disorders. Both thalassemia and colour blindness are categorised as Mendelian disorders. Justify. (2020) {a) Explain the cause responsible ina human tohave sex chromosomes as XXY instead of 'XX’ or XY. (b) List any two ways such individuals are different from the normal being. (2020) (ip) Why is the frequency of red-green colour blindness ‘more in human males than in females? Explain. (2019¢) Name a disorder a human suffers from as a result of monosomy of the sex chromosome. Give the 95. 9%. 97. karyotype and write the symptoms. (al2019) 98. Differentiate between Turner's syndrome and Down's syndrome. (2019) 99. Why is the possibility of a human female suffering from haemophilia rare ? Explain. HEM (3 maris)_ 100. Differentiate between the pattern of inheritance in humans of the blood diseases haemophilia and thalassemia, (2020) Ag 101.A normal couple has their first child who is haemophilic. Work out a cross to show how it is possible. State the possibility of the normal and haemophilic children, along with their sexes, that can be born to them. (2020) 102. Generally it is observed that human males suffer from hemophilia more than human females, who rarely suffer from it. Explain giving reason. (2020) 103.A doctor after conducting certain tests on a pregnant woman advised her to undergo MTP, as (Foreign 2014) Scanned with CamScanner102 (1EIEI.CHSE Champion Biology, the foetus she was carrying showed trisomy of 21°° | TUM (4 or 5 marks) chromosome, (a) State the cause of trisomy of the 21% chromosome. (&) Why was the pregnant woman advised to undergo MI.P.andnnot to complete the full term of her pregnancy ?Explain, (2019) 104.During a medical investigation, an infant was found to possess an extra chromosome 21. Describe the symptoms the child is likely to develop later in the life. (Delhi 2017) 105. Both haemophiliaand thalassemia are blood related disorders in humans. Write their causes and the difference between the two. Name the category of genetic disorder they both come under. (AI 2017) 4106.A couple with normal vision bear acolourblind child. Work out a cross to show how it is possible and mention the sex of the affected child (Dethi 2016)(E) oR Acolourblind child is born to a normal couple. Work out a cross to show how it is possible. Mention the sex of this child. (Delhi 2014) 107.Which chromosomes carry the mutant genes causing thalassemia in humans? What are the problems caused by these mutant genes? (Qelhi 2015C)(R) 108. If there is a history of haemophilia in the family, the chances of male members becoming haemophilic are more than that of the female. (a) Whyisitso? (b) Write the symptoms of the disease. (al 2015¢) 109. Identify ‘a,b; ‘c,d; ‘e’ and ‘fin the given table. INo.| Syndrome | Cause | Characteristics |Sexmale/| of affected | female/ individuals | both 1. [Down's [trisomy "(i io lof2a boxy — overall la Imasculine development 13. [Turner's [as with |e’ (i, (i) xo (al 2014) (An) 1110. Why is haemophilia rare in human females? Mention a clinical symptom for the disease. (Al2014) 111.The chromo: some number 15 fixed fOr all ay, leading to species SpeCIFCationvitay. sry. abnormality in the €MOMOFOME Mant fan organism results into. abnormal indivi, tor example, in humans 46 15 the fized nung Chromosomes both in male and female, In » itis'44 + XY" and in female it is 44 + 12 Thy, human male is heterogametic, in other yy, produces two different types of gametes o Writh ‘22 + X’ chromosomes and other with 22 ., ‘chromosomes respectively. Human female, on other hand is homogametic, ie., produces only 7, type of gamete with'22 +X’ chromosomes only, ‘Sometimes an error may occur during meiosis ofc cycle, where the sister chromatids fail to segrezos called nondisjunction, leading to the produc, of abnormal gametes with altered chromosons number. On fertilisation such gametes develop in abnormal individuals. (a) State what is aneuploidy. (b) If during spermatogenesis, the chromatis of sex chromosomes fail to segregate during meiosis, write only the different types cf gametes with altered chromosome number that could possibly be produced. (2) A normal human sperm (22 + Y) fertilises 2 ‘ovum with karyotype ‘22 + XX. Name te disorder the offspring thus produced wou suffer from and write any two symptoms of the disorder. organisms | OR (c) Name a best known and most comm autosomal aneuploid abnormality in humans write any two symptoms, (2023) B 112. The following pedigree chart shows the inherits? of a genetic disorder up to three generations of? family. Observe the chart and answer the questo’ that follow. Generatonl gC) comrtonn Oo hor HY 1: As the disease sex-tinked or autosomal as Pe the chart? Give reasons in support of Yo answer, (ii) Isitarecessive (iil) Write the gen and‘H! Generation it or adominant disorder? 'otypes of the individuals Ci! Scanned with CamScannerPrinciples of Inheritance and Variation (iv) (a) If the female ‘D’ marries a normal man, what will be the probability of their daughter being a sufferer of this disease? OR (iv) (b) IF the mother ‘B’ is a cartier of the disease, what will be the probability of their daughter beinga sufferer of this disease? __(2023)(U) 113.(a) Why are colourblindness and thalassemia er 103 categorised as Mendelian disorders? Write the symptoms of these diseases seen in people suffering from them. {b) About 8% of human male population suffers from colourblindness whereas only about 0.4% ‘of human female population suffers from this disease. Write an explanation to show how it is possible. (al 2015) Scanned with CamScanner