FRIC TION

Contact Force
in contact, electo
When two bodies ane kept poticles
- magnetic forces act betweenh the chahed
Surfaces of
the bodies. Asa resul.eas
at the on the othes. The
body exert a Contact fore acting on the
forces
magnitudes of the contad directions are
two bodies ane equal but their
Conta t forces obey
oPParte and hence the
.
mal fovce The direction of
NNor6Contact
Force the contact orce
Block: acting on a particler

floor
Africtton
: 8i
87
body is not necessorily
Lto the contat
Surface. We Can
resolve thís contact
force into tuo
Componests, one
pereendiculas to the Cortat foe surtace and the
otheY parallel to he Contad Sutace.
The per pendiwlas componet is called the normal
Contot forte oY nomal force or Reaction force
and the parallel component is Called frictHon forte.

Friction opposes the relative motion between

the bodies in contat, force af
When two bodies slip over each other, the
friction is alled kinete fricion. When tho bodiecs
do not slip on each other, the force of triction
Called statie friction "
Problem-l: A
body of mass Yoog Slidas on a
z4 the frietion al
surface. 14
wh horimtal
ongh angle made by the
forte is 3N,find (a) the
on body with the vevtica
Contact force the Contact foe.
magnitde of the
and (b) the N
lo ms-,
Take S:
So. N=mg

f=3NlGiven
teng t:3
F: Jatfl and

F:4+3
SN
-·Fe
Kinetic Friction
When tuo bodies in Cortact moves .Wirt each
other, ubbing the surfaces in Contact,the fricticn,
friction between them is called kineteae sue
The divections of the fric+ional foree
that the relative slipping is opposed by the
friction,"
Ewample O
A

Sms 4Relative velocity d A t

is v The foree fricion
of

acting on
A
due to B will oppasite
to the VAg fef).
VBa Va-y 0-s: -sf w.r.t A is s(-i)
oY Vaa: S (-1) Relative veloity 8
¢ friciorn on
B
due toA will oppore VeA
The foree
f ().
 Example:2
JA

A Smal) block A is placed

on the box B which
Slips on the box G to fall fom
the reas and.
• As seen ffom the 0ad, both AG ae moving
of cowse V< V:
in +* direc tion,
: VAR Va
A wiY.* &
8
Relative veloity
on of Vo is (- x -axis) ie ci).
and the directi
beeawe Va-Ve is neyative (Va<vg)
Force o friction acting on A due t
R

will opposite to Van fis in +) ) din

wY.t A: Vn Ve-
B and the V

Relative velocity
direction d Vaa is (+x- axis) i-e +i) because
Va-V is tve (Va> VA)
Force of friction acting on B due to A

will to Voa
opposiH
VA ff is in G) ) dir".
e

Magnitude ef kinetic friction

proportional
The magnivde of kinetic frietion is
to the norma force acting beteen the tuo
bodies. ; whene Nis nor mal forre
Finetic
Mk is coetficient f fricti on,
 M, : co e4fic
ient of kinetic friction

two surfaces
l depends on nate of
in cotact.
U depend on mateials d tuo bodies

in Conta t. n appanet area

M, is independent
two bodie.
ontat beteen
Apparent area 4
Contat

Actual
area cono t

• depends on achval areoa

d Conta ct.
k
Problem:2 sor:

|2oxgF F
uz0-25
caleulate the force
(Nemg)
fricion. mg

tu o.25x 20X 9.8

o pposite
This force acts in tthe dir
to the pull.
 Stat ic Frichon
Frictional forces can be also act betbeen
ane
too
e
in Contact but not tes\iding
bodies which in such Coses
w.Y.t each other, The ricion
Called static friction.
Suppose sevehl labowy ane
•For example: almirah on the oor
trying to push a
a heavy
ocd of a
room.
to take it
The almirah is heavy and even
the most sincere effort by hem
on
is not able to slide it the
flooy even by a millimetes,
on the
As the almirah i's at Test the reultet foree
almirah showd be zero. Thus, Something is exering
opp. In this
a
force on the almirah in the exertsdir. a fetional
Case, it is the floor which e
The labowhers push
foree on the almirah. floor exers
almirah toads on lest in fig) and the
foree the almirah to wrds right
a frictional
an exmple static friction
his is
almirah
is this force?
Suppose the
Hoo Stvong with a Small force in the beqinning
is pushed inereased. It doe
and the force is qradualy is qyeatey
unti) the force appied
not side
a minimnum Value say F. The foree d
static
than
is eqal and opposite to the force
friction as long a the almirah
erte d by the labownes of static
ís at rest. This means the magnitude
fr'ehon adjusts its value atcord ing to applied
Force, As the applied force increases, the
friction al force also increases, The staic
friction is thu, self adjustable. It adjusts
directt on) in sueh a way
its magnitude (and
+o qethen with other forces applied
that maintains relative rayt
on
the body, it
betueen the to surfaces.
Cann ot qo
Howeves, the frictional force
force
beyond maximum, when +he applied
exceed this maximum friction fails to
inereale its value and slipping stasts.a
hiction that body
Tne maximum static
Can erent
on in Contact
the othes bodyfrictHon.
with it, i's called limiting

This limiting friction is proportiona) to the

tu
normal Contact force betueen the
ue N

bodie. we can write f

max
ohere fnas 's the marinum
of stattc friction and N
Possible force
I's +he norm al force.
proportional ity is Cell ed +he
The Corgtent f
Coetficient of staticfriction cand itt valye
on nature (roughnen) and ty pes d
depends
two sutaces in ontat. It is inde penalent
appasent asea of Conta ct.
 In genehal, ,>
Note: uN the maximum Possible force
is
statie frictton that can act blu the bodies.
e
actwal force d shatte frie Hon may be on
Smalles than u,N and it value depends
other fovceA acting on the body.is The
maqnitude of frieional ferce equl
to that requred to keep the body t
relative rest. Thus.

Finding the Direction of static Friction

The dirn of statte frietion on body is such thoct
a

force acing on it keeps it at rest

the total
with rspet to the body in Contact.
.
For example: The blek is pulled by a foree F
tousard right Suppose the force
is Small and the blocks do not move
.
The block is at wrt ground
ret .

and even block B

esutant Foree on
A

• Thus
the
on the upper
|S Zeho. As no oher etena) force ats
block due to
Jock te friction acting on he uppe
lower blo<, must be zeho. blocks move
•If the force F is increased the too
togethe tory rigut ( VAB= 0),, sith some
acceleation (uw.T.t groUnd).
. Asthe vpper block accelehctes tonahds igt (with
no slip wr.t lower blo de) the resulHant fore on t
As
must be towads iqht. the friction is the only
horizontal fore on the upper bloct it
mnust be
tow rigut.
friction on the uppe
Notice: +hat it is the
blodk ohih accelencetes the
blotkA touahd
misconception thet
riqkt. Tt is a qenenc)
opposes the motion. It is not
friction alwaysn many cases fricHon caue the
veally true. on 0ad
moton. A vehicle aceelerate the
frictional force on the
only because the nt
Vehicle due to the rad drives it. Itis
a vehicle on a
Possible to accelesate oppose Hhe relative
frictionless oad, Frietion
Contat.
moton betoeen the bodies in
Another way to ind he ir State fricion
FoY a moment conside tne surfaces to be
In absence d friction the
bodies
fietionless. One should
will stats slipping gain st each oth.
as opposite to the
then fnd the dir ricion
velocity with reypect to the body appying the
friction.
 Problem-3 Su ppose a
blocH d mars LHa is
placed
a
ovr a Surface
ogh
and horiontal forre F s
applied on the block as thoon in
igure. No, let vs see what
are the values of force of
friction f and acceleration of the blocke a it
the F is qradually incresed. Given tmat 0:5
tx10:
N=mg= (X10=1ON
Soj: FBD of Slock: mgF may

Below is explained in tabulas for m

F | e F-f Static/ Acele-.

ratie E.
Diagramn
Kine+'c block
frietion
Static

2N2N Stati

Stahe

SN SA Statie ma

feSN
Frek/m QE,2 ms
6N 2N kinehc
2 me-2

kinetica y
Fe &N
a 4msN
 fCN)

345° F(N)
5
Angle of friction
8 The angle of friction
Resultant may be defined as the
angle which the resutant
APPlied foree
of the limiting friction
'mat qnd tthe normal reacioy
makes with the normal
reachion.
-. tan cB tmas
9: N

Angle of Repase
It i's the minimum angle that an
inclined plane makes with the
on H
horiontal when a body placed
Just begins to slide doon.
mgsing
mgcas mg sing and N= mg cas
u,
,* ton d=tma
N
tano= =
tano >=9
Thus the angle repose is enual to anale of fricion
.