ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk HkkSfrdh µ d{kk 12
ç;ksx 4
mís';
iksVsaf'k;ksehVj }kjk nks izkFkfed lsyksa (MsU;y rFkk ySDyka'ks lsy) osQ fo|qr okgd
cy dh rqyuk djukA
vko';d midj.k rFkk lkexzh
iksVsaf'k;ksehVj] ysDyka'ks lsy] MsU;y lsy] f}iFk oqQath] Iyx izdkj dk izfrjks/ ckWDl
(0 ls 1000Ω)]xSyouksehVj (osLVu izdkj)] oksYVehVj (0-3 V) cSVjh fujkdjd@
lapk;h lsy] de izfrjks/ dk /kjk fu;=kad yxHkx (20 Ω)] ,dfnf'kd oqQath&nks] la;ksth
rkj ,oa jsxekyA
midj.k dk o.kZu
iksVsaf'k;ksehVj
fp=k E 4.1(a) esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj iksVsaf'k;ksehVj esa ,d
ydM+h osQ r[rs ij ,d leku ehVj iSekus osQ vuqfn'k fuEu
izfrjks/drk rki xq.kkad dk ,d leku rkj AB ruk gksrk gSA
bldh yackbZ izk;% 100 cm gksrh gS] ijarq mPp ;FkkFkZrk osQ
fy, ;g 400 cm vFkok 1000 cm yacs rkj dk Hkh cuk;k
tkrk gSA iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj dks izk;% ,d ydM+h osQ r[rs ij
100 cm iSekus osQ cxy esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=k E 4.1 (a)
fp=k E 4.1 (b) fp=k E 4.1 (c)
42
iz;ksx 4
dHkh&dHkh bl O;oLFkk dks lqlagr cukus osQ fy, rkj dks fp=k 4.1(b) rFkk fp=k 4.1(c)
esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj eksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
fl¼kar
oksYVehVj }kjk ge osQoy fdlh lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa osQ eè; foHkokarj gh eki ldrs gSa]
ijarq iksVsaf'k;ksehVj }kjk ge fn;s x;s lsy dh emf Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSaA ftu nks lsyksa
dh emf dh rqyuk djuh gksrh gS mUgsa ifjiFk esa bl izdkj la;ksftr djrs gSa fd muosQ
/u VfeZuyksa dks ,d lkFk iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj AB osQ fljs A rFkk ½.k VfeZuyksa dks f}iFk
oqaQth a,b,c ls gksrs gq, xSyouksehVj osQ ,d VfeZuy ls la;ksftr djrs gSaA xSyouksehVj osQ
nwljs VfeZuy dks tkWdh J ls la;ksftr djrs gSaA f}iFk oaqQth rFkk xSyouksehVj G osQ chp
,d izfrjks/ ckWDl R BOX Hkh lac¼ gksrk gSA bl ckWDl dks blosQ VfeZuyksa osQ chp ,d
oaqQth yxkdj 'kaVu dj fn;k tkrk gS] tSlk fd fp=k E 4.2 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
fp=k E 4.2 nks izkFkfed lsyksa ds fo|qr okgd cy dh rqyuk djus ds fy, ifjiFk
E1 rFkk E2 emf okys nks izkFkfed lsyksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls xSyouksehVj G ls gksdj lihZ
laioZQ J ls f}iFk oqQath a,b,c }kjk la;ksftr djrs gSaA
cSVjh E osQ Js.kh Øe esa /kjk fu;a=kd dk mi;ksx djosQ rkj AB osQ nksuksa fljksa osQ chp
,d LFkk;h foHkokarj LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS_ ftlesa fljs A dks fljs B dh vis{kk mPp
foHko ij j[kk tkrk gSA è;ku jgs emf E > emf E1 rFkk emf E2 j[kh tkuh gSA
lsy E1 dks ifjiFk esa la;ksftr f}iFk oqQath osQ varjky 'a c' dks can dhft,A xSyouksehVj
esa 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr izkIr djus osQ fy, tkWdh iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj ij ljdkb,A eku yhft,
;g fLFkfr J ij izkIr gksrh gSA AJ dk eku l1 cm uksV dhft,A blh izdkj varjky 'b c'
dks can djosQ rFkk tkWdh dks rkj ij ljdkdj 'kwU; fo{ksi dh fLFkfr J1 izkIr dhft,A
yackbZ AJ1 dks l2 cm uksV dhft,A
43
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk HkkSfrdh µ d{kk 12
vc] iksVsaf'k;ksehVj osQ fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj tc fdlh ,d leku eksVkbZ ;k inkFkZ osQ rkj ls
/kjk izokfgr gksrh gS rks rkj osQ fdUgha nks fcanqvksa osQ chp foHkokarj mu fcanqvksa osQ chp
dh rkj yackbZ osQ vuqØekuqikrh gksrk gSA bl izdkj
(E 4.1) V ∝l
(E 4.2) V=l
;gk¡ foHko izo.krk gSA
dk eku de djus osQ fy, rkj dh yackbZ esa o`f¼ dj nsrs gSAa dk fuEu eku gksus ij
iksVsaf'k;ksehVj vf/d lqxkz gh rFkk ;FkkFkZ cu tkrk gSA nks lsyksa osQ izdj.k esa
E1 = l1
E2 = l2
;gk¡ E1 rFkk E2 nks lsyksa dh emf gS] rFkk l1 rFkk l2 ] E1 o E2 osQ ifjiFk esa la;ksftr
gksus ij Øe'k% 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr;ksa ij rkj dh larqyu yackb;k¡ gSaA φ iksVasf'k;ksehVj rkj
dh yackbZ osQ vuqfn'k foHko izo.krk gSA
E1/E2 = φ l1/φ l2 = l1/l2
dk;Zfof/
1- fp=k E. 4.2. osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk la;kstu cukb,A cSVjh E rFkk nksuksa lsy E1 ,oa E2
osQ /u VfeZuyksa dks iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj osQ 'kwU; fljs ij lac¼ dhft,A
2- cSVjh E osQ Í.k VfeZuy dks iksVsaf'k;ksehVj osQ fljs B ls ,d /kjk fu;a=kd rFkk
,d fnf'kd oqQath K1 ls gksrs gq, la;ksftr dhft,A
3- E1 o E2 lsyksa osQ ½.k VfeZuy dks f}iFk oqQath 'a' o 'b' VfeZuyksa ls la;ksftr dhft,A
4- izfrjks/ ckWDl RBOX dks ,d oaqQth K2 osQ }kjk 'kafVr dhft,A f}iFk oqQath osQ
mHk;fu"B VfeZuy dks izfrjks/ ckWDl RBOX ls la;ksftr dhft,A
5- izfrjks/ ckWDl osQ nwljs fljs dks xSyouksehVj osQ ,d VfeZuy ls tksfM+,A xSyouksehVj
dk nwljk fljk ,d tkWdh ls la;ksftr dhft,A tkWdh dks xSyouksehVj esa 'kwU; fo{ksi
dh fLFkfr izkIr djus osQ fy, iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj ij ljdk;k tk ldrk gSA
6- lsy E1 dks varjky `a’ rFkk `c’ osQ chp Iyx yxkdj ifjiFk esa la;ksftr dhft,A
7- oqQath K2 dks [kksy nhft,A /kjk fu;a=kd dks fuEure izfrjks/ ij O;ofLFkr dhft,A
izfrjks/ ckWDl ls mPprj izfrjks/ (1000 vkse dh dksfV dk yxHkx) fudkfy,A
iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj osQ 'kwU; 'kh"kZ ij tkWdh dks Li'kZ djkb,A xSyouksehVj esa fo{ksi dh
fn'kk uksV dhft,A
44
iz;ksx 4
8- vc tkWdh dks rkj osQ nwljs fljs osQ fudV ys tkdj Li'kZ djkb,A uksV dhft,
xSyouksehVj dh lqbZ osQ fo{ksi dh fn'kk 7 osQ foijhr gS ;k ughaA
9- ;fn xSyouksehVj dh lqbZ dk fo{ksi mijksÙkQ nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa foijhr fn'kk esa gksrk gS
rks la;kstu lgh gSA ;fn ugha] rks dkj.k dk irk yxkb,A la;kstu <hys gks ldrs gSa ;k
cSVjh dk emf E lsy E1 o E2 ls de gks ldrk gSA tSlk ifjorZu vko';d gS
dhft,A
10- tkWdh dks iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj ij /hjs ls rc rd ljdkb, tc rd xSyouksehVj esa 'kwU;
fo{ksi fLFkfr izkIr u gks tk,A oqQath K2 dks yxkdj 'kwU; fo{ksi dh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr izkIr
dhft,A izfrjks/ ckWDl }kjk yxk;k x;k izfrjks/ xSyouksehVj ls izokfgr /kjk dks lhfer
dj nsrk gSA 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr osQ fudV xSyouksehVj ls izokfgr /kjk de gksrh gS]
oqQath K2 dks can djus ij izfrjks/ y?kqifFkr gks tkrs gSa] iQyLo:i fo|qr /kjk esa o`f¼
gks tkrh gSA blls 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr osQ lalwpu dh lqxzfgrk esa lq/kj gks tkrk gSA
rkj dh yackbZ AJ ekidj bls l1 osQ :i esa fyf[k,A tkWdh dks foijhr fn'kk esa ljdkrs
gq, 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr osQ lalwpu dks nksgjkb, rFkk l1 dk nwljk eku uksV dhft,A
11- blosQ i'pkr~ Iyx dks varjky 'b' rFkk 'c' osQ chp yxkdj E 2 dks ifjiFk esa ykb,A
l1 dh gh Hkk¡fr 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr J1 Kkr djosQ yackbZ AJ1 dks l2 osQ :i esa fyf[k,A
12- /kjk fu;a=kd osQ laioZQ fcanq dks rhu ckj LFkkukarfjr djosQ pj.k 6&11 dks nksgjkb,
rFkk E1 o E2 osQ izR;sd ikB~;kadksa osQ fy, l1/l2 osQ eku ifjdfyr dhft,A
13- vius izs{k.kksa dks rkfydkc¼ dhft,A
iz{s k.k
1- iksVsaf'k;ksehVj cksMZ ij rkjksa dh la[;k = ...
2- oksYVehVj dk ifjlj = 0...V ls ... V rd
3- oksYVehVj dk vYirekad = ...V
4- E osQ fljksa ij foHkoikr = ...V
5- E1 osQ fljksa ij foHkoikr = ...V
6- E2 osQ fljksa ij foHkoikr = ...V
45
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk HkkSfrdh µ d{kk 12
rkfydk E 4.1: lary
q u yackbZ
Ø- l1 lseh l 2 lseh vuqikr
l- ysdyka'ks lsy (E1) MSfu;y lsy (E2) E1 l1 E1
ifjiFk esa = ∆
ifjiFk esa E2 l2 E2
tkWdh ,d tkWdh foijhr vkSlr tkWdh ,d tkWdh foijhr vkSlr
fn'kk esa fn'kk esa fn'kk esa fn'kk esa
xfr'khy xfr'khy xfr'khy xfr'khy
gS gS gS gS
(i) (ii) (i) (ii)
1
2
3
4
vkSlr
ifjdyu
ikB~;kadksa osQ izR;sd leqPp; osQ fy, l1/l2 ifjdfyr dhft,A
E
∆ 1
(E 4.3) E 2 = ∆l1 + ∆l 2
E1 l1 l2
E2
(E 4.4) ⎛E ⎛ ∆l
∴ ∆ ⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ = ⎜ 1 +
∆l 2 ⎞ ⎛ E1 ⎞
E
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ l1 l 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ E 2 ⎟⎠
∆l1 rFkk ∆l2 Øe'k% l1 rFkk l2 osQ ekiu esa =kqfV fu:fir djrk gSA
⎛ ∆E1 ⎞
isz{k.k osQ pkjks lsV osQ fy, ⎜⎝ E ⎟ ifjdfyr dhft, rFkk ifj.kke esa bu pkj ekuksa
2 ⎠
osQ vf/dre dks vkdfyr =kqfV osQ :i esa izLrqr dhft,A
46
iz;ksx 4
ifj.kke
ysDyka'ks lsy rFkk MsU;y lsy osQ fy, emf dk vuqikr gS
E1 ⎛ E1⎞
± ∆ ⎜ E ⎟⎠ = ... ± ...
E2 ⎝ 2 max.
E1
E2
nks lsyksa osQ emf osQ vuqikr dk vkSlr eku gSA
lko/kfu;k¡
1- izfrjks/ ckWDl osQ Iyxksa dks oqaQft;ksa esa yxkrs le; vPNk oS|qr laioZQ lqfuf'pr djuk
pkfg,A
2- iksVasf'k;ksehVj rkj ij tkWdh dks /hjs ls nckuk pkfg, rkfd rkj esa ,saBu cuus ls cpko
gks tk,A
3- nksuksa lsyksa dks Øe'k% ifjiFk esa ykdj larqyu yackbZ izkIr fd;s fcuk /kjk fu;a=kd osQ
laioZQ dks er fgykb,A
=kqfV;ksa osQ Ïksr
1- iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj dh vuqizLFk dkV dk {ks=kiQy bldh iwjh yackbZ ij loZ=k leku ugha
gks ldrk gSA
2- ftu nks lsyksa osQ emf dh rqyuk dh tkrh gS mUgsa fujarj fujkosf'kr gksus ls cpkus osQ
fy, tc E1 o E2 mi;ksx esa u gks jgs gksa tc oaqQft;ksa dks [kqyk jf[k,A
3- ;fn iksVsaf'k;ksehVj rkj cksMZ ij yxs iSekus osQ vuqfn'k ruk gqvk ugha gS rks yackbZ ekius
esa =kqfV gks ldrh gSA
4- cgq&oaqQft;ksa okyh tkWdh dk gks ldrk gS fd iSekus osQ lkFk ;FkkFkZ lajs[k.k u gksA
ifjppkZ
1- fo|qr /kjk osQ dkj.k rkj dks xeZ gksus ls cpkus osQ fy, rkj esa vf/d le; rd
fo|qr /kjk izokfgr ugha djuh pkfg,A
2- cSVjh dk fo|qr okgd cy E nksuksa izkFkfed lsyksa dh fo|qr okgd cy E1 rFkk E2
ls vf/d gksuh pkfg, rkfd rkj ij 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr izkIr gks losQA
3- mPp izfrjks/ ckWDl dk mi;ksx blfy, fd;k tkrk gS fd fo|qr /kjk fuEu jgs ftlosQ
dkj.k xSyouksehVj dh oqaQMyh {kfrxzLr u gksA
47
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk HkkSfrdh µ d{kk 12
4- 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr Kkr djrs le; tkWdh dh fLFkfr;ksa dk ,d y?kq ifjlj (,d
fLFkfr osQ LFkku ij) izkIr gks ldrk gS ftlesa xSyouksehVj esa dksbZ lqLi"V fo{ksi u
fn[kkbZ nsA ,sls izdj.k esa] bl ifjlj dk eè; fcanq gh 'kwU; fo{ksi fLFkfr dk vPNk
vkdyu gks ldrk gSA\
Lo-ewY;kadu
1- cSVjh osQ nks VfeZuyksa osQ chp la;ksftr dksbZ oksYVehVj foHkokarj dh eki djrk gSA
;g fo|qr okgd cy ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gksrk gS\
2- ;fn vkiosQ izk;ksfxd lek;kstu esa xSyouksehVj dh lqbZ fgyrh jgrh gS rks vki D;k
fu"d"kZ fudkysaxs \
3- lsyksa osQ foHkokarjksa dk vuqikr Kkr djus osQ fy, ,d oksYVehVj dk mi;ksx dhft,A
D;k ;g vuqikr bu lsyksa osQ fo|qr okgd cy osQ vuqikr ls cgqr vf/d fHkUu gS\
;fn ugha] rks blls vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa\
lq>k, x;s vfrfjDr iz;ksx @dk;Zdyki
1- D;k iksVsaf'k;ksehVj osQ mi;ksx }kjk nks izfrjks/dksa osQ izfrjks/ksa dh rqyuk dh tk
ldrh gS\ ;fn gka] rks bl iz;ksx dks djus osQ fy, ifjiFk vkjs[k cukb;s A
2- l1 dks y-v{k ij rFkk l2 dks x-v{k ij ysdj l1 ,oa l2 esa xzki- Q vkysf[kr
E1
dhft,A xzki- Q dh izo.krk ls E dk vkdyu dhft,A
2
3- cktkj esa miyC/ lsyksa dh fo|qr okgd cy dh rqyuk dhft, rFkk fofHkUu
fuekZ.k osQ 'kq"d lsyksa osQ fy, LraHk xzki- Q vkysf[kr dhft,A
48
