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Class 12 HSC Physics Optics Notes

The document covers key concepts in optics for Class 12 Physics, including reflection, refraction, lenses, prisms, and optical instruments. It explains laws of reflection and refraction, lens formulas, and phenomena such as total internal reflection and dispersion of light. Additionally, it discusses wave optics principles like interference, diffraction, and polarization.

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Nitin Wandre
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169 views2 pages

Class 12 HSC Physics Optics Notes

The document covers key concepts in optics for Class 12 Physics, including reflection, refraction, lenses, prisms, and optical instruments. It explains laws of reflection and refraction, lens formulas, and phenomena such as total internal reflection and dispersion of light. Additionally, it discusses wave optics principles like interference, diffraction, and polarization.

Uploaded by

Nitin Wandre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 12 Physics - Chapter: Optics (HSC Board)

1. Reflection of Light

Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a smooth surface. It obeys two laws:

1. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane.

Types of Reflection:

- Regular Reflection: Occurs on smooth surfaces; produces clear images.

- Diffused Reflection: Occurs on rough surfaces; no clear image.

Mirror Formula:

1/f = 1/v + 1/u

Magnification:

m = -v/u (negative for real images, positive for virtual)

2. Refraction of Light

Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.

Snell's Law: n1*sin(i) = n2*sin(r)

Refractive Index (n) = c/v, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is in medium.

Total Internal Reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium and incidence angle

exceeds critical angle.

3. Lenses

Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

Magnification: m = v/u

Power of Lens: P = 100/f (in cm); unit is diopter (D)


Class 12 Physics - Chapter: Optics (HSC Board)

Converging lens (convex) forms real and inverted images, diverging lens (concave) forms virtual and erect

images.

4. Prism and Dispersion

When white light passes through a prism, it splits into its 7 component colors (VIBGYOR).

Angle of Deviation: delta = i + e - A

Minimum deviation occurs when angle of incidence = angle of emergence.

Refractive Index of Prism:

n = sin((A + deltam)/2) / sin(A/2)

5. Optical Instruments

Human Eye: Composed of cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina.

Microscope: Uses two lenses to magnify small objects. Total magnification = m_objective * m_eyepiece.

Telescope: Uses objective and eyepiece lens to view distant objects. Magnification = f_objective / f_eyepiece.

6. Wave Optics

Huygens' Principle: Every point on a wavefront is a source of secondary wavelets.

Interference: Superposition of waves resulting in constructive or destructive patterns.

Young's Double Slit Experiment: Fringe width = lambdaD/d

Diffraction: Bending of waves around edges. Central maximum is brightest.

Polarization: Restricting vibration of light to one direction.

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