ITI Presentation

Introduction to
Networks
 Computer Network Workshop

References:

o Essential Computer Science “ Paul D. Crutcher,Neeraj Kumar Singh,Peter Tiegs”

o Cisco Student Guide ICND1

o CompTIA Network

o Data and Computer Communications “ William Stallings 8th Edition”

o TCP/IP Protocol Suite “Behrouz A. Forouzan 4th Edition”

o Understanding IPv6 “Joseph Davies 2nd Edition”

o Distributed Systems ”van Steen, Maarten, Tanenbaum, Andrew S.”

Session 1 (Network Essentials)
• Session Outlines

• Computer Networks
• Definition and Basic Terminologies

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Network Access Layer (Physical Layer /Datalink Layer)

• Internet layer

• Transport layer

• Application Layer
Session 1 (Computer Networks
Definition)
• Computer Network :
• a collection of computers, and other devices, or
peripherals connected together through connecting
media to perform certain task such as :
Share Resources

• Resources can be :
• File Sharing
• Devices Sharing
• Software Sharing with multi-user licenses.
• Voice and Video calls
• Shared Internet Access
Session 1 (Network Elements)
• Network Elements
Hardware
• Devices
• Computers – Printers –Phone – Routers - Switches

• Medium
• Wired -Wireless –Satellites

• Software
• Protocols

• Governs how messages flow across network such as http –https-FTP-RDP

Session 1 (Network Basic
Terminologies )
• NIC (Network Interface Card)/network adapter or LAN adapter.
• a hardware that enable the device to directly access the network

• Internal NIC (plugs into the motherboard directly)

• External NIC(Wireless and USB based )

• Mac address:
• Physical Address, Unique address over the world burned on the
NIC card
• IP address :
• logical address, identify each device on an IP network layer.
• Protocols
• Communication rules that all entity must agree onhttp –https-FTP-
RDP
Session 1 (Network Basic
Terminologies
• Hub )
• Allow different nodes to communicate with each other at the same
network(Slow the network)

• Repeater
• Regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal
becomes too weak or corrupted

• Access point (AP)

• allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network. An AP is a
physical location where Wi-Fi access is available.

• Switch
• Allow different nodes to communicate with each other at the same
network and time without slowing each other

• Router
• Allow different networks to communicate with each other
Session 1 (Network Topology)
• Network Topology
• how devices are connected (shape) and how message
flow from one device to another device, Each topology
has its own advantages and disadvantages

Star Ring Mesh Hybrid

Session 1 (Network Covered Area )
)
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• a group of computers connected in small geographical area such
as school, university campus or office building (100 -1000 M)
• Allow users to share files and services
• High speed of communications
• Under administrative Control

• Wide Area Networks (WAN)

• A WAN is a group of computers connected in Large geographical
area such as country
• WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs.
• Very low Speed
• Under your ISP Administrative control
example of WAN is Internet
 Session 1 (Network Models)
• Peer to Peer Networks
• No dedicated resources to present specific service
• Easy to work with
• All nodes are the same (equal to use the resources )
• Client/Server Networks
• Some nodes (SERVER) are dedicated to present services
to other nodes (CLIENTS)
• Server is more powerful
• Mail Server
• Web Server
• File Server
• Print Server
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Suite)
• Why we need Protocols ?
• To communicate efficiently
• Enable data to flow from one NIC to another
• Control the messages and the messages quantity
in the network.

• OSI Reference Model

• OSI: Open Systems Interconnect
• was defined by ISO in 1983
• Give developers universal concepts so they can
develop protocols
• The OSI reference model breaks this approach into
layers.
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Suite)
• TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
• Open standard protocol
• Cross Platform ) default protocol for all modern operating systems(
• Microsoft Operating Systems
• LINUX Operating Systems
• Not tied to one vendor
• Direct access to the Internet) TCP/IP is the internet protocol(
• Now internet use TCP/IP v4
• Next version TCP/IP v6
• Routable
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Suite)
• TCP/IP VS. OSI Model
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Network Access Layer
• Physical Layer
- defines the electrical, mechanical, Transmission
medium
- movements of individual Bits from one node to next
• Datalink Layer
- Logical interface between end system and network
- Error notification.
(FRAMES, MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL)
- Hop to Hop addressing
- Error detection Mechanism (detects damaged or lost
frames)
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Physical Addresses (Mac)
• Physical Address burned on the card
• Unique address over the world
• 48-bit (6-byte) written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
• every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon

• Physical addresses can be either

• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast

• To check your physical address: -

• Ipconfig /all
• GetMac
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Internet / Network protocol Layer
(IP Layer)
• Provides connectivity and path
selection between two hosts (Source to
Destination)
• Routing of data (Provide mechanism to
transmit data over independent
networks that are linked together)
• Logical addressing IPV4 , IPV6
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Internet Protocol (IP V4)
• Uniquely identify each device on an IP network layer.
• Some times we called it the logical address
• Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have
a unique address at the same network
• The IP address 32 bit divided into 4 octets each octet 8 bit
1 octet = 8 bit each represents from 0 to 255 separated with dots

•The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296

 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES (Real IP) Private IP Addresses (Local IP)
Class Private Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255
C
255

▪ Nat is used to Translate the private IP address to public IP addresses.

 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• How to assign IP address to device
• Manually
• Automatic ( By DHCP )
• APIPA (Random /Rang : 169.254.X.X)

• To find your private IP

• Ipconfig - Ipconfig /all - Ipconfig /release - Ipconfig /renew

• ICMP (Ping) To test connectivity between Hosts

• Ping IP
• Ping URL
• Ping IP -l -n -t
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Transport Layer

TCP UDP
Transmission Control Protocol) User Datagram Protocol
Reliable (Acknowledgement) Unreliable (Best –Effort delivery)
Connection oriented (synchronization) Connectionless (no notification)
Full duplex Full duplex
Error control(Error checking(checksum ) Perform very limited error checking
Data-recovery features Has no Data-recovery features
E-mail Voice Streaming
File sharing Video Streaming
Downloading
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Transport Layer addressing (Port Numbers.)
• ( ICANN) controls the port numbers.
• Well Known ports
• permanent used numbers.
Range from 0 to 1,023 are assigned and controlled by
ICANN
• Registered ports
• Range from 1,024 to 49,151 not assigned or
controlled by ICANN
but can be registered at ICANN to avoid duplication
• Dynamic ports
• Range from 49,152 to 65,535 are neither controlled
nor registered
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Application Layer
• Communication between processes or
applications

• Internet Services (Client/Web Server)

• The World Wide Web: HTTP
• Naming Service: DNS
• File Transfer: FTP
• Telnet Service
• Electronic Mail service: IMAP, POP3, SMTP
Thank You