IPM Essentials

Casing Design Principles

 Functions of Casing

1. Prevent cave-in or washout of the hole

2. Prevent contamination between zones
3
3. Exclude water from producing formations
4. Confine production to the well bore
5. Provide a means for controlling well pressure
6
6. P id a path
Provide th for
f produced
d d fluids
fl id
7. Permit installation of artificial lift equipment
Casing Types

Conductor

Surface

Intermediate

Liner

P d ti
Production
 Casing Properties
Range – Indicates the length range

Size – Indicates the OD of the casing

Weight – Indicates the weight per unit length of the pipe

C
Connection
i – Indicates
di the
h design
d i off threads
h d andd the
h coupling
li

Grade – Indicates the strength

 Mechanical Properties of Steel
Young Modulus
E = Stress divided by Strain = 30,000,000 psi
Stress & Strength
Stress = Load divided by Cross Section Area
Strain & stretch
Strain = Stretch divided by original length
Elastic Limit
Li it off stress
Limit t bbeyond
d which,
hi h when
h the
th stress
t iis removed,
d th
the steel
t l will
ill hhave acquired
i da
permanent stretch.
Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a strain of 0.5% (0.005”). When the stress is removed, the steel
will have acquired 0.2% of permanent deformation.
U
Ultimate
a e Tensile
e s e Stress
S ess
The max stress on the curve, very close to the stress which will break the steel
 Mechanical Properties of Steel
120

Yp (ASTM method) Yp (API method) U

Uy
100
Elastic Limit

80

Stress
σ (ksi)
60

Proportional Limit

40

20

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.22 0.24

Strain
ε (in/in)
 Casing Design Principles

Casing design criteria are:

• Collapse

• Burst

• Tension (weight, bending & shock load),

• Triaxial

• Other service loads (Corrosion, wear, H2S, High

Temperature etc.)
 Burst Strength
Bursting Strength is defined as the value of internal pressure that is
required to make the pipe body to yield

Bursting failure is followed by pipe body or coupling leaks

 Collapse Strength

It is defined as the external pressure

value required to deform one pipe
specimen, assuming that there is not
i
internal
l pressure or fluid
fl id column
l which
hi h
hydrostatic pressure opposes to the
external pressure
p
 Casing Connections

NEW-VAM BTC
Basic Collapse Design Load

• This pressure originates from the column of mud used to

drill the hole and acts on the outside of the empty casing,
• Since the hydrostatic pressure of a column of mud
increases with depth collapse pressure is highest at the
bottom and zero at top.

Pressure Pressure
 Basic Collapse Load Cases

• Basic Collapse Assumptions:

• Casing is empty due to lost circulation
att shoe
h or att TD,
TD
• Internal pressure inside casing is zero,
• External pressure is caused by mud in CSD
which casing was run in,
• Cement Channel transmitting the mud
hydrostatic
TD
 Casing Design Principles

• Design Criteria;
• Collapse (C):
• C = mud density x depth x acceleration due to gravity,
• C = ρgh,
• C = 0.052 ρ h
• C
Collapse
ll pressure att shoe:
h E
External
t l pressure - Internal
I t l
pressure
• Collapse pressure at surface = 0
 Basic Burst Load

• The burst criterion is normally based on the maximum

formation pressure resulting from a kick during the drilling of
the next hole section.

Pressure
 Basic Burst Load (1)
• Gas to Surface:
• This is an extreme case,,
• For added safety it is assumed that the influx fluid
(gas) displaces the entire drilling mud,
• Thi
This will
ill subject
bj the
h iinside
id casing
i to b
bursting
i effects
ff
of formation pressure.

CSD
• At the top of the hole, the external pressure due to hydrostatic
head of mud is zero and the internal pressure must be
supported
pp entirely
y by
y the casingg body,
y,
• Therefore, the burst pressure is highest at the top and lowest at TD
the casing shoe where internal pressure is resisted by the
external
e e a p pressure
essu e o
originated
g a ed from
o fluids
u ds ou
outside
s de the
e cas
casing.
g
 Basic Burst Load

• In conventional casing design, it is customary to assume a gas

ki k th
kick, thereby
b anticipating
ti i ti the
th worstt possible
ibl ttype off a ki
kick,
k
• The gas gradient is of the order of 0.1 psi/ft. This gradient
causes a small decrease in formation pressure as gas rises up
the well,
well
• Casing seat should be selected so that gas pressure at the
casing shoe is less than the formation breakdown at the shoe,
• In exploration wells where reservoir pressure is not known,
formation pressure from the next openhole section is calculated
form the maximum mud weight.
 Casing Design Principles
• Design Criteria;
• Burst:

• Burst pressure at surface (B1) = Pf – G x TD,

• Calculate the internal pressure (Pi) at the shoe using the
maximum formation pressure at next hole TD, assuming the
hole is full of gas:
• Pi = Pf - G (TD – CSD)
• Pe = 0.465 x CSD,
• Burst pressure at shoe (B2) = Pi - Pe
• B2 = Pf - G x (TD - CSD) - 0.465 x CSD.
Burst and Collapse Calculations

• Example:
• 9 5/8” casing,
• CSD = 5000 ft,
• TD = 10000 ft,
• Pf = 5000 psi,
• Mud for 9 5/8” casing = 10 ppg.
• Collapse at shoe = 10 * 0.052 * 5000 = 2600 psi,
• Burst at surface = 5000 - ( 0.1 * 10000 ) = 4000 psi,
• Burst at shoe = { 5000 - ( 0.1* [ 10000 - 5000] ) } - { 0.465 * 5000}
= 4500 - 2325 = 2175 psi,
• Selection L80 40lb/ft, B = 5750 psi, C = 3090 psi.
 Tension Design Principles

• Tension:
• Most of axial tension arises from the weight of the casing itself,
• Other tension loadings can arise due to:
• Bending,
Bending
• Drag,
• Pressure testing of casing… etc…
• In casing design, the uppermost joint of the string is considered the
weakest in tension as it has to carry the total weight of the casing
string.
 Tension Design Principles
• Tensile forces are determined as follows:
• C
Calculate
l l t weight
i ht off casing
i iin air
i ((positive
iti value)
l ) using
i ttrue
vertical depth,
• Casing air weight = casing weight (lb/ft) * hole depth (TVD),
• Calculate buoyancy for (negative value),
• BF = Pe (Ae - Ai) for open-ended casing,
• BF = Pe Ae - Pi Ai for closed casing
 Casing Design Principles
• Design Criteria;
• Tension:

• Pressure area method

Aee Ae

Ai Ai

Pi

Pi Pi Pe
Open-ended CSG Closed CSG
Tension Calculation Example

• Example:
• 20”, ID = 18.71 in, 133 lb/ft, open-ended,
• CSD = 2800 ft, Mud = 10 ppg.
• Use
U pressure-area method
th d and
dbbuoyancy ffactor
t
 Solutions
• Solution using pressure-area method;
• Air weight = 2800 ft * 133 lb/ft = 372,400 lbs,
• B Force = Pe (Ae - Ai) for open-ended casing,
• BF = 0.052 * 10 * 2800 (314.16 - 274.94) = 57,104 lb,
• B weight
eight = 372
372,400
400 - 57,104
57 104 =315,295
315 295 lbs
lbs.

• Solution using Buoyancy Factor method;

• Air weight = 2800 ft * 133 lb/ft = 372,400 lbs,

• BF = ( 1-
1 10/65.4
10/65 4 ) = 0.847
0 847

• BW = 372,400 * 0.847 = 315,422 lb (315,295 lb from pressure

area method).
Casing Wear
 Corrosion Wear

Caused by the influence of the surrounding

environment

26/
 Casing Design Principles
• Design Criteria;
4.4 Minimum Design Factors
Table 1. Minimum Design Factors

DESIGN LOADS Surface & intermediate Production casings/ Tubing

casings, drilling liners, liners, production tiebacks
drilling tiebacks
Collapse 1.0 1.1 1.1
Burst critical service 1.25 1.25 1.25
normal service 1.1 1.1 1.1
Tension 1.6 1.6 1.6
Compression 1.2 1.2 1.2

Triaxial 1.25 1.25 1.25