Chapter 29: Magnetic Fields

●
In 1269, Pierre de Maricourt of France discovers the poles of a magnet: Compass needle
orients itself around a spherical magnet such that the lines formed by it encircle the
sphere and passes through two points diametrically opposite each other.
●
The poles are called north (N) and south (N).
●
In 1600, William Gilbert suggests that the Earth itself is a large, permanent magnet.
●
In 1750, the results of the experiments conclude that the magnetic poles attract or repel
each other and the force between the poles is proportional to the inverse square of the
distance between them.
●
In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted discovers that an electric carrying wire deflects a
nearby compass needle.
●
In 1820s, Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry shows that an electric current can be
produced in a circuit by moving a magnet near the circuit or by changing the current in a
nearby circuit.
●
Several years later James Clerk Maxwell shows that a changing electric field creates a
magnetic field.
1. Magnetic Fields and Forces
●
An electric field surrounds an electric charge.
●
If an electric charge moves, it creates a magnetic field in the region surrounding it.
●
A magnetic field also exists around a magnetic material making up a permanent magnet.
●
To show a magnetic field we will use the symbol ⃗ B.
●
The direction of the magnetic field at a given point is the direction that a compass needle
points at that point.
●
Magnetic field lines are used to represent the magnetic field.
●
Figure 29.1 shows the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet.
●
The lines can be traced with the help of a compass.
●
The lines extend from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet.
●
Small iron fillings can be used to show the magnetic field pattern of a bar magnet as
shown in Figure 29.2.

From Halliday & Resnick FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N

●
The Earth is a huge magnet producing a magnetic field around itself.
●
The configuration of the Earth’s magnetic field is very much like the one that would be
achieved by burying a gigantic bar magnet deep in the Earth’s interior (Figure 29.3).
●
The north magnetic pole of the Earth is about 1 200 mi away from the Earth’s geographic
South Pole.
●
The south magnetic pole is located at a point near Hudson Bay, Canada, approximately
2000 km from the Earth’s geographic North Pole.
●
The magnetic south pole is moving towards Siberia.
●
The movement was slow until mid 1990s, it sped up!
●
The source of the Earth’s magnetic field is not a permanently magnetized material.
●
The high temperatures in the Earth’s core do not allow the iron
ore deep in the Earth to have a permanent magnetization.
●
It is considered that the convection currents in the core
produces the magnetic field.

http://geomag.colorado.edu/images/GIFS/Polar_Wander_1965.gif
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00007-1/
●
Charged ions or electrons circulating in the liquid interior could produce a magnetic
field.
●
There is also strong evidence that the magnitude of a planet’s magnetic field is related
to the planet’s rate of rotation.
●
For example, Jupiter rotates faster than the Earth, and space probes indicate that
Jupiter’s magnetic field is stronger than the Earth’s.
●
Venus, on the other hand, rotates more slowly than the Earth, and its magnetic field is
found to be weaker.
●
The direction of the Earth’s magnetic field is not fixed: it has reversed several times
during the last million years.
●
Evidence for this reversal is provided by basalt, a type of rock that contains iron. Basalt
forms from material spewed forth by volcanic activity on the ocean floor. As the lava
cools, it solidifies and retains a picture of the Earth’s magnetic field direction.
●
The rocks are dated by other means to provide a time line for these periodic reversals
of the magnetic field.

http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/
3750/ClassNotes/Class13/Class1
3.html
Aurora

The green bands of light in the sky are an https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/2173

aurora australis, an aurora at the south -aurora-solar-wind
pole. Credit: Keith Vanderlinde, National
Science Foundation https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/

These swirls of red light are an aurora on the south pole The NASA Hubble Space Telescope took this picture of
of Saturn. Image courtesy of NASA/ESA/STScI/A. an aurora on Jupiter using ultraviolet (UV) light.
Schaller.
●
A magnetic field ⃗ B exerts a force ⃗
FB on a charged particle moving with a velocity ⃗v in
space. Experiments on charged particle moving in a magnetic field gives the following
outcomes:
●
The magnitude F B of the magnetic force exerted on the particle is proportional to the
charge q and to the speed v of the particle.
●
When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field vector, the magnetic force
acting on the particle is zero.
●
When the particle’s velocity vector makes any angle θ≠0 with the magnetic field, the
magnetic force acts in a direction perpendicular to both v⃗ and ⃗ B ; that is, ⃗FB is
perpendicular to the plane formed by ⃗v and ⃗ B (Fig. 29.4a).
●
The magnetic force exerted on a positive charge is in the direction opposite the direction
of the magnetic force exerted on a negative charge moving in the same direction (Fig.
29.4b).
●
The magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on the moving particle is proportional to
sinθ, where θ is the angle the particle’s velocity
vector makes with the direction of ⃗ B.
●
We can summarize these observations
by writing the magnetic force in the
form:
⃗
FB =q ⃗v × ⃗
B (1)
●
According to Equation (1) the magnetic force is perpendicular to both the velocity vector
and the magnetic field vector.
●
That result can be interpreted as an operational definition of the magnetic field at some
point in space.
●
In other words, the magnetic field is defined in terms of the force acting on a moving
charged particle.
●
How can we find the direction of the magnetic force? We will apply two right-hand rules
as described in Figure 29.5.
●
Do not forget the sign of q when you find the direction of the force.
●
The magnitude of the
magnetic force on a charged
particle is given by
F B =|q|v B sin θ (2)
where θ is the angle between
⃗v and ⃗B .
● F
B is zero when v⃗ and ⃗B
parallel or antiparallel and
maximum when ⃗v is
⃗
perpendicular to B .
●
Electric and magnetic forces have several important differences:
1. The electric force vector is along the direction of the electric field, whereas the
magnetic force vector is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
2. The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of whether the particle is
moving, whereas the magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the particle is
in motion.
3. The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle, whereas the magnetic
force associated with a steady magnetic field does no work when a particle is displaced
because the force is perpendicular to the displacement of its point of application.
●
From the last statement and on the basis of the work–kinetic energy theorem, we
conclude that the kinetic energy of a charged particle moving through a magnetic field
cannot be altered by the magnetic field alone. The field can alter the direction of the
velocity vector, but it cannot change the speed or kinetic energy of the particle.
●
SI unit of magnetic field is the newton per
coulomb-meter per second. This unit is called
the tesla (T):
N N
1 T=1 or 1 T=1
C⋅m/s A⋅m
●
Table 29.1 shows some typical values of
magnetic fields.
From Halliday & Resnick FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N
2. Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
●
We show a magnetic field perpendicular to and directed
out of the page with a series of green dots, (see Fig.
29.7a).
●
If a magnetic field is directed perpendicularly into the
page, we use green crosses, as in Figure 29.7b.
●
The same notation with crosses and dots is also used for
other quantities that might be perpendicular to the page
such as forces and current directions.
●
Consider a positively charged particle with an initial
velocity which enters in a region where a uniform
magnetic field exists. The direction of the magnetic field
is into the page. (See Figure 29.8)
●
Remember that the magnetic force is perpendicular to
both the velocity of the particle and the field. Also the
magnetic force does not do any work on the particle.
●
But the particle changes the direction of its velocity in
response to the magnetic force.
●
So the particle follows a curved path, which is in fact a
circle. So the particle is in uniform circular motion.
●
The magnitude of the force is given by qvB. The particle makes a counterclockwise
rotation since its charge is positive. If the charge were negative, it would make clockwise
rotation.
●
According to Newton’s second law
∑ F=F B =ma
●
Since the particle makes a uniform circular motion, the acceleration given above can be
replaced with centripetal acceleration:
2
mv
F B =qvB=
r
●
We find the following expression for the radius of the circular path using this equation:
mv
r= (3)
qB
●
This equation tells that the radius of the path is proportional to the linear momentum of
the particle and inversely proportional to the magnitude of the charge of the particle and
to the magnitude of the magnetic field.
●
The angular speed of the charged particle is
v qB
ω= = (4)
r m
●
Using the circumference of the circular path and the speed of the particle, we find the
period of the motion as
2πr 2π 2π m
T= =ω= (5)
v qB
●
Note that the angular speed of the particle and the period of the motion are
independent of the speed of the particle and the radius of the circle.
●
The angular speed ω is often referred to as the cyclotron frequency because charged
particles circulate at this angular frequency in the type of accelerator called a cyclotron.
●
If a charged particle moving in a magnetic field has a velocity component along the
same line with the magnetic field, then it follows a helical path. Or its
path is a helix as shown in Figure 29.9.
●
In this figure, the particle has a velocity component along x direction
which is the direction of the magnetic field.
●
Therefore, no force acts on it along x direction and ax becomes 0.
●
However, it follows a circular path in yz-plane because of the
magnetic force.
●
Then the resulting motion is a helix with an axis parallel to the
magnetic field.
More on the helical path of a charged particle
●
Let’s say the velocity of the charged particle v⃗ makes an angle ϕ with the magnetic field ⃗ B
as shown in Figure below.
● v|| is the component of the particle’s velocity parallel to the direction of the magnetic field
and v ⊥ is the component perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field:
v‖=v cos ϕ and v ⊥=v sin ϕ
●
The perpendicular component makes the charged particle follow a circular path of radius
r in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
●
It follows a straight line path along the direction of the magnetic field because of the
parallel component of its velocity.
●
The total path of the particle becomes a helix.
●
The distance between successive circular paths is
called pitch (p) .

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1XOqclOYVqPI9HCbPyYzFp4IcROVmq7PO?usp=sharing
From Halliday & Resnick FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N
Example
A proton and an electron move in their own circular orbits in a uniform magnetic field. If
the particles have equal speeds, what is the ratio of the proton’s radius to the electron’s
radius?
Solution
Electron and proton have different masses but equal charges in magnitude. Since their
charges have opposite signs, they rotate in opposite directions.

−31 −27
m e =9.11×10 kg ; m p =1.67×10 kg
m v m v
r e= e ; r p = p
qB qB
mp v
rp qB mp
= =
r e me v me
qB
r p 1.67×10−27 kg
= =1833
r e 9.11×10−31 kg
 v=
√ 2K
m

√
−19
2(22.5 eV)(1.602×10 J/eV )
v= − 31
9.11×10 kg
6
v=2.81×10 m/s

From Halliday & Resnick FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N

 3. Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
●
A charge moving with a velocity ⃗v in the presence of both an electric field ⃗
E and a
magnetic field ⃗
B experiences both an electric force q ⃗ E and a magnetic force q ⃗v × ⃗
B .
The total force (called the Lorentz force) acting on the charge is
⃗
F=q ⃗
E +q ⃗v × ⃗
B (6)

4. Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor

●
Current is flow of charged particles. If a moving charged particle experiences a force in
a magnetic field, then a current-carrying wire should experience a magnetic force as well.

●
A wire placed between the poles of a magnet is
deflected when a current passes through it
(Figure 29.17).
●
The direction of the deflection depends on the
direction of the current.
●
Consider a straight segment of wire of L and cross-sectional area A carrying a current
in a uniform magnetic field ⃗ B as in Figure 29.18.
●
A charge with a drift velocity v⃗ d will experience a magnetic force of q ⃗v d × ⃗
B.
●
The total force on the wire is found through multiplying this force by the number of
charges in the wire.
●
If n is the number of the charges per unit volume, then the number
of total charges is given by nAL.
●
Therefore, the total magnetic force on the segment of wire of length
L is
⃗
FB =(q ⃗v d × ⃗
B )n A L
●
A more convenient form can be written by using the expression
I =nqv d A
⃗
FB =I ⃗
L×⃗ B (7)
where ⃗
L is a vector that points in the direction of the current I and
has a magnitude equal to the length L of the segment.
●
Consider an arbitrarily shaped wire segment of uniform cross
section in a magnetic field as shown in Figure 29.19.
●
The magnetic force on a small segment of vector length d ⃗s is
d⃗
FB =I d s⃗ × ⃗
B (8)
where d ⃗FB is directed out of the page according to Figure 29.19.
●
The total force acting on the wire is found by integrating Equation
8 over the length of the wire
b

FB =I ∫ d s⃗ × ⃗
⃗ B (9)
a
where a and b represent the endpoints of the wire.
From Halliday & Resnick FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N
 5. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
●
A magnetic field exerts a force on a current-carrying conductor.
●
A current loop has a torque when it is placed in a magnetic field.
●
Consider a rectangular loop which carriers a current I as shown in Figure
29.21a.
●
The loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field.
●
The field does not exert a force on sides 1 and 3 as they are parallel to it.
●
However, magnetic field exerts forces on sides 2 and 4 as they are placed
perpendicular to the field.
●
The magnitude of these forces is

F 2 =F 4 =IaB
●
The direction of ⃗ F2 is out of page and that of ⃗
F4 is into page.
●
Figure 29.21b shows the rectangular loop from another angle. Now we
look at it from side 3.
●
The two forces point in opposite directions but they are not directed along
the same line of action.
●
If the the loop is pivoted and it can rotate about point O, these two forces
cause it to rotate in clockwise as they produce a torque about O.
●
The magnitude of this torque is
b b b b
τ max=F 2 +F 4 = ( IaB ) + ( IaB ) =IabB
2 2 2 2
●
The area enclosed by the loop is A = ab . Then the maximum torque in terms of the
area becomes
τ max=IAB
●
The maximum torque in here is given for a magnetic field parallel to the plane of the
loop.
●
The rotation reverses and becomes in counter clockwise if the current is reversed.
●
Consider a more general situation where the uniform magnetic field makes an angle θ <
90° with a line perpendicular the plane of the loop as in Figure 29.22.
●
●
Let’s assume the magnetic field vector is
perpendicular to sides 2 and 4.
●
The magnetic forces ⃗ F1 and acting ⃗ F3 on
sides 1 and 3 are in opposite directions so
they cancel each other.
●
These forces do not create any torque as
they passes through a common origin.
●
But the magnetic forces ⃗F2 and ⃗ F4 exerted on sides 2 and 4 produce a torque about
any point.
●
The moment arm of these forces about the point O is (b/ 2)sin θ .
●
Since F 2 =F 4 =IabB, the magnitude of the net torque about O is

b b
τ =F 2 sin θ + F 4 sin θ
2 2

(b
) ( b
)
=IaB sin θ + IaB sin θ =IabB sin θ
2 2
=IAB sin θ

where A= ab is the area of the loop.

●
The torque has its maximum value IAB when the field is perpendicular to normal to the
plane of the loop. That is, when θ = 90° .
●
It is zero when the the field is parallel to normal to the plane of the loop. That is, when θ
= 0° .
●
We can express the torque in a vector form:
⃗ ×B
⃗τ =I A ⃗
where ⃗
A is the vector perpendicular to the plane of the loop with the magnitude equal to
the are of the loop.
●
The direction of the vector ⃗ A is found by using the right-hand rule described in Figure
29.23.
●
Figure 29.22 shows that the loop tends to rotate in the direction of decreasing values of
θ (that is, such that the area vector ⃗ A rotates toward the direction of the magnetic field).
●
The product I ⃗ A is defined to be the magnetic dipole moment μ ⃗ of the loop:
⃗ =I ⃗
μ A
●
Its SI unit is the ampere-meter 2 (A⋅m 2) .
●
If a coil of wire contains N loops of the same area, the magnetic moment of the coil
becomes
⃗ coil=N I ⃗
μ A

●
Using the definition of the magnetic dipole moment, we can write
the torque on a current-carrying loop is a magnetic field ⃗
B as

μ ×⃗
⃗τ =⃗ B
●
Although we derived the torque expression for a rectangular loop,
the result is valid for a loop of any shape.
●
We can define a potential energy in a magnetic dipole-magnetic field system as in a
electric dipole-electric field system.
●
The potential energy depends on the orientation of the magnetic dipole in the magnetic
field:
U =−⃗ μ⋅⃗B
●
This expression shows that the system has its lowest energy U min =−μ B when μ ⃗ points
in the same direction as ⃗ B . The system has its highest energy U max =+μ B when
μ⃗ points in the direction opposite ⃗B.
29.6 The Hall Effect
●
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a potential difference
is generated in a direction perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field.
●
This phenomenon, first observed by Edwin Hall (1855–1938) in 1879, is known as the
Hall effect.
●
The arrangement for observing the Hall effect consists of a flat conductor carrying a
current I in the x direction as shown in Figure 29.26.
●
A uniform magnetic field ⃗ B is applied in the y direction. If the charge carriers
are electrons moving in the negative x direction with a drift velocity ⃗v d ,
they experience an upward magnetic force ⃗ FB =q ⃗v d × ⃗
B , are deflected
upward, and accumulate at the upper edge of the flat conductor, leaving
an excess of positive charge at the lower edge (Fig. 29.27a).
●
This accumulation of charge at the edges establishes an electric field in
the conductor and increases until the electric force on carriers remaining
in the bulk of the conductor balances the magnetic force acting on the
carriers.
●
When this equilibrium condition is reached, the electrons are no
longer deflected upward.
●
A sensitive voltmeter connected across the sample as shown in Figure 29.27 can
measure the potential difference, known as the Hall voltage Δ V H , generated across
the conductor.
●
If the charge carriers are positive and hence move in the positive x direction (for
rightward current) as shown in Figures 29.26 and 29.27b, they also experience an
upward magnetic force q ⃗v d × ⃗ B , which produces a buildup of positive charge on the
upper edge and leaves an excess of negative charge on the lower edge.
●
Hence, the sign of the Hall voltage generated in the sample is opposite the sign of the
Hall voltage resulting from the deflection of electrons.
●
The sign of the charge carriers can therefore be determined from measuring the polarity
of the Hall voltage.
●
In deriving an expression for the Hall voltage,
first note that the magnetic force exerted on
the carriers has magnitude qv d B .
●
In equilibrium, this force is balanced by the
electric force qE H , where E H is the
magnitude of the electric field due to the
charge separation.
●
So,
qv d B=qE h
E H =v d B
●
If d is the width of the conductor, the Hall voltage is
Δ V H =E H d=v d B d

●
Therefore, the measured Hall voltage gives a value for the drift speed of the charge
carriers if d and B are known.
●
We can obtain the charge-carrier density n by measuring the current in the sample.
●
Using the expression for the drift speed given by
I
vd=
nqA
where A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor, we obtain the following expression

IBd
ΔV H=
nqA
●
Because A = td, where t is the thickness of the conductor, we can also express the
above equation as
IB R H IB
ΔV H= =
nqt t

where R H =1/nq is called the Hall coefficient.

●
This relationship shows that a properly calibrated conductor can be used to measure
the magnitude of an unknown magnetic field.
●
Because all quantities in this equation other than nq can be measured, a value for the
Hall coefficient is readily obtainable.
●
The sign and magnitude of the Hall coefficient give the sign of the charge carriers and
their number density.
Solution
(a) (b) (c) (d)
No magnetic force
 Solution
Two different forces act on the electron: a magnetic force and an electric force. If the electron moves undeflected,
it means it is in equilibrium, or the net forces acting on it equals zero.
^
⃗ B =−|e|v (-i )×B ^j=|e|v B k^
F =q ⃗v × ⃗
B
⃗
FC =q ⃗E =−|e|E k^
F B =F C → |e|v B=|e|E → E=v B
We are given the kinetic energy of the electron. So we have to get its speed from its kinetic energy.
1
K = mv 2 → v= √ 2 K / m
2
E=vB= √ 2 K /m B= √ 2(750 eV )(1.602×10 J/eV )/(9.11×10 kg)(15×10 T )=2.44×10 N/C
−19 −31 −3 5
Solution
I⃗

θ
⃗
B

⃗
F B =I ⃗
L×⃗B → F B =I L B sin θ
F B ,1=(5 A)(2.8 m )(0.39 T )sin 60 ∘=4.73 N

F B ,2 =(5 A )(2.8 m )(0.39 T)sin 90∘ =5.46 N

F B ,3 =(5 A )(2.8 m )(0.39 T)sin 120∘=4.73 N

Solution
⃗τ =N μ⃗ × ⃗
B
=N I ⃗A× ⃗B → τ =NIAB sin θ
τ max =50(25×10−3 A) π (5×10−2 m)2 (0.5 T)sin 90∘
=4.9×10−3 N⋅m
 Solution
(a) ⃗
F=(3.2×10 C)×
−19

⃗
F =q ⃗ E +q ⃗v × ⃗
B =q( ⃗E + ⃗v × ⃗
B) [(4 ^i − ^j−2 k)
^ V/m +(7 ^i −4 ^j+2 k)
^ m⋅T/s ]
B=[(2 ^i +3 ^j− k)
⃗v × ⃗ ^ m/s ]×[(2 ^i +4 ^j+ k)
^ T] =(3.2×10−19 C)[(11 ^i −5 ^j) V⋅T/s ]
^
=8 k−2 ^j−6 k^ +3 ^i −2 ^j +4 ^i =(3.52 ^i −1.6 ^j)×10−18 N
=(7 ^i −4 ^j+2 k^ ) m⋅T/s
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1jZ575sC5UZC4gk7ZN2LdtzBADhdNqg25

(b)
y
⃗
Fx
x
θ 1.6 N
⃗
F tan θ= → θ=24.44 ∘ below x axis .
⃗
Fy 3.52 N
 The torque due to the magnetic force τ B is in
Solution clockwise, and the torque due to the gravitational
Two forces act on the rod: the force τ g is in counter clockwise.
magnetic force and the
gravitational force. Each one τB= τg
produces a torque on the rod. F B L cos θ=mg sin θ L
When these torques are equal in cancel L and insert λ L rod for m :
magnitude but opposite in I Lrod B cos θ= λ Lrod g sin θ
direction, the rod stays in λ g tan θ
equilibrium. B=
I
Solution
I
ΔV H= B
nq t
Δ V H =a B+b
I I
a= → t=
nqt nqa

−4
a=1.0045×10 V/T
0.2 A
t= 26 3 −19 −4
(1×10 1/m )(1.602×10 C)(1.0045×10 V/T)
t=0.124 mm

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1LccAXFoJknFpirCla--vxsrZiJsmJpYd
Solution
(a) (b)
2πm v cos θ 2 π m mv ⊥ m v sin θ
p=v‖ t=v cos θ T ; T = → p= r= =
qB qB qB qB
−31 6 ∘
6 ∘ −31
(5×10 m/s)cos 85 2 π (9.11×10 kg) (9.11×10 kg)(5×10 m/s)sin 85
p= r= −19
−19
(1.6×10 C)(0.15 T) (1.6×10 C)(0.15 T)
−4
−4
p=1.04×10 m r=1.89×10 m
Solution
(a )
mv √ 2 Km
r= =
qB qB

r=
√ 6 −19 −27
2(5×10 eV)(1.602×10 J/eV)(1.67×10 kg)
(1.6×10−19 C)(0.05 T ) 1m
r=6.46 m sin α = → α =8.90∘
6.46 m
(b)
⃗p y =m ⃗v y =−mv sin α ^j=− √ 2 Km sin α ^j
⃗p y =− √ 2(5×10 eV)(1.602×10 kg)sin 8.90 ^j
6 −19 −27 ∘
J/eV)(1.67×10
⃗p y =−8×10 ^j kg⋅m/s
−21
Solution

⃗
F =q ⃗v × ⃗
B
(−4.2 ^i +4.8 ^j) fN=−|e|[(40 ^i +35 ^j)×103 m/s ]×(B y ^j+B z k^ )
(−4.2 ^i +4.8 ^j) fN=−|e|(40×10 B y k−40×10
^ B z ^j+35×10 B z ^i) m /s
3 3 3

0=−|e|40×103 B y → B y =0
4.8 fN=−|e|(−40×103 B z ) m/s
4.8×10−15 N=(1.602×10−19 C)(40×10 3 B z ) m/s → B z =0.75 T
Solution
The gravitational force and the magnetic force on the wire produce torques on the cylinder.
These torques are in opposite directions: τ B the magnetic torque is in counter clockwise and
τ g the gravitational torque is clockwise.
τ B =μ B sin θ where μ =NIA=NIL(2 R ) with R being the radius of the cross-sectional area.
τ g =mg sin θ R
mg
τ B = τ g → τ B =m g sin θ R → 2 NILRB sin θ=mgR sin θ → I =
2 NL B
2
(0.25 kg)(9.8 m/s )
I= → I=2.45 A
2(10)(0.1 m )(0.5 T)