EXP NO :5 SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION THROUGH PROCESS REACTION CURVE
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the basic equation used in modeling mass-spring-damper systems?
2. What type of system is a simple pendulum modeled as for small angles?
3. What mechanical property does the damping coefficient represent?
4. Which law is primarily used to model forces in mechanical systems?
5. What is the standard unit for stiffness in a spring system?
6. What type of model is used for rigid body dynamics?
7. Which software is commonly used for simulating mechanical systems?
8. What does a transfer function represent in system modeling?
9. In a vibration system, what does natural frequency depend on?
10. What is the role of damping in a vibrating mechanical system?
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. What law relates voltage, current, and resistance in circuits?
2. Which component stores energy in an electric field?
3. What is the unit of inductance?
4. What is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law used for?
5. What kind of equation models an RLC circuit?
6. Which domain is used for analyzing circuit behavior with Laplace transforms?
7. What is the purpose of simulation in electrical system design?
8. Name one tool used for electrical circuit simulation.
9. What does the term “steady-state” mean in circuit analysis?
10. What physical law models electromagnetic systems?
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1.What is the basic equation used in modeling mass-spring-damper systems?
Second-order differential equation.
2.What type of system is a simple pendulum modeled as for small angles?
Linear system
3.What mechanical property does the damping coefficient represent?
Resistance to motion (energy dissipation).
4. Which law is primarily used to model forces in mechanical systems?
Newton’s Second Law.
5.What is the standard unit for stiffness in a spring system?
A: N/m (Newton per meter).
6.What type of model is used for rigid body dynamics?
A: Lumped parameter model.
7.Which software is commonly used for simulating mechanical systems?
A: MATLAB/Simulink.
8.What does a transfer function represent in system modeling?
Input-output relationship in the Laplace domain.
9. In a vibration system, what does natural frequency depend on?
Mass and stiffness.
10.What is the role of damping in a vibrating mechanical system?
Reduces amplitude over time.
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1.What law relates voltage, current, and resistance in circuits?
A: Ohm’s Law.
2. Which component stores energy in an electric field?
A: Capacitor.
3. What is the unit of inductance?
A: Henry (H).
4. What is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law used for?
A: Analyzing voltage loops in circuits.
5. What kind of equation models an RLC circuit?
A: Second-order differential equation.
6.Which domain is used for analyzing circuit behavior with Laplace transforms?
A: s-domain.
7. What is the purpose of simulation in electrical system design?
A: To predict system behavior before implementation.
8. Name one tool used for electrical circuit simulation.
A: PSpice.
9. What does the term “steady-state” mean in circuit analysis?
A: Circuit variables no longer change with time.
10. What physical law models electromagnetic systems?
A: Faraday’s Law of Induction.
EXPNO:6 STABILITY ANALYSIS USING POLE ZERO MAPS AND ROUTH
HURWITZ CRITERION IN SIMULATION PLATFORM.
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the main goal of system identification?
2. What type of input is typically used in the PRC method?
3. What kind of system is assumed in the PRC method?
4. What does PRC stand for in system identification?
5. What does the time delay (L) represent in a process reaction curve?
6. What does the time constant (T) indicate in a PRC?
7. How is the process gain (K) calculated from a step test?
8. What is the typical shape of a PRC for a first-order system?
9. What is the unit of process gain (K)?
10. Which graphical method is used to find L and T in PRC?
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the final steady-state value of a step response used to determine?
2. In which domain is the transfer function derived after PRC analysis?
3. What does a larger time constant (T) imply about system speed?
4. What type of process is best modeled using PRC?
5. What does the term "dead time" refer to?
6. How is time constant (T) graphically identified?
7. What is the standard form of a FOPTD transfer function?
8. What is the advantage of using the PRC method?
9. What is one limitation of the PRC method?
10. In which field is the PRC method most commonly applied?
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1.What is the main goal of system identification?
A: To develop a mathematical model of a system based on input-output data.
2.What type of input is typically used in the PRC method?
A: Step input.
3. What kind of system is assumed in the PRC method?
A: First-order or first-order plus time delay (FOPTD).
4. What does PRC stand for in system identification?
A: Process Reaction Curve.
5.: What does the time delay (L) represent in a process reaction curve?
A: The time before the output starts responding after the input is applied.
6. What does the time constant (T) indicate in a PRC?
A: The time it takes the process to reach about 63% of its final value.
7.: How is the process gain (K) calculated from a step test?
A: K=ΔOutputΔInputK = \frac{\Delta \text{Output}}{\Delta \text{Input}}K=ΔInputΔOutput
8. What is the typical shape of a PRC for a first-order system?
A: S-shaped or exponential rise.
9. What is the unit of process gain (K)?
A: Depends on system; it is output unit per input unit.
10.: Which graphical method is used to find L and T in PRC?
A: Tangent method.
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1.What is the final steady-state value of a step response used to determine?
A: Process gain (K).
2.In which domain is the transfer function derived after PRC analysis?
A: Laplace domain.
3. What does a larger time constant (T) imply about system speed?
A: Slower system response.
4.What type of process is best modeled using PRC?
A: Linear time-invariant processes.
5. What does the term "dead time" refer to?
A: Delay between input and visible output change.
6.: How is time constant (T) graphically identified?
A: From the slope of the tangent at the inflection point.
7. What is the standard form of a FOPTD transfer function?
A: G(s)=Ke−LsTs+1G(s) = \frac{K e^{-Ls}}{Ts + 1}G(s)=Ts+1Ke−Ls
8. What is the advantage of using the PRC method?
A: Simple and requires minimal computation.
9. What is one limitation of the PRC method?
A: It assumes a first-order system and ignores noise.
10. In which field is the PRC method most commonly applied?
A: Process control and chemical engineering.
EXPNO:7 ROOT LOCUS BASED ANALYSIS IN SIMULATION PLATFORM.
1. What does the location of poles determine in a system?
2. Where must poles lie for a continuous-time system to be stable?
3. What does a zero represent in a transfer function?
4. What does a zero represent in a transfer function?
5. What is a pole-zero map?
6. What is the significance of a pole on the imaginary axis?
7. What does the Routh-Hurwitz criterion determine?
8. What condition must be met in the Routh array for system stability?
9. What type of system has poles in the right half of the s-plane?
10. What does a zero in the Routh array's first column indicate?
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which MATLAB function is used to plot pole-zero maps?
2. Which MATLAB function is used to compute system poles?
3. Which command in MATLAB helps analyze Routh-Hurwitz criterion?
4. In Simulink, which block is used for transfer function modeling?
5. What does a root locus plot show?
6. What is indicated if a pole moves to the right half-plane in simulation?
7. What MATLAB toolbox is required for control system simulations?
8. What does the damping ratio of a pole pair in the s-plane indicate?
9. In Simulink, what block is used to visualize system output?
10. What does the magnitude of poles determine in a simulation response?
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What does the location of poles determine in a system?
A: System stability.
2. Where must poles lie for a continuous-time system to be stable?
A: Left half of the s-plane.
3. What does a zero represent in a transfer function?
A: A frequency that causes the output to be zero.
4. What is a pole-zero map?
A: A graphical representation of the poles and zeros of a transfer function.
5. What is the significance of a pole on the imaginary axis?
A: Marginal stability.
6. What does the Routh-Hurwitz criterion determine?
A: Stability of a linear time-invariant system without solving for poles.
7. What condition must be met in the Routh array for system stability?
A: All elements of the first column must be positive.
8. What type of system has poles in the right half of the s-plane?
A: Unstable system.
9. What does a zero in the Routh array's first column indicate?
A: Marginal or conditional stability.
10. What does a sign change in the Routh array's first column indicate?
A: Number of poles in the right half-plane (unstable poles).
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which MATLAB function is used to plot pole-zero maps?
A: pzmap()
2. Which MATLAB function is used to compute system poles?
A: pole()
3. Which command in MATLAB helps analyze Routh-Hurwitz criterion?
A: routh() (user-defined or custom implementation)
4. In Simulink, which block is used for transfer function modeling?
A: Transfer Function block.
5. What does a root locus plot show?
A: How poles move with varying system gain.
6.What is indicated if a pole moves to the right half-plane in simulation?
A: System becomes unstable.
7. What MATLAB toolbox is required for control system simulations?
A: Control System Toolbox.
8. What does the damping ratio of a pole pair in the s-plane indicate?
A: Degree of oscillation.
9.In Simulink, what block is used to visualize system output?
A: Scope block.
10.What does the magnitude of poles determine in a simulation response?
A: Speed of response (settling time).
EXPNO:8 DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF A PHYSICAL
SYSTEM USING FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND BODE’S ASYMPTOTES .
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is a frequency response?
2. What does a Bode plot represent?
3. What is the unit of magnitude in a Bode plot?
4. What is the slope of a Bode magnitude plot for a single pole?
5. What is the slope of a Bode magnitude plot for a single zero?
6. What does a phase lag of –90° indicate in a Bode plot?
7. What does a phase lead of +90° indicate in a Bode plot?
8. What is the corner or break frequency in a Bode plot?
9. What is the effect of a second-order pole on slope?
10. What tool is commonly used to draw Bode plots and analyze frequency response?
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. What does the low-frequency asymptote represent in a Bode plot?
2. How is the system gain estimated from a Bode magnitude plot?
3. What is the transfer function of a first-order system in frequency domain?
4. What information can be extracted from the phase curve of a Bode plot?
5. How can the number of poles and zeros be determined from the slope of a Bode plot?
6. What is the starting slope of a Bode plot with a zero at the origin?
7. What is the significance of unity gain frequency in a Bode plot?
8. What is the form of a transfer function derived from asymptotic Bode plots?
9. How is phase margin determined from a Bode plot?
10. What is used to refine transfer function parameters after estimating from asymptotes?
PRE LAB QUESTION
1.What is a frequency response?
A: The steady-state response of a system to a sinusoidal input.
2.What does a Bode plot represent?
A: Gain (magnitude) and phase versus frequency (log scale).
3.What is the unit of magnitude in a Bode plot?
A: Decibels (dB).
4. What is the slope of a Bode magnitude plot for a single pole?
A: –20 dB/decade.
5. What is the slope of a Bode magnitude plot for a single zero?
A: +20 dB/decade.
6. What does a phase lag of –90° indicate in a Bode plot?
A: A pole.
7. What does a phase lead of +90° indicate in a Bode plot?
A: A zero.
8.: What is the corner or break frequency in a Bode plot?
A: Frequency at which the slope of the plot changes.
9. What is the effect of a second-order pole on slope?
A: –40 dB/decade beyond its corner frequency.
10. What tool is commonly used to draw Bode plots and analyze frequency response?
A: MATLAB or Simulink.
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1.What does the low-frequency asymptote represent in a Bode plot?
A: DC gain of the system.
2. How is the system gain estimated from a Bode magnitude plot?
A: From the magnitude at low frequencies.
3. What is the transfer function of a first-order system in frequency domain?
A: G(jω)=KjωT+1G(j\omega) = \frac{K}{j\omega T + 1}G(jω)=jωT+1K
4. What information can be extracted from the phase curve of a Bode plot?
A: Time constant or damping ratio.
5. How can the number of poles and zeros be determined from the slope of a Bode plot?
A: By observing changes in slope: ±20 dB/decade per pole or zero.
6. What is the starting slope of a Bode plot with a zero at the origin?
A: +20 dB/decade.
7. What is the significance of unity gain frequency in a Bode plot?
A: Frequency where the magnitude is 0 dB.
8. What is the form of a transfer function derived from asymptotic Bode plots?
A: Product of first-order terms in numerator and denominator.
9. How is phase margin determined from a Bode plot?
A: At gain crossover frequency, phase margin = 180° + phase.
10. What is used to refine transfer function parameters after estimating from asymptotes?
A: Curve fitting or frequency domain system identification tools.
EXPNO:9 DESIGN OF LAG, LEAD COMPENSATORS AND EVALUATION OF
CLOSED LOOP PERFORMANCE.
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the main purpose of a lead compensator?
2. What is the main purpose of a lag compensator?
3. What is the transfer function of a lead compensator?
4. What is the transfer function of a lag compensator?
5. What does a lead compensator add to the Bode phase plot?
6. What does a lag compensator add to the Bode phase plot?
7. What is the typical phase contribution of a lead compensator?
8. What is the typical phase contribution of a lag compensator?
9. What is the advantage of using a lag-lead compensator?
10. Which method is commonly used to design compensators?
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. What does the settling time measure in a closed-loop system?
2. What does overshoot indicate in time-domain response?
3. What is the unit of steady-state error?
4. What performance metric does a lag compensator mostly improve?
5. What performance metric does a lead compensator mostly improve?
6. What is phase margin a measure of?
7. What does increasing phase margin generally do to overshoot?
8. What is gain margin?
9. Which MATLAB tool can be used for compensator design and performance analysis?
10. What plot helps evaluate both gain and phase margins?
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the main purpose of a lead compensator?
A: To improve the transient response and increase phase margin.
2. What is the main purpose of a lag compensator?
A: To improve steady-state accuracy by increasing low-frequency gain.
3. What is the transfer function of a lead compensator?
A: Glead(s)=Ks+zs+pG_{lead}(s) = K \frac{s + z}{s + p}Glead(s)=Ks+ps+z, where
z>pz > pz>p
4. What is the transfer function of a lag compensator?
A: Glag(s)=Ks+zs+pG_{lag}(s) = K \frac{s + z}{s + p}Glag(s)=Ks+ps+z, where z<pz <
pz<p
5. What does a lead compensator add to the Bode phase plot?
A: Positive phase lead.
6. What does a lag compensator add to the Bode phase plot?
A: Negative phase (but improves gain at low frequency).
7. What is the typical phase contribution of a lead compensator?
A: Up to +60°.
8. What is the typical phase contribution of a lag compensator?
A: Slight negative phase, usually < –10°.
9. What is the advantage of using a lag-lead compensator?
A: Combines benefits of both: good transient and steady-state response.
10. Which method is commonly used to design compensators?
A: Frequency response method (Bode plot).
POST LAB QUESTIONS
11. What does the settling time measure in a closed-loop system?
A: Time taken to reach and stay within a specified error band.
12. What does overshoot indicate in time-domain response?
A: Maximum peak beyond the steady-state value.
13. What is the unit of steady-state error?
A: Same as the output (e.g., volts, radians).
14. What performance metric does a lag compensator mostly improve?
A: Steady-state error (accuracy).
15. What performance metric does a lead compensator mostly improve?
A: Speed of response (transient performance).
16. What is phase margin a measure of?
A: Stability and relative damping.
17. What does increasing phase margin generally do to overshoot?
A: Decreases it.
18. What is gain margin?
A: The amount gain can increase before the system becomes unstable.
19. Which MATLAB tool can be used for compensator design and performance analysis?
A: Control System Designer (controlSystemDesigner ).
20. What plot helps evaluate both gain and phase margins?
A: Bode plot.
EXP NO:10 DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS AND EVALUATION OF CLOSED
LOOP PERFORMANCE.
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What does PID stand for in control systems?
2. What is the primary effect of the proportional term in a PID controller?
3. What is the role of the integral term in PID control?
4. What is the function of the derivative term in a PID controller?
5. What is the general transfer function of a PID controller?
6. What tuning method adjusts PID parameters based on system response?
7. What is a commonly used tool in MATLAB to design PID controllers?
8. What does a high proportional gain typically cause?
9. What can excessive derivative action cause in real systems?
10. What block is used in Simulink to implement a PID controller?
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is steady-state error?
2. What is overshoot in a step response?
3. What does settling time measure?
4. What does the rise time indicate?
5. What metric is improved by the integral term in PID control?
6. Which performance aspect is mainly improved by the derivative term?
7. What happens to stability if PID gains are too high?
8. What type of system is ideal for PID control?
9. What is the most common performance metric in control design?
10. What plot is used to observe and evaluate closed-loop performance?
PRE LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the primary effect of the proportional term in a PID controller?
A: Reduces rise time and steady-state error.
2. What is the role of the integral term in PID control?
A: Eliminates steady-state error.
3. What is the function of the derivative term in a PID controller?
A: Improves stability and reduces overshoot.
4. What is the general transfer function of a PID controller?
A: Gc(s)=Kp+Kis+KdsG_c(s) = K_p + \frac{K_i}{s} + K_d sGc(s)=Kp+sKi+Kds
5. What tuning method adjusts PID parameters based on system response?
A: Ziegler–Nichols method.
6. What is a commonly used tool in MATLAB to design PID controllers?
A: PID Tuner.
7. What does a high proportional gain typically cause?
A: Faster response but possible overshoot.
8. What can excessive derivative action cause in real systems?
A: Amplification of noise.
9. What block is used in Simulink to implement a PID controller?
A: PID Controller block.
10. What does PID stand for in control systems?
A: Proportional, Integral, Derivative.
POST LAB QUESTIONS
11. What is steady-state error?
A: The difference between input and output as time → ∞.
12. What is overshoot in a step response?
A: When the response exceeds the desired final value.
13. What does settling time measure?
A: Time to stay within a specific error band around the final value.
14. What does the rise time indicate?
A: Time to go from 10% to 90% of final value.
15. What metric is improved by the integral term in PID control?
A: Steady-state accuracy.
16. Which performance aspect is mainly improved by the derivative term?
A: Transient response (damping).
17. What happens to stability if PID gains are too high?
A: System becomes unstable.
18. What type of system is ideal for PID control?
A: Linear time-invariant systems.
19. What is the most common performance metric in control design?
A: Time-domain response (e.g., overshoot, settling time).
20. What plot is used to observe and evaluate closed-loop performance?
A: Step response plot.
