FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. Calculate the work done by a system that reduces its volume by 1 cm.3to one
constant pressure of 2 bar.
+0.2 J

A certain gas is heated at a constant pressure of 2.0 atm until its volume doubles.
Calculate the work done by the gas if it initially occupied a volume of 10 liters.
-2026 J

INTERNAL ENERGY AND CHANGES IT EXPERIENCES

3. For a given chemical reaction, it has been found that Q = +40 J and W = +25 J. The experiment is repeated.
process in other physical conditions, but starting and ending in the same states.
Calculate W, knowing that Q = -8 J.
W = +73 J

4. To compress a gas, an external work of 450 J is required. In this process, there is a

Heat transfer from the gas to its environment is 175 J. Calculate the change in energy.
internal.
+275 J

5. A system that is maintained at a constant pressure of 2 bar receives a heat of 500 cal. If the
The volume of the system increases by 6 L, calculate the change in internal energy of the system.
Response: 892 J

According to the first principle, how much work could a system perform that receives heat?
of 200 cal, if its internal energy increases by 1000 J?
-163.2 J

A container holds 3 L of H2a 15oC and it heats up to 100oAt a pressure of 1 atm

(normal pressure). If the process is isochoric, calculate the change in internal energy that
experiment with the system. The specific heat of hydrogen at constant volume is 10.46
J/g·oC.
+228.5 J

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Relationship between ΔU and ΔH

8. If the reaction N2(g) + 3 H2(g)→2 NH3(g) takes place at 298 K and constant volume, the heat
released by mole of NH3The formation is 41 kJ. Calculate ΔH.rat the same temperature and at the
constant pressure of 1 atm.
Answer: 43.48 kJ

9. Given the chemical reaction: N2(g) + 3 H2(g)→2 NH3(g), calculate the change in energy
internal to 25 C of the process, knowing that the heat of reaction at constant pressure is -93.2
o

kJ.
-87.3 kJ

10. Molecular fluorine gas (or difluorine) reacts vigorously with hydrogen chloride gas.
to give hydrogen fluoride gas and molecular chlorine gas (or dichlorine). It is known that when
react 2 L of F2(g) 1 atm and 25oC releases 28.87 kJ. Calculate for this reaction:
the variation of enthalpy
Respuesta: a) -352,1 kJ; b) -352,1 kJ

Second Law of Thermodynamics

11. The combustion heat of coal is 7.8 kcal/g. Calculate the work that, in theory, is
could be generated from the combustion of 1 kg of coal.
Response: 33 MJ

12. A thermal machine performs 5 kJ of work in each cycle and delivers 200 cal to the cold reservoir.
What heat is extracted from the hot source?
Response: 5837 J

13. Calculate the change in entropy associated with the reaction of

combustion of liquid benzene, C6H6In the reaction, there
produce CO2y H2O. Solve the problem according to that
water forms in: a) gaseous phase; b) liquid phase.
Respuesta: a) +136,9 J/K; b) -219,8 J/K

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14. Nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen at high temperatures to produce nitrogen oxide.
(nitric oxide). Calculate the change in entropy that accompanies the reaction of 1.0
g de N2with the stoichiometric amount of O2. Date: So(N2,g) = 191.5 J/K·mol.
+0.892 J/K

15. Ethylene, C2H4it is a very important substance in the industry, as it is the monomer of
one of the most used plastics in bottle packaging, polyethylene, or PE. The aim is
obtain ethylene from graphite and hydrogen at 25oC and 1 atm, according to the reaction: 2 C (s,
graphite) + 2 H2(g)→C2H4(g). Calculate the change in entropy of the reaction and comment on it.
result obtained by using the absolute entropy tables to gather the data
necessary.
-53.3 J/K

THE ENERGY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

16. In the reaction of formation of ammonia from its elements in standard state, there
they release 46.1 kJ for each mole of substance formed. Calculate the heat absorbed or
released upon decomposition of 1 g of NH3.
2.705 kJ/g

17. Calculate the enthalpy of the molar combustion reaction of propane:

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)→3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O (ℓ)
Knowing that when 50 g of propane is completely burned, the released heat causes
raise the temperature of 10 kg of water from 10.0oC up to 54.0oC. Search in the tables
the necessary data.
-1624.1 kJ/mol

18. Knowing that the enthalpy of formation of CO is ΔH = -110.5 kJ/mol, calculate the energy.
necessary to decompose 10.0 g of said substance into its elements.
Answer: 39.45 kJ

19. If the enthalpy of combustion of methanol, CH3OH, ΔH = -762 kJ/mol, calculate:

The mass of methanol required to generate 10 GJ.
b)The volume necessary for the complete combustion of that mass.
c)The volume of CO2unattached.
DATA: the air contains 21% O2in volume. The reaction takes place at 710 torr and 15oC.
Respuesta: a) 42,06 kg; b) 236,9 m333.17 m3

20. Alcoholic fermentation involves the transformation of glucose (solid) into ethanol (liquid)
and carbon dioxide (gas). Calculate the energy exchanged when obtaining 5.00 g of ethanol if the
The enthalpy of the reaction is -69.4 kJ (per mole of glucose).
-3.82 kJ

21. In the process of forming 1 mole of liquid water from its elements in their state
Standard releases 285.8 kJ. Calculate the amount of heat that will be released when
react all the H2contents in a closed container of 10 L, which is at 10 atm and
60oC, with the necessary amount of oxygen.
-1046 kJ
HEAT AND REACTION ENTHALPY
22. Calcium carbonate decomposes as follows:
calcium carbonate3(s)→CaO (s) + CO2ΔH (g) = +179.2 kJ
Calculate the volume of CO.2released at a pressure of 690 torr and 28oWhen communicating 270 kJ
a certain mass of calcium carbonate.
Answer: 40.97 L

23. The enthalpy of the reaction of oxidation of 1 mole of sulfur dioxide gas to sulfur trioxide
gas ΔHr-99.1 kJ. Write the corresponding thermochemical equation and calculate the heat.
exchanged in the oxidation of 1.5 g of sulfur dioxide, indicating whether it is absorbed or
detached from the system.
-2.28 kJ

MEASUREMENT OF REACTION ENTHALPY. HESS'S LAW

24. Calculate the volume of CO2, a 17oC y 710 torr, which is formed in the combustion of a certain
C mass (graphite) and 10 are released.6kJ.
Answer: 64.7 m3

25. The combustion enthalpies, in kJ/mol, of C (graphite) and C (diamond) are -393.5 and -395.4,
respectively. Write the equation that describes the transformation process of graphite into
diamond and calculate the enthalpy of the reaction.
Response: 1.9 kJ

26. Knowing that the combustion of hydrogen releases 285.8 kJ (per mol) or 241.8 kJ (per mol),
depending on whether water is formed in a liquid phase or in a gaseous phase, what amount of energy
What will be needed to vaporize 10 g of water?
Answer: 24.4 kJ
27. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of acetic acid, CH3COOH, knowing that its enthalpy of
combustion is -870.3 kJ/mol and that the standard enthalpies of formation of CO2and of the H2O (ℓ)
-393.5 kJ/mol and -285.8 kJ/mol, respectively.
-488.3 kJ/mol

28. When reacting, at 25.oC, NH3with CH4H is obtained2and HCN (g). Determine the heat of reaction
at constant pressure at that temperature and classify the reaction as exothermic or
endothermic. Also calculate the heat absorbed or released in the formation of 5.0 g of
HCN. Data: ΔHfo(HCN) = +135.2 kJ/mol; ΔHfo(NH3-46.1 kJ/mol;ΔHfo(CH4) = -74.8 kJ/mol.
Respuesta: a) +256,1 kJ; b) 47,4 kJ
29. The combustion enthalpies at 25oC, of methane, CH4hydrogen, H2and carbon (graphite), C,
They are, respectively, -890.1 kJ/mol, -285.8 kJ/mol, and -393.5 kJ/mol. Calculate: a) the enthalpy
of methane formation; b) the volume of CO2, measured under normal conditions, that is
What is obtained in the combustion of 50 g of methane if the reaction yield is 75%?
Respuesta: a) -75 kJ/mol; b) 52,4 L
30. Write the reaction of acetylene (ethyne) with hydrogen to produce ethane.
a)Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction under standard conditions, knowing
that the standard enthalpies of combustion of acetylene and ethane are,
respectively, -1301.1 kJ/mol and -1560 kJ/mol and the enthalpy of formation of water
the liquid is -285.8 kJ/mol.
b)How much energy will be released when 10 g of hydrogen reacts with
2 moles of acetylene under normal conditions?
Respuesta: a) -312,7 kJ; b) -625,4 kJ

31. Calculate the enthalpy of

the hydrogenation reaction of ethylene to ethane:
C2H4(g) + H2(g)→C2H6(g)
Knowing that the combustion enthalpies, in kcal/mol, of ethylene, ethane, and water
they are -337.3, -372.9, and -68.38, respectively.
-137 kJ
32. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of butane from the formation enthalpies, in
kJ/mol, of CO2(-393.5), H2O (-285.8) and C4H10(-125,6)
1 L of butane burns at 25oC and 1 atm of pressure. If the heat released is harnessed
to heat 1 m3of water, initially at 25oC (ce1 kcal/kg·oC), calculate the temperature
Finally, if the heat exchange process efficiency is 70%. Data:
Respuesta: a) -2877,4 kJ; b) 44,8oC
33. Octane, C8H18it is one of the components of commercial gasoline, and it has a density
0.70 g/mL. Calculate the heat released in the combustion of 60 L of octane. Data:
ΔHfo(C8H18-264.0 kJ/mol;ΔHfo(CO2-393.5 kJ/mol; ΔHfo(H2O) = -285.8 kJ/mol.
Respuesta: a) -5456 kJ; b) -2,01·106kJ

34. The standard enthalpies of formation of NH3(g) and of the H2O (ℓ) are, respectively,
-46.11 and -285.8 kJ/mol. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction:
5 3
NH (g) O (g) NO (g) H O(λ)
3 2 2
4 2
EsΔHr -292.3 kJ. Based on the previous data, calculate the change in enthalpy.
o

standard for the reaction: N2(g) + O2(g)→2 NO (g).

Response: 226.8 kJ

35. The heat released in the production of 1 mole of liquid benzene from gaseous acetylene.
through the reaction 3 C2H2(g)→C6H6(ℓ) is -631 kJ. Calculate:
The standard enthalpy of combustion of C6H6(ℓ) knowing that the standard enthalpy of
combustion of C2H2(g) is -1302 kJ/mol.
b)The volume of acetylene, measured at 25oC y 15 atm, necessary to obtain 0.25 L of
benzene (density 950 g/L).
Respuesta: a) -3275 kJ; b) 14,86 L
FORMATION ENTHALPIES AND REACTION ENTHALPY
36. Write the thermochemical equations that describe the process of forming gaseous ethane and
of ethylene gas, from its constituent elements, and indicate whether the process: C2H4(g) + H2
(g)→C2H6(g), it is endothermic or exothermic. The heat of formation of ethane and ethylene
-84.7 kJ/mol and 52.3 kJ/mol, respectively.
Answer: ΔHro-137.0 kJ

The engine of a lawnmower works with the energy produced by combustion.

octane. Based on the data of the formation enthalpies of H2O (ℓ), CO2(g) and C8H18(g), which
respectively, -285.80 kJ/mol, -393.50 kJ/mol and -249.95 kJ/mol, calculate the heat energy
released in the combustion of 2 kg of the mentioned fuel.
-9.58·104kJ
38. Hydrazine, a rocket fuel, reacts with hydrogen peroxide according to: N2H4
(ℓ) + 2 H2O2(ℓ)→N2(g) + 4 H2O (g).
a)Calculate the enthalpy of the mentioned reaction.
Determine up to what temperature 100 L of water can be heated (ce= 1 cal/g·oC)
initially at 25oC, with the heat released in the complete reaction of 1 L of
hydrazine.
Data: formation enthalpies of N2H4(ℓ), H2O2(ℓ) and H2O (g), en kJ/mol, +50,56, - 187,8
y -241.8, respectively. Density of hydrazine = 1.02 g/cm3.
Respuesta: a) -642,16 kJ; b) 73,75oC

BOND ENERGY AND REACTION ENTHALPY

39. Ethylene is one of the organic compounds produced in largest quantities in the world.
since it is the monomer of polyethylene, used in the manufacturing of plastic bags.
Calculate, based on bond enthalpies, the enthalpy of the hydrogenation reaction of the
ethylene in ethane: C2H4(g) + H2(g)→C2H6(g). Datos:ΔH(C=C) = 611 kJ/mol; ΔH(H-H) = 436
kJ/mol
-128 kJ

40. Using the bond enthalpy data, calculate the enthalpy of the combustion reaction.
of methane gas. Data: ΔH(C-H) = 414 kJ/mol; ΔH(O=O) = 498 kJ/mol; ΔH(C=O) = 799 kJ/mol; ΔH(H-
O) = 464 kJ/mol.
-802 kJ

SPONTANEITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

41. In a chemical reaction, it has ΔH = +144 kJ and ΔS = +50 J/K. Determine for what
temperature margins the reaction will be spontaneous. What is the temperature of
investment?
Response: 2007o

42. Ethelene is intended to be obtained from graphite and hydrogen at 25oC and 1 atm of pressure, according to
the process: 2 C (s, graphite) + 2 H2(g)→C2H4(g). Calculate the enthalpy and the change in entropy
from the reaction and respond to the following questions:
a)Is the process endothermic or exothermic?
b)Does it progress with an increase or decrease in disorder?
c)Will it be spontaneous at the said temperature?
Data: ΔHfo(C2H4) = 52.3 kJ; So(C2H4) = 219.6 J/K·mol; So(C, graphite) = 5.74 J/K·mol;
So(H2g) = 130.8 J/K·mol.
Response:ΔHro= +52.3 kJ; ΔSro-53.48 J/K; ΔGro68.24 kJ
43. For the dissociation reaction
of dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrogen dioxide, indicate
if the reaction will be spontaneous at 25 C and calculate the inversion temperature. Data: ΔHo(N O)
o

9.16 kJ/mol;
f ΔH24o(NO) = 33.2 kJ/mol. ΔSf (N 2O) = 304 J/K·mol; ΔS
o
f 2 (NO)
o
4 = 240 J/K·mol. f 2
Response: ΔGro= +4.79 kJ; Tinvestment= 52oC

44. Using the values appearing in the table, all

obtained at a temperature of 25.oC, for
the following reaction for the production of phosgene: CO (g) + Cl2g→COCl2(g)

a)Indicate whether it will be spontaneous or not and if this fact depends on temperature.
b)Calculate the energy transferred during the formation of 5 g of phosgene and indicate, justifying the result.
response, whether energy is released or absorbed in the process.
Response: a)ΔGro-73.1 kJ; b)ΔHro-5.68 kJ

45. Carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide. If for 1 mol
of the formed product, when all species are in the gaseous phase, the enthalpy of
process valueΔHo= -283.0 kJ and they
r tell us that ΔSo< 0.
a)Justify the sign of ΔS and reason whether the process will be spontaneous to any
o

temperature.
b)Calculate ΔGoa 25oC, and indicate whether the reaction will be spontaneous at that temperature.
Data: ΔSo(CO2ΔS = 213.70 J/K·molo197.7 J/K·molo(O2205.10 J/K·mol.
Response: ΔGro-257.2 k

46. Alcoholic fermentation involves the transformation of solid glucose into liquid ethanol and
carbon dioxide gas. Knowing that for this reaction ΔH iso-64.9 kJ, at 25oC, reason
if the process will be spontaneous at any temperature and calculate ΔGoa 25oC. Date:
So(C6H12O6182.4 J/K·mol.
Response: ΔGo-238.2 kJ

COMBUSTION REACTIONS
47. The specific combustion enthalpy refers to the enthalpy of combustion per gram and is
express without the negative sign; if that of ethanol is 30 kJ/g (densityethanol0.789 g/cm3calculate
the energy released in the combustion of 1 L of ethanol.
Response: 23670 kJ

48. Calculate the specific enthalpy of acetylene, C2H2, if its combustion enthalpy is 1300
kJ/mol.
Answer: 50 kJ/mol

49. What mass of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, releases the same amount of energy in its combustion
what is 1 g of glucose? ΔHcombustion(ethanol) = -1365 kJ/mol
0.52 g
FOSSIL FUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THE ROLE OF CO2IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
50. The use of methanol as a fuel poses a disadvantage, which is that its combustion
CO is also produced.2(and water). However, the combustion of methanol emits less CO2
that the combustion of C. Verify this statement by calculating the mass of CO2issued in the
burning of one ton of both fuels.
3.66 and 1.37 tons of CO2, respectively.