Index

0,0.Introduction..................................................................................................................................2

0.2.General:.........................................................................................................................................2

0.3.Specifics:................................................................................................................................2

0.4.Methodology...............................................................................................................................2

0.5.Fallacy........................................................................................................................................4

0.6. Types of fallacy.........................................................................................................................4

0.7. Naturalistic Fallacy......................................................................................................................5

0.8. Slippery Slope Fallacy (or Snowball Fallacy).................................................................................5

0.9.Petition of principle (circular argument)..........................................................5

1.0.Fallacy of the straw man (also straw man fallacy).....................................................7

1.1. Paradoxes

1.2.Types of paradoxes....................................................................................................................8

1.3.Conclusion

1.5.Bibliography..............................................................................................................................10
 2

0,0.Introduction
The present work arises in the discipline of philosophy and has the theme of fallacy.

Bankruptcy is a word of Greek origin used by scholastics to indicate the syllogism.

sophist of Aristotle.

The fallacy consists of 4 types which are: Straw man fallacy; Fallacy of the various
questions; Fallacy of the inversion of quantifiers; Gambler's fallacy.

The Argumentum ad ignorantiam occurs when something is considered true simply

because it has not been proven to be false (or to prove that something is false by not having evidence that it is)

(true). Note that it is different from the scientific principle of considering it false until proven.
what is true. And in Ignorance Appeal Occurs when someone, out of ignorance, defends
that a certain statement must be true just because there is no evidence to the contrary or, in
instead should be false just because no one has been able to prove its truth.

0.1.Objectives:
0.2.General:
Understanding the theme of fallacy and paradox

specifics
Discuss the basic concepts of fallacy
Describe the types of fallacy
Explain the paradox and its types

0.4.Methodology
For the realization and materialization of this work, several procedures were employed that
combinations allowed the coherence of the research since the selection of documents and analysis of
various bibliographic sources and finally the systematization and compilation of the final work
 3

0.5.Fallacy
Bankruptcy is a word of Greek origin used by the scholastics to indicate the syllogism.
Aristotle's sophist.

According to Pedro Hispano (2010), a fallacy is the suitability of making believe that it is what it is not.

through some fantastic vision, that is, appearance without existence.

0.6. Types of fallacy

Fallen scarecrow man;
Fallacy of many questions;
Fallacy of the inversion of quantifiers;
Gambler's fallacy.

Argument against the person (and against the arguer)

Instead of the arguer proving the falsehood of the statement, he attacks the person who made it.
statement

Joãozinho's statement is because he is a rude person.

Argument from ignorance

It occurs when something is considered true simply because it has not been proven false.
(or prove that something is false by not having evidence that it is true). Note that it is different from
scientific principle of considering false until it is proven to be true.

Joãozinho tells the truth, as no one can prove otherwise.

It is certain that God exists, unless proven otherwise.

Amphibiology

It occurs when the premises used in the argument are ambiguous due to poor formulation.
grammatical.
 4

Fallacies of type 'A' based on 'B' (another type of sophistical conclusion)

Two facts occur. They are placed as similar because they are derived from or similar to a
third fact.

Islam is based on faith.

Christianity is based on faith.
Islamic law is similar to Christianity.

Naturalistic fallacy
The naturalistic fallacy is a concept created by the English philosopher George Edward Moore and
George Robert Price.

This concept reveals the mistake of thinking that a certain attribute or property is natural and has
origin in the physical aspect. An example is to assume that the good or altruism of the human being (or

other ethical behaviors) are defined as natural properties.

0.8.Sloping Fallacy (or Snowball)

From a fact, the interlocutor always amplifies it in order to end the proposed argument.

Example: if we legalize the consumption of marijuana, everyone will want to try it, soon.
they will be addicted and society will turn into a bunch of drugged zombies wandering the
streets.

0.9.Petition of principle (circular argument)

It occurs in arguments where the conclusion is already contained in the premises, that is, we use it as proof.

that which we are trying to prove.

John: God exists!

Maria: how are you?
João: because the Bible says!
Maria: And why do you believe in the Bible?
JOAO: BECAUSE IT WAS INSPIRED BY God.

Appeal to ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)

 5

It happens when someone, out of ignorance, argues that a certain statement should be
true only because there is no evidence to the contrary or, instead, it must be false just because

no one managed to prove its truth.

Manuel: I believe in the theory of reincarnation.
Sofia: I only believe it if you provide me with evidence.

Manuel: you are seeing the problem wrong. You are the one who has to prove to me that reincarnation does not

exists
Sofia: but you know very well that it is not possible to present such evidence

Manuel: therefore, I have a relationship.

Appeal to the people (ad populum)

It is a type of non-functional fallacy and is an attempt to awaken the passions and enthusiasm of the
crowd, gain the support of the listening or reading public for a certain conclusion.

Example:

Of course, you want to have lunch at our restaurant, 99% of people have lunch here.
The Mozambican people want to elect me. Only you don't want to?

Appeal to pity or compassion (ad misercordium)

It consists of gaining the sympathy of the opponent by presenting oneself as a pitiful person.

Example:

We hope you accept our recommendations. We have spent the last three months ...
work miserably on this report.

the argument tries to give quality to your report based on the effort to produce it.

Argument against the person

This fallacy aims to attack the person who made the argument. Therefore, it is considered
ad hominem, a Latin expression that means against the man.

Example:
 6

I am in favor of gay marriage.

Only an ignorant person like you could be in favor of this.

Note that Y does not seek the argument itself, 'gay marriage,' but goes for an aggression.
against X, calling him ignorant.

Argumentum ad baulum (or the appeal to force)

It occurs when the argument appeals to force, threats, or someone's power to coerce the
the opponent accepts the conclusion as true. This is what happens when there are no reasons and if
resorts to power, with the conclusion accepted out of fear and not out of conviction.

Example:

Believer: those who do not believe in God go to hell

If they don't come back, there won't be new jobs for us in the coming times.
The straw doll is not mentioned in the manual.

1.0. Straw man fallacy (also scarecrow fallacy)

It is an informal argument based on the misleading representation of the positions advocated by a
opponent. "To set up a straw man or to contrive a straw man argument is to create a
a position that is easy to refute, and then attribute this position to the opponent. A fallacy
The straw man can indeed be a successful rhetorical technique (that is, it can
to manage to convince people). But, it is really a disinformation fallacy because the
the opponent's real argument is not refuted.

The name of the fallacy derives from the practice of using scarecrows in combat training. In such
In practice, a straw man represents the enemy and is created only so that it can be attacked.

1.1. Paradoxes
Paradox or oxymoron is a figure of speech characterized by the expression of an idea
contrasting and contradictory. However, if the statement presents only contrast, it is configured
in an antithesis, therefore, for the paradox to occur, it is necessary to have a
contradiction. Thus, paradoxes can be true, false, or conditional.
 7

1.2.Types of paradoxes
True paradox: it is one that, based on a false logical reasoning, leads to
unlikely results. As an example, we cite Hilbert's hotel paradox, which states:
even though a hotel with infinite rooms is fully booked, it can still accommodate
more hypotheses.

False paradox: it is one that, based on a false reasoning, leads to incorrect results.
As an example, the paradox of the unexpected hanging occurs in the following situation.
Imagine that, on Saturday, it is decreed that a certain prisoner will be strained in the week.
the day after noon, and that the hanging will take place on an unexpected day. The prisoner
so it concludes that his death cannot happen on the following Saturday, because in the
Friday, after noon, he will know the day of his hanging, that is Saturday, which
prevents the fact from being unexpected.

Conditional paradox: it is one that depends on the relationship between cause and consequence and generates,

Often, a problem is difficult to resolve, as one fact would cause another, which in turn
Originally that as can be seen in the question: what came first, the egg or the chicken. If the
this depends on the chicken to exist, and the chicken depends on the egg to exist, which came first
 8

1.3.Conclusion
It is concluded from the work that a fallacy is a reasoning that seems logical and true, however
Is there any flaw that makes him false.

The fallacy was a resource used by Aristotle, by Scholasticism, by Demagogy and serves
as a figure of speech in argumentative speeches and themes. The word has its origin in the term
in Latin 'fallacia', that which deceives or misleads. Thus, a fallacy will be something deceptive.
Fallacies are constructed by seemingly correct reasoning that leads to false conclusions.

Paradox is a figure of speech characterized by the expression of a contrasting idea and

contradictory. However, if the statement presents only contrast, it is configured as a
antithesis, therefore, for the paradox to occur, there must necessarily be a contradiction.
In this way, paradoxes can be true, false, or conditional.

For the most part, the fallacy is built from a very inconsistent narrative. In addition to
counter constructions extremely prejudiced. On search for create
an appropriate argumentation to conceal the truth, the fallacious content has structures
quite sensitive, although it is convincing at first glance, through a thorough analysis
it can be easily identified.

Many times the fallacy is also called a sophism, which can be understood as
a reasoning created maliciously with the aim of deceiving the listener. There are also the
paralogisms, which are false reasoning, but different from fallacies and sophisms, these are made
unintentionally. To be able to identify them, the fallacies were divided and classified into
two groups: formal and informal.
 9

1.5.Bibliography
GEQUE, Eduardo, Manual. Pre-university Philosophy 12 aclass 1aed, editoralongiman,
Maputo 2010.

SIMON