Computer
Communications and
Networks
Izna Hussain
Lecturer
Computer Science Department
Islamabad Model College for Girls
St # 25 F-6/2 Islamabad
Layering Approach
Chapter 2
Table of contents
01 02 03
OSI Model Organization of Layers Addressing
Layered Tasks
The OSI Model
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection model.
• An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two
different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture.
• The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate
communication between different systems without requiring
changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software.
ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.
The OSI Model
• The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of
network systems that allows communication between all types
of computer systems.
• It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which
defines a part of the process of moving information across a
network.
• An understanding of the fundamentals of the OSI model
provides a solid basis for exploring data communications.
The OSI Model
Peer-to-peer Processes
• At the physical layer, communication is direct.
• Each layer in the sending device adds its own information to the
message it receives from the layer just above it and passes the
whole package to the layer just below it.
• At layer I the entire package is converted to a form that can be
transmitted to the receiving device.
Peer-to-peer Processes
An Exchange using the OSI Model
Organization of Layers
Application
Allow interoperability
Presentation User-Support Layers among unrelated
software systems
Session
links the two subgroups and ensures that what the
Transport lower layers have transmitted is in a form that the
upper layers can use.
Network
Deal with the physical
Network Support aspects of moving data
Data Link
Layers from one device to
another
Physical
Layers in the OSI Model – Physical Layer
• The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a
bit stream over a physical medium.
• It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the
interface and transmission medium.
• The physical layer is also concerned with the following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Layers in the OSI Model –Data Link Layer
• The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw
transmission facility, to a reliable link
• It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer
(network layer)
• Other responsibilities of the data link layer include the
following:
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow control
• Error control
• Access control
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames
from one hop (node) to the next
Layers in the OSI Model –Network Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks (links)
• If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually
no need for a network layer
• Other responsibilities of the network layer include the
following:
• Logical addressing
• Routing
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.
Layers in the OSI Model –Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message.
• Other responsibilities of the transport layer include the
following:
• Service-point addressing
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control
• Flow control
• Error control
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a
message from one process to another.
Layers in the OSI Model –Session Layer
• The session layer is the network dialog controller.
• It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction
among communicating systems.
• Specific responsibilities of the session layer include the
following:
• Dialog Control
• Synchronization
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
Layers in the OSI Model – Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.
• Responsibilities of presentation layer are:
• Translation
• Compression
• Encryption
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
Layers in the OSI Model – Application Layer
• The application layer enables the user, whether human or
software, to access the network.
• It provides user interfaces and support for services such as
electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared
database management, and other types of distributed
information services.
• Specific services provided by the application layer include the
following:
• Network virtual terminal
• File transfer, access, and management
• Mail services
• Directory services
The application layer is responsible for providing services to
the user.
Summary of Layers
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Addressing in
TCP/IP
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Physical Addresses
• The physical address, also known as the link address, is the
address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
• It is included in the frame used by the data link layer.
• It is the lowest-level address.
• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the
network.
07:01:02:01 :2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Logical Addresses
• Logical addresses are necessary for communication over
universal networks.
• A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address
that can uniquely define a host connected to the Internet.
• No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can
have the same IP address.
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the
logical addresses usually remain the same.
Port Address
• The IP address and the physical address are necessary for a
quantity of data to travel from a source to the destination host.
• Arrival at the destination host is not the final objective of data
communications on the Internet.
• In the TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a process is
called a port address.
• A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.
