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Cell Notes Form 2

The cell is the fundamental unit of life, existing as unicellular or multicellular organisms. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic, which contain a nucleus and organelles. Key cell structures include the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, each performing essential functions such as energy production, protein synthesis, and photosynthesis.

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6 views3 pages

Cell Notes Form 2

The cell is the fundamental unit of life, existing as unicellular or multicellular organisms. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic, which contain a nucleus and organelles. Key cell structures include the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, each performing essential functions such as energy production, protein synthesis, and photosynthesis.

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Victor Mwangi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes on The Cell (Form 2)

The Cell

The cell is the basic unit of life in all living organisms. It can exist independently (unicellular

organisms)

or as part of a multicellular organism.

Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotic Cells:

- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

- Example: Bacteria.

2. Eukaryotic Cells:

- Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

- Examples: Plant and animal cells.

Cell Structure and Functions

| Structure | Description | Function |

|----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|

| Cell Membrane | Thin, semi-permeable layer enclosing the cell. | Controls movement

of substances in and out of the cell. |

| Nucleus | Contains genetic material (DNA). | Regulates cell activities and

stores hereditary information. |

| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like fluid inside the cell. | Site of chemical reactions and

holds organelles. |

| Mitochondria | Double-membraned structures in the cytoplasm. | Powerhouse of the


cell; site of energy production (ATP). |

| Ribosomes | Small structures found in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER. | Protein

synthesis. |

| Endoplasmic Reticulum| Network of membranes (smooth and rough types). | Transports

and processes molecules (lipids and proteins). |

| Golgi Apparatus | Stacked membranes. | Modifies, packages, and

secretes proteins and lipids. |

| Lysosomes | Contain digestive enzymes. | Break down waste and

cellular debris. |

| Chloroplasts | Contain chlorophyll (in plant cells). | Photosynthesis (conversion

of sunlight into food). |

| Vacuole | Large in plant cells, small in animal cells. | Stores nutrients, water, and

waste. |

| Cell Wall | Rigid outer layer (plant cells only). | Provides structure and

protection. |

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

| Feature | Plant Cell | Animal Cell |

|----------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|

| Cell Wall | Present | Absent |

| Chloroplasts | Present (photosynthesis) | Absent |

| Vacuole | Large and central | Small and scattered |

| Shape | Regular and rectangular | Irregular and round |

Functions of Cells

1. Growth: Cells increase in size and number.

2. Metabolism: Perform chemical reactions to sustain life.


3. Reproduction: Produce new cells through mitosis or meiosis.

4. Response to Stimuli: Adapt to changes in the environment.

5. Excretion: Remove waste products.

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