BASICS OF MATHS
( Indirectly Used In Physics & Chemistry)
1.Power , Exponents & Scientific Notations
🔹 1. Exponents yaani Power kya hoti hai?
Jab koi number repeat hota hai multiplication me, to hum usse short me power ke form me likhte hain.
Example:
5 × 5 × 5 = 5³ (read as "5 raised to power 3")
➡️ Iska matlab 5 ka multiplication 3 times.
🔹 2. Basic Rules of Exponents:
Rule Formula Example
Product Rule a^m × a^n = a^(m+n) 2³ × 2² = 2⁵ = 32
Division Rule a^m ÷ a^n = a^(m−n) 5⁴ ÷ 5² = 5² = 25
Power of Power (a^m)^n = a^(m×n) (2³)² = 2⁶ = 64
Power of Product (ab)^m = a^m × b^m (2×3)^2 = 2²×3² = 4×9
Negative Power a^(-n) = 1/a^n 2^(-3) = 1/8
Zero Power a⁰ = 1 7⁰ = 1 (except a ≠ 0)
➡️ NEET Tip: Dimensional analysis me a^m × a^n = a^(m+n) rule bahut useful hota hai.
🔹 3. Scientific Notation kya hoti hai?
Science me bahut bade ya chhote numbers ko short me likhne ke liye Scientific Notation ka use hota hai.
Formula:
N × 10^n
jaha N = 1 to 10 ke beech ka number
n = integer (positive ya negative)
Example:
3,00,00,000 m = 3 × 10^8 m (speed of light)
0.000000000123 = 1.23 × 10^(-10)
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➡️ NEET me values mostly scientific form me hoti hain, jaise:
Planck constant = 6.63 × 10^(-34) Js
Charge of electron = 1.6 × 10^(-19) C
🔹 4. Kaise Convert Karein?
Big Number to Scientific Form:
1. Point ko 1 digit ke baad laao
2. Count karo kitne digits move kiye
3. 10^n lagao (right move → +ve power)
Example:
123000 = 1.23 × 10^5
Small Number to Scientific Form:
1. Point ko 1 digit ke baad laao
2. Count karo kitne digits move kiy
3. 10^(-n) lagao (left move → -ve power)
Example:
0.000045 = 4.5 × 10^(-5)
🔹 5. Why Important for NEET?
✅ Error Analysis – sab data scientific notation me hota hai
✅ Physical Constants – almost sab scientific form me
✅ Log Table Use – log of values jaane ke liye scientific form chahiye
✅ Dimensional Calculations – powers simplify karne me easy hota hai
🔍 Easy Example:
Q: Express 0.00082 in scientific notation.
A: 8.2 × 10^(-4)
Q: Multiply: (2 × 10^3) × (3 × 10^5)
A: 6 × 10^8
📘 Chapter 2: Logarithms
🔹 1. Logarithm kya hota hai?
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Logarithm ek aisa concept hai jisme hum kisi number ko kisi base ke respect me likhte hain.
Definition:
Agar
a^x = b,
to log base a of b = x
yaani
logₐ(b) = x
Example:
2³ = 8
➡️ log₂(8) = 3
🔹 2. Common Terms
Base (a): jiske respect me log likha jaata hai
Argument (b): jiska log lena hai
Value (x): log ka result
🔹 3. Common Types of Logs
log₁₀(x) → is called common logarithm
logₑ(x) → is called natural logarithm (used in chemistry, 'e' = 2.718...)
In NEET, mostly log₁₀(x) use hota hai.
🔹 4. Basic Logarithmic Rules:
Rule Formula Example
Product Rule log(a × b) = log a + log b log(2×5) = log2 + log5
Quotient Rule log(a ÷ b) = log a − log b log(10/2) = log10 − log2
Power Rule log(a^n) = n × log a log(2³) = 3 × log2
Change of Base logₐ(b) = log b / log a log₂(8) = log8 / log2 = 3
🔹 5. Log Table ka Use (NEET me kyu important hai?)
Jab bade values ka log lena ho (e.g. 6.63 × 10^-34), tab log table se value nikaalte hain
Numericals me calculation fast hota hai
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Physics constants jaise Planck’s constant, Avogadro number ke log values use hote hain
🔹 6. Scientific Notation aur Logs:
Example:
log(6.63 × 10^(-34))
= log(6.63) + log(10^(-34))
= 0.821 + (-34)
= -33.179 (antilog karne par value wapas milti hai)
🔍 Easy Example:
Q: log(1000) = ?
A: log(10³) = 3 × log(10) = 3 × 1 = 3
Q: log(0.01) = ?
A: log(10^(-2)) = -2
✅ NEET Tips:
Log tables use karne aane chahiye
SI units ko simplify karne me log use hota hai
Chemistry me pH, radioactive decay, rate law, etc. sab log par depend hote hain
🔚 Purpose:
➡️ Logarithms calculations ko easy banate hain
➡️ Exponents ko simplify karne ka best tool
➡️ Scientific notation aur constants ko fast solve karne ke liye required
📘 Chapter 3: Trigonometry Basics
(Sirf Physics aur Chemistry ke NEET topics ke liye)
🔹 1. Trigonometry kya hota hai?
Trigonometry ka matlab hota hai triangle ke angles aur sides ke beech sambandh ka adhyayan.
NEET me mainly right-angled triangle ke liye basic ratios ka use hota hai — specially Physics me vectors, projectile motion, forces, etc. me.
🔹 2. Right-Angled Triangle ke Ratios
Agar ek right-angled triangle me ek angle θ hai, to:
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|
|/
a |/ (Hypotenuse = h, Opposite = a, Adjacent = b)
|_______
Trigonometric Ratios:
Ratio Formula
sin θ Opposite / Hypotenuse = a/h
cos θ Adjacent / Hypotenuse = b/h
tan θ Opposite / Adjacent = a/b
cot θ 1 / tan θ = b/a
sec θ 1 / cos θ = h/b
cosec θ 1 / sin θ = h/a
🔹 3. Standard Angle Values Table
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
0° 0 1 0
30° 1/2 √3/2 1/√3
45° 1/√2 1/√2 1
60° √3/2 1/2 √3
90° 1 0 ∞ (undefined)
> NEET Tip: Ye table yaad honi chahiye — projectiles, forces, inclined planes me directly use hoti hai.
4. Identities in Trigonometry (Most Used in Physics)
1. sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
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2. 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
3. 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
> Inhe use karke equation simplify ki jaati hai — especially wave motion, SHM, etc. me.
🔹 5. Angle Conversion (Degree to Radian)
NEET me kai jagah angles radian me diye jaate hain:
Formula:
180° = π radians
So,
30° = π/6
45° = π/4
60° = π/3
90° = π/2
360° = 2π
🔍 Easy Examples
Q1: sin 30° = ?
Ans: ½
Q2: Agar sin θ = 3/5, to cos θ = ?
Use: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
=> (3/5)² + cos²θ = 1
=> 9/25 + cos²θ = 1
=> cos²θ = 16/25
=> cos θ = ⅘
✅ NEET Tips:
sinθ, cosθ values short form me yaad karo (0, 1/2, 1/√2, √3/2, 1)
sin² + cos² = 1 sabse zyada use hoti hai — especially vector resolution me
Tanθ = sinθ/cosθ bhi bar bar aata hai
Purpose of Trigonometry in NEET
✔️ Vectors me i^, j^ components nikalne
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✔️ Projectile motion me horizontal aur vertical components
✔️ Work-energy questions me angle ke saath force lagna
✔️ SHM, circular motion aur wave optics me bhi use hota hai
📘 Chapter 4: Basic Algebra
(NEET Physics & Chemistry ke liye zaruri part)
🔹 1. Algebra kya hota hai?
Algebra ek branch hai mathematics ki jisme letters (like x, y, a, b) ka use karke hum equations, expressions banate hain jisse quantities ko
general way me represent kiya ja sake.
NEET me Algebra mainly formula derivation, expression simplification, aur physical quantity ke relation ke liye use hota hai.
🔹 2. Algebraic Expressions
Algebraic expression ek mathematical sentence hota hai jisme numbers, variables aur operations (like +, −, ×, ÷) hote hain.
Example:
2x + 3
4x² − 5x + 6
🔹 3. Algebraic Identities (Bohot Important)
Ye identities bar-bar use hoti hain derivations aur simplifications me.
Identity No. Identity Use
1 (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²Vector magnitude
2 (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²Equations
3 a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b) Simplifications
4 (x + a)(x + b) = x² + (a+b)x + ab Kinematics
5 (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca Motion
6 x³ + y³ = (x + y)(x² − xy + y²) Cubic simplification
7 x³ − y³ = (x − y)(x² + xy + y²) Cubic simplification
> NEET Tip: First 3 identities yaad hone chahiye bilkul fluently. Vectors & Work-Energy ke questions me bar bar use hote hain.
🔹 4. Linear Equation
Equation of the form:
ax + b = 0
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Example:
2x + 3 = 0
Solve: x = −3/2
> Use: Simple balancing equations in Physics, force equations, and unit conversions.
🔹 5. Quadratic Equation
Standard Form:
ax² + bx + c = 0
Roots Formula:
x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a
> NEET Use: Some projectile motion problems ya optics equations me quadratic form me aate hain.
🔹 6. Factorisation Basics
Expression ko chhoti terms me todhna = factorisation.
Example: x² + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)
Because: 2 × 3 = 6, 2 + 3 = 5
> Use: Derivations me simplification ke liye important hai.
🔍 Easy Example Questions
Q1: (x + 3)² = ?
Ans: x² + 6x + 9
Q2: Solve 2x + 5 = 0
⇒ x = −5/2
Q3: x² − 9 = ?
Ans: (x − 3)(x + 3)
✅ NEET Tips
Algebraic identity (a + b)² ko vector ka magnitude nikalne me bar bar use karte hain
Example: |A + B|² = A² + B² + 2ABcosθ
Solve expressions step by step
Units ko handle karne ke liye equation balancing zaruri hoti hai
🔚 Purpose of Algebra in NEET
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✔️ Vectors & Kinematics me expressions simplify karne ke liye
✔️ Equations solve karne ke liye (like F = ma, W = Fs cosθ)
✔️ NEET Chemistry me mole concept ya concentration based numerical ke liye bhi
📘 Chapter 5: Graphs and Graphical Analysis
(Physics ke liye most useful)
🔹 1. Graph kya hota hai?
Graph ek visual representation hota hai jo 2 ya 3 quantities ke beech ka relation dikhata hai. NEET Physics me mostly 2D (x-y axis) graphs aate
hain.
🔹 2. Axes ka meaning:
X-axis: Horizontal line (usually independent quantity, jaise time)
Y-axis: Vertical line (usually dependent quantity, jaise velocity)
Example: Agar velocity vs time ka graph hai →
X-axis = Time (t), Y-axis = Velocity (v)
🔹 3. Types of Graphs (NEET-wise important)
(a) Straight Line Graph (Linear relation)
Y = mX + C → y linearly depends on x.
m = slope of line
C = y-intercept
Example:
Velocity vs Time graph (if acceleration constant)
Hooke's Law: F = kx
(b) Parabolic Graph (Quadratic relation)
Y = ax² + bx + c → Curved graph
Example:
Displacement vs Time in uniformly accelerated motion
(c) Hyperbolic Graph
Inverse relation: Y = k/X
Example:
Pressure vs Volume (Boyle’s Law)
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Current vs Resistance (Ohm’s Law if V constant)
🔹 4. Slope of Graph (Bohot important)
Slope = tan(θ) = Change in Y / Change in X = (dy/dx)
→ Batata hai ki graph kitna steep hai ya rate of change kya hai.
Example:
In Velocity vs Time graph, slope = Acceleration
In Displacement vs Time, slope = Velocity
📝 Unit of slope = (Unit of Y-axis)/(Unit of X-axis)
🔹 5. Area Under Graph
Graph ke neeche ka area kaafi kuch batata hai:
Graph Type Area under graph gives
Velocity vs Time Displacement
Acceleration vs Time Change in velocity
Force vs Displacement Work done
Pressure vs Volume Work done (in gases)
> 🧠 Physics me Graph ka Area = Physical Quantity
So area calculation must aana chahiye.
🔹 6. Important NEET Graph Examples
(a) Velocity vs Time (Uniform Acceleration)
Straight line with slope = a
Area = Displacement
(b) Force vs Extension (Hooke’s Law)
Straight line till elastic limit
Area = Potential Energy stored in spring
(c) Displacement vs Time
Straight line: Uniform motion
Curve: Accelerated motion
🔹 7. How to calculate Area from Graph?
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Rectangle: Area = Length × Breadth
Triangle: Area = ½ × base × height
Trapezium: Area = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height
🧮 Add all small areas under graph to get total value.
🔍 Quick NEET Examples
Q1: Velocity-time graph ka area kya batata hai?
Ans: Displacement
Q2: Slope of displacement-time graph?
Ans: Velocity
Q3: If acceleration-time graph is a rectangle, then change in velocity?
Ans: a × t
✅ NEET Tips
Units pe focus karo while finding area or slope
Graph ki shape pe dhyan do (straight, curved, inverse, etc.)
Graph me slope = derivative, area = integration (basic version)
🔚 Purpose in NEET
✔️ Motion-related numerical solve karne ke liye
✔️ Graph ka slope aur area samajhna = Physics ko deeply samajhna
✔️ Fast interpretation in NEET MCQs
📘 Chapter: Differentiation (Useful for NEET)
Use in Physics: Motion, Velocity, Acceleration, Electric Field, Current, etc.
🔹 1. Differentiation kya hota hai?
Differentiation ka matlab hai kisi quantity ka rate of change nikalna.
➡️ Easy Definition:
Agar koi quantity dusri quantity ke respect me kaise badal rahi hai, usko differentiate kehte hai.
📌 Physics Me Example:
Velocity = Rate of change of displacement
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Acceleration = Rate of change of velocity
Iska matlab:
Velocity = dx/dt
Acceleration = dv/dt
🔹 2. Notation (Symbols)
dy/dx → y ka x ke respect me derivative
d/dt → kisi bhi function ka time ke respect me derivative
🔹 3. Basic Differentiation Rules
Function Derivative
xⁿ n·xⁿ⁻¹
constant (c) 0
sinx cosx
cosx -sinx
tanx sec²x
eˣ eˣ
ln(x) 1/x
🔸 Example:
Agar s = t²
To velocity v = ds/dt = d(t²)/dt = 2t
🔹 4. Useful Physics Applications
Physics Quantity Formula via Differentiation
Velocity v = dx/dt
Acceleration a = dv/dt
Electric Field (E) E = -dV/dx
Current (I) I = dq/dt
📘 Chapter: Integration (Useful for NEET)
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Use in Physics: Area under graph, Work, Electric Potential, etc.
🔹 1. Integration kya hota hai?
Integration ka matlab hota hai “summation” yaani kisi quantity ko add karte jaana.
➡️ Easy Definition:
Jab hum rate of change se original quantity nikalte hai, use integration kehte hai.
📌 Physics Me Example:
Displacement from Velocity
x = ∫v dt
Velocity from Acceleration
v = ∫a dt
🔹 2. Notation (Symbols)
∫ → Integration symbol
∫ f(x) dx → function f(x) ka integration x ke respect me
🔹 3. Basic Integration Rules
Function Integral
xⁿ (xⁿ⁺¹)/(n+1) + C (n ≠ -1)
1/x ln
sinx -cosx + C
cosx sinx + C
eˣ eˣ + C
(C = constant of integration)
🔸 Example:
Agar v = 2t,
To displacement x = ∫v dt = ∫2t dt = 2·(t²/2) = t²
🔹 4. Useful NEET Applications
Topic Formula
Displacement x = ∫v dt
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Work doneW = ∫F dx
Electric Potential V = -∫E dx
Charge from Current q = ∫I dt
✅ NEET Tips:
Graph me slope = differentiation
Graph ka area = integration
Mostly simple forms hi aate hain (like x², sinx, etc.)
Physics formulas ke derivation me use hota hai
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