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Development Notes

The document provides notes on development for Class X Social Science, covering key economic terms, the distinction between economic and sustainable development, and the importance of various indicators like per capita income and literacy rate. It emphasizes that development can have conflicting goals for different groups and discusses the limitations of using average income as a sole measure of development. Additionally, it highlights the significance of human development and the role of education and health in achieving overall development.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views8 pages

Development Notes

The document provides notes on development for Class X Social Science, covering key economic terms, the distinction between economic and sustainable development, and the importance of various indicators like per capita income and literacy rate. It emphasizes that development can have conflicting goals for different groups and discusses the limitations of using average income as a sole measure of development. Additionally, it highlights the significance of human development and the role of education and health in achieving overall development.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE – EAST

SOCIAL SCIENCE (Economics)-NOTES


DEVELOPMENT
Class X

I. Terms to remember

1.Per capita income: Per capita income is the average income of a person which is calculated by dividing
total income by total population.
2.Infant mortality rate: IMR indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a
proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
3.Literacy rate: It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
4. Net attendance ratio: It shows the total number of children of age group 14-15 attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
5. Life expectancy at birth: It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
6. BMI: Body Mass Index is calculated to find out if adults are undernourished. It is calculated by dividing
weight of the person in kgs by the square of the height in meters.
7. Sustainable development: It refers to the process of development which meets the needs of present
generation without hampering the growth of future generations

II. Answer in brief (60 to 80 words)

8. Distinguish between economic development and sustainable development.

Ans:

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOMENT

It is a long run process where there is increase in PCI It is a process of development which maintains the
and economic welfare. PCI and economic welfare of the future generation.

It involves exploitation of natural resources which In this type of development there is rational
leads to pollution. utilization of resources to give benefit to the future
generation. Due attention is given to pollution and to
protect environment.

Economic development is more related to the Sustainable development is related to the problems
problems of under developed economies. faced by all the nations of the world.
9. Why is Per Capita Income calculated in the US dollars?

Ans: The Per Capita Income is calculated in the US dollars because

* US dollar is considered as the medium of international exchange. It is accepted as method of payment


across the world.
* Dollar has been the strongest and stablest currency since the end of second world war.
* It becomes easy to compare per capita income of various countries when these are converted into a
common currency. ie the US Dollar.

10.“People have conflicting development goals”. Support the statement with suitable example.

Ans: * It is true to say that people have conflicting developmental goals.


*What may be the development for one may not be for the other. Different people have different
interests, life situations and state of mind. They visualize things, actions, etc. according to their level
of understanding.
* For example, the construction of a flyover to reduce the congestion and traffic jams may be a
development goal especially for the daily commuters. But for the construction of the flyover,
surrounding houses, shops, etc. need to be demolished which may not be liked by the occupants of
these shops and houses. This may not be a development goal for them.

11.” Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well.” Do you agree with this
statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.

Ans: Yes, we agree with the statement that money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to
live well because of the following reasons.

* Money can buy things that can be one factor on which our life depends like food. But the quality of non-
material things like freedom, security and respect cannot be bought with money.

* We cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines and peace with money.

* Schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. are the facilities which cannot be run individually. There has to be
a collective effort of team work between the government or society in providing these to the general public.

12.“Though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development.”
Justify the statement.

Ans: * It is true that income is an important way to measure the level of development but it is also true that it is
not the only way to measure the level of development. It is an inadequate method of measuring development
since it is only the materialistic measure of development based on money.
* Over the past few decades, health, education, sanitary and other non-materialistic indicators have become an
important criterion in measuring the level of development.
* The Human Development Index, for example, is a better measure of development since it takes into
consideration health and education indicators as well.
For example, even though the per capita income of Haryana is more than that of Kerala, Kerala has a higher HDI
because it has better health and educational facilities. The literacy rate of Kerala is higher than that of Haryana.
13.Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving
example.

Ans: * Sustainable development means a development in a manner that satisfies the demands of today
without hampering or compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs by utilizing the
resources.
* It is important because of the reason that we may enjoy the gifts of nature, but cannot think of our
generations to live without such benefits.
*It becomes our duty to use nature for the fulfilment of our needs and not our greed. Our development
should not hamper the needs of the future generations.
* In the case of groundwater, we have utilized it to the maximum. It is a natural resource which is
replenished by nature. People living in the areas with surplus water reserves should take care for its
conservation. Efforts should be made not to overuse or degrade the quality of water. Recent evidences show
that groundwater is under serious threat of disappearance. If suitable steps are not taken, it can pose serious
consequences.

14.Suggest any two ways in which resources can be used judiciously.

Ans. Today, we need to fuel the concept of sustainable development to make sure that resources are also
available for the future generations.
Resources can be used judiciously in the following manner.

*Using bicycle or walking for short distances rather than using a two-wheeler or four-wheeler can
help in saving fuel and also will help in reducing air pollution.

* Urbanization without deforestation can help us to sustain the natural environment.

* By using CNG in place of petrol, we can help in reducing air pollution.

*Judiciously using water resources and not polluting them will help us to preserve our water
resources.

15.What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic
development of a country?

Ans: * Economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and
quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the
tax base.
* It is the increase in the growth and welfare of people, improvement of quality. It is a process, which
makes people in general, better off by increasing their command over goods and services and by increasing
the options open to them.
c. The two bases of measuring economic development of a country are as follows.

• HDI (Human Development Index)


• Per capita income
16.Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of Human Development Index
for 2017.

Ans: Comparison between India and Sri Lanka on the basis of three indicators of HDI.
The three indicators used by UNDP is Per capita Income, Life expectancy at birth and literacy in terms of
mean years of schooling.
* Per capita income: In 2017, per capita income of Sri Lanka ($11326) was much more than that of India
($6353).
* Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above, Sri Lanka (10.9 years) compared to India’s
(6.4years).
* Life expectancy at birth: In terms of life expectancy at birth, Sri Lanka (75.5%) was ahead of India
(68.8%).

17. Why is literacy essential for the economic development?

Ans. Literacy is an essential element for the economic development since-


* Education only gives us vast knowledge. A literate person is eligible to get suitable employment.
*Education develops the ability to implement modern technology. With the knowledge of professionals’
technology can develop and can be used for the development of the country.
*Literate people understand the importance of remaining healthy and stay away from the deadly
diseases.

18. What is development? What are the aspects of development?

Ans: * It is the increase in the growth and welfare of the people and improvement of quality of life. It is a
process, which makes people in general, better off by increasing their command over goods and services and
by increasing the options open to them.

Two aspects of development are:

• Different persons can have different developmental goals.


• What may be development for one may not be development for the other.

III. Answer in detail (100-120 words)

19.In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the
one used by the World Bank?

Ans: The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the
World Bank in the following ways.

*The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross enrolment
ratio and health status of their people. On the other hand, the World Bank compares the development of
the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.

* On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third…
whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are divided into three
categories- Rich or developed or high-income countries, Middle-income or developing countries, Poor
or underdeveloped or low-income countries
* The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept of
development.

20.What may be the development for one may be the destruction for the other.” Explain the statement
with appropriate examples.

Ans. * Yes, it is true that what may be called development for some may turn out to be destruction for the
others.
For example, the Sardar Sarovar dam built over the Narmada river led to a major evacuation of the tribes
near the Narmada river and as a result the tribes lost their land and homes. This development of Sardar
Sarovar dam turned out to be a destruction for the tribes.

* Another example, On the border of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, in the Singrauli region, over
200,000 people have been displaced on different occasions. First by the Rihand dam, then by a series of
thermal power plants of the National Thermal Power Corporation. Singrauli has illuminated the lives of
many in the urban centres, but has seen its natives groping in endless darkness, grappling to overcome the
trauma of displacement. So the development in Singrauli led to destruction of its people.
* Multinational companies take away the land of the farmers for the construction of industries. It may be
beneficial for boosting production but at the same time it causes loss of cultivable land and livelihood of the
farmers. Various movements have been launched against the acquisition of land from the farmers.

21.Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index ranking? Explain with three reasons.

Ans: Kerala has a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Haryana even though
Haryana has a higher per capita income in comparison to Kerala because of the following reasons.

*Education: Kerala has a higher level of literacy rate than Haryana . In fact, the literacy rate of Kerala is
the highest in India. In Kerala, the literacy rate is ninety-one per cent which is almost as high as that of
China. This is mainly because education has been made available to everyone in
Kerala whether they are upper caste or the lower caste. There is no bias in the field of education, which is
one of the major reasons why Kerala has a better HDI than Haryana.

* Health care: The health care facilities in Kerala are far better than those in Haryana . Kerala has over
2700 government medical hospitals, with 330 beds per 1,00,000 population which is the highest in India,
making it achieve a higher ranking in the HDI.
*Government: The government in Kerala have taken steps for genuine welfare of the people and have
invested intelligently and methodologically in the field of health and education. The government of
Kerala has even worked for the land reforms in the State to support the people.
22. What is Human Development Index? Which organization measures the HDI? Explain the three
major indicators of the HDI.

Ans: * Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations Development Programme to
measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it
possible to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels in
different countries.

* The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall development with the object of
improving the conditions of people from all angles.
The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows.
*PCI-Per capita Income measured in terms of US dollars.
*Health Status-Life expectancy at birth which denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the
time of birth.
Educational levels-Educational levels of people is checked through the Literacy rate for 15+ years and Gross
Enrolment ratio for three levels that is primary school, secondary school, higher education beyond secondary
school.

23.What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor
countries? What are the restrictions of such norms?

Ans: Average income or per capita income is the main domain used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries as rich and poor countries.
* According to the World Bank, income is one of the most important attributes. Countries with average income
of USD 12056 per annum and above are called rich countries. Countries with average income of USD 1530 or
less are called middle-income countries and countries with average income of USD 955 or less are called poor
countries.
* This is based on the conception that the higher the total income of the country, the developed it is.
However, there are certain restrictions to this norm because income, although an important measure for
calculating growth and development, is not the only attribute.

* Over the past few decades, health and education have made an important mark in the development of a
country. So, even if the country has high per capita income and literacy rate but does not have good medical
facilities, it cannot be considered developed.

24. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with example.
Ans: * We use averages for a better understanding as using total income is not a useful measure. Total income
does not consider the differences among countries whether population, size of the country etc.
* Per capita income or average income is used by the world bank to compare countries. According to
this the countries are divided in to Rich country, with per capita income of 12,056$ and above, Poor
countries with 955$ and below.
* Using Average income also has some limitations mainly it does not show how income is distributed
among people and hides disparities.
* Although the country may be rich, the distribution of income may not be equal. A small number of
people may be extremely rich and the masses may be poor.
25.Differentiate between Human Development Report and World Development Report.

Ans. The following are the differences between Human Development Report and World
Development Report.

26.‘Human development is the essence of social development.’ Explain.

Ans. (i) Human development focuses on the people.


(ii) It is concerned with the well-being of the people, their needs, choices and aspirations. All these help in
building a right kind of society.
(iii) It is all about the enlarging or widening the choices for the people. It is the building of human
capabilities, such as to lead a long and a healthy life, to have education, information and knowledge, to have
opportunities of livelihood, etc.
(iv) Human development focuses on the expansion of basic choices.
The concept of human development was taken into a broader perspective while touching upon social,
economic, political and cultural aspects of human life with special emphasis on reduction in poverty and
narrowing down the gap of inequality and unemployment. It galvanized the socio-economic structure for
people’s development.
The concept of human development embraces all aspects of human life and not just the economic aspect.
Human development is the end whereas social development and economic growth are the means to it.
27.“Average income is an important criterion for development.” Explain.
Ans. (i) Average income gives us an idea what an average person is likely to get out of the total national
income.
(ii) Average income is used to classify the countries into rich, poor or developing nations.
(iii) Average income is used to make economic policies.

28. Describe any three features of a developed country.


Ans. (i) As per the World Bank Report 2017 any country with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum
and above is termed as rich or developed country. ‘
(ii) Such countries have high literacy rate.
(iii) Most of the people of these countries are engaged in service sector.
30. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? Explain.
Ans:
Though income is one of the most important components of development, but there are other important goals
which people look at for development—

1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as
entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.

31. State the three factors other than human income, that are important in life.

*Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be able to
provide basic facilities to its people.

* Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a
quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered
developed.

*Security: Apart from income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to
provide its citizens a sense of security.

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