Mains Master Program 2024
Handout#09
RESOURCES
MINING
➔ Exhausts the ores thus it is considered as robber industry.
➔ Cannot be restored once the mine is exploited.
➔ Minerals are formed by geological process over a long period of time.
Factors affecting exploitation of minerals:
o Distribution
o Value of mineral & metal
o Mining cost
o Grade of ore
o Size of the deposit
o Transport cost
o Labour
Impact of mining:
o Employment
o Transportation development
o Migration of population for employment
o Huge earnings from exports
o Excess usage leads to exhaust of mines
o Decrease water table & pollutes environment
In India, Major producing states
IRON
are Orissa, Jharkhand,
➔ Constitutes 5% of earth’s crust Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa,
➔ Widely distributed Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
➔ Can be recycled to produce stell (decentralized iron industry) Rich Hematite in Singhbhum
region with support industries in
Damodar basin.
Types of iron ore:
Magnetite, hematite, limonite, siderite
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005| [email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
COAL: Coal types & features →
➔ India faces severe coal shortage. taught in class
➔ Formed by compressed vegetative matter
➔ Indian is world’s 2nd largest producer & consumer of coal
➔ The India Energy Outlook 2021 report of the International Energy Agency (IEA) said energy use in
India has doubled since 2000, with 80% of demand still being met by coal, oil and solid biomass.
➔ According to the IEA’s Coal Report 2021, India’s coal consumption will increase at an average
annual rate of 3.9%.
Issues/challenges:
➔ High reliance on coal for energy production.
➔ Rise of energy demands in India.
➔ Cheaper & abundant availability
➔ Availability of other renewable resources.
➔ High economic cost.
PETROLEUM Pipelines for transporting oil
➔ Derived from decaying marine organic matter Transported to refineries or coastal
➔ Found in sedimentary rocks of various ages. shipping terminals
Medium of transporting: Fixed route
➢ Road – oil trucks Most economical way of transporting
➢ Rails – tank wagons Problems:
➢ Sea – oil tankers
➢ Aircraft – military / emergency purpose Continuous maintenance
Corrosive in nature
Leakage may exist
Political turmoil
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005| [email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
URANIUM
Ores: Uranyl, pitch blende
Major deposits in India: Jaduguda, Tumalapalle, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih
ELECTRICITY
The principal source of energy.
It is inexhaustible
Cleaner energy
Highly adaptable
Easily transferred but for short distances
Important for industries
Cannot be stored
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005| [email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
Solar potential of India
Himalayan region has very high potential of developing solar energy.
Advantages Disadvantages
New and Renewable Fluctuating wind speeds alter the
resource production projections.
No GHG emissions, water
Threats to avian fauna.
pollution.
Cheapest among all
Create noise pollution
renewable resource
Very easy to install and get Land use competition (Agriculture,
started Housing)
Often built on remote locations.
Wind energy of India
India's wind power potential at 120 meters height is estimated to be 695
GW. Current, installed wind power in India is 38 GW.
Advantages Disadvantages
New and Renewable Fluctuating wind speeds alter the production
resource projections.
m
No greenhouse gas
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l.c
Threats to avian fauna.
emissions
ai
gm
Cheapest among all
Create noise pollution
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renewable resource
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Land use competition (Agriculture, Housing)
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Often built on remote locations.
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Nuclear Plant
India stands at 7th position in terms of the number of nuclear reactors, with over 23 nuclear
reactors in 7 power plants across the country.
Located in isolated areas Initial cost is high
Low running cost, low cost of fuel transportation,
more efficient than steam power plant, requires highly skilled labour, less standby losses.
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005|
[email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
COPPER
Brown in colour
Found in igneous & metamorphic rocks
Found in metal state
Major producers of India: Singbhum, Hazaribagh, Khetri, Arguncha-rampura in Bhilwara
LEAD & ZINC
Soft & malleable
One of the earliest metals use by humans
Lead → glass making, medicine, sheets & pipes
Zinc → Coating, galvanizing iron, alloys
Major producers in India: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
GOLD & SILVER
Gold is Corrosion free.
Gold is used as Bullion, currency, jewellery
Silver tarnishes due to contact with sulphur
Resistant to Acetic acid
Ore: Argentite
Major producers of gold in India: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, MP, Tamil Nadu
Major Producers of silver in India: Zawar mines, leads smelters, kolar, Hutti
OIL SEEDS
India is one of the major oilseeds grower and importer of edible oils.
The self-sufficiency in oilseeds attained in India through “Yellow Revolution” during early 1990s
India accounts for about 15-20 per cent of global oilseeds area.
Major producers in India are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Growing condition
for oilseeds:
20-30 degree Celsius
50-75 cm rainfall
Sandy loams, red,
yellow or black soil
Susceptible to frost &
drought, rain
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005| [email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
MILLETS
Growing condition
2018 observed as the ‘National Year of Millets”
26-29 degree Celsius
Millets are also known as nutria-cereals.
450-650 cm rainfall
o Sorghum (Jowar) (Sorghum)
o Pearl Millet (Bajra)
50-60cm (kodo millet)
o Finger Millet (Ragi)
40—45 cm (finger
With stand high temperature and drought millet)
Can be grown in poor soils and difficult terrains
Sandy loams, alluvial,
Anti acidic, gluten free loamy soil
Helps prevent type 2 diabetes Susceptible to frost &
Bioethanol can be created drought, rain
United Nations has declared the year 2023 as the International Year of Millets
Major producers in India : Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P and Haryana.
Initiatives by Govt.:
Integrated cereals
development programs
Nutritional security
through intensive millet
promotion (Rastriya
Krishi Vikas Yojana)
Rainfed area
development program
RICE
One of the very few crops which can sustain excess of heat as long as there is sufficient water
Machines should be robust enough to work in flooded fields.
Major producers in Inida: UP, West Bengal, AP, TN, PJ, OD
Growing condition
20-27 degree Celsius
200-250 cm rainfall
Heavy clayey, loamy
soil
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005| [email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
COFFEE
Growing condition
Expensive than tea
Not <11 degree
Contains caffeine Celsius
Three major species : Arabica, Robusta, Liberica 100-200 cm rainfall
Major producers in Inida: Karnataka, Kerala, TN, AP,Od, Well drained volcanic
Tripura, Nagaland, soil
FISHING
Fish concentration depends on Temperature, depth of water, ocean currents, salinity which
determines the amount of fish food or planktons.
Overfishing and wasteful fishing needs to be checked.
Fish is Source of essential minerals
Oceans jurisdiction →
India has rich inland water resources explained in class
Major fishing ground across world: NW pacific region
NE Atlantic waters
NW Atlantic region
NE Pacific
SE pacific
West central Pacific
LIVESTOCK
Forest resources &
Issues in tropics: Climate & vegetation
lumbering → explained
Cattle breed in class
Diseases
Traditional practices
Capital intensive
GROUND WATER IN INDIA
The water that seeps
through rocks and soil and
is stored below the ground
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005| [email protected]| 08045248491, 7041021151
