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PARV RAI
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Screws: An externally threaded fastener with high durability and better grip strength

· Bolts: A partially threaded fastener that holds two parts together also called threaded bolts

· Nuts: It is internally threaded and fits into a bolt for securing objects and preventing loosening

· Rivets: It forms permanent joints between objects, also contains pop rivets

· Washers: A flat disc that is used with a nut and bolt for load distribution

· Nails: A long and thin piece of metal used for joining objects

· Anchors: it is used for fixing objects to concrete surfaces

NUTS –
.GRUB SCREW

CASTLE

FLANGE

SELF LOCK

WING NUT

ACORN NUT

 Vibration Resistance:

Lock nuts, castle nuts, and slotted nuts prevent loosening in high-vibration environments.

 Load Distribution: Flange nuts and Keps nuts spread force evenly over surfaces.

 Ease of Use: Wing nuts and T-nuts are easy to install by hand without tools.

 Protection: Cap nuts and dome nuts shield exposed threads from damage or corrosion.

 Special Applications: Coupling nuts extend rod lengths, and jam nuts lock components in place.

General machinery, Automobiles, Standard fastening, provides strong grip with

Lock Nut (Nyloc Automotive, Aerospace, Vibrating equipment Prevents loosening due to vibrations

Flange Nut Car engines, Manufacturing, Heavy machines Built-in washer distributes load evenly

Wing Nut DIY projects, Electronics, Light fixtures Tool-free tightening and loosening

Cap Nut (Acorn NUT Decorative applications, Cars, Furniture Protects threads and provides a clean look
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Square Nut Railway tracks, Woodworking, Heavy construction Provides better grip against rotation

Dome Nut Furniture, Bicycles, Exposed fasteners Protects from sharp edges and corrosion

T-Nut Woodworking, Furniture assembly Creates strong threads in soft materials

Coupling Nut Long threaded rods, Tensioning applications Joins two threaded rods for extended length

Castle Nut Automotive, Heavy equipment, Aircraft Used with cotter pins to prevent loosening

Slotted Nut Machinery, Axle assemblies Similar to castle nut, used for secure fastening

Self-Locking High-vibration environments, Aerospace Prevents self-loosening without additional locking

Keps Nut Electrical applications, Light machinery Has a built-in washer to prevent loosening

Jam Nut Bicycle wheels, Bearings, Adjustments Used as a locking nut to secure another

BOLTS –

Carriage bolts - Carriage bolts have square necks, convex heads, and multiple threads on them which are used for
fastening wooden materials.

· Allen bolts - These bolts have a hexagonal socket in their head for use with an Allen wrench

· Plow bolts - These plow bolts are the flat square head bolts, countersunk, square neck, and unified thread, plow
bolts are heavy-duty fasteners.

· Flange bolts - They have a circular flange, a U bolts shape, under their head that acts as a washer for load
distribution. These can be categorized as U bolts.

Fastening anchor bolts – These Anchor bolts connect non-structured and structured elements strongly with each
other.
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Double End bolts - As clear from the name, double end bolts have sharp threads on both sides, hence these are
used for the joining of two flanges together.

 Strength & Load Bearing → Heavy-duty bolts like hex bolts, flange bolts for structural applications.

 Vibration Resistance → Flange bolts, anchor bolts prevent loosening.

 Tamper Resistance → Carriage bolts, plow bolts with smooth heads prevent unauthorized removal.

 Rotational Freedom → Shoulder bolts allow movement in assemblies.

 Wood vs. Metal Use → Lag bolts for wood, anchor bolts for concrete/steel

Size (Metric/Inch) Common Fastener Types Typical Torque Range Common Uses
(Nm)

M2 (6-32, 8- Machine screws, Set screws, Self-tapping 0.5 - Electronics, Laptops, Small
32) screws 2.5 devices

M3 (8-32, 10-32) Machine screws, Set screws, Self-tapping screws 1 - 5 Circuit boards, Small appliances

M4 (10-24, 10- Machine screws, Socket cap screws, Set screws 2 - 8 Robotics, Precision equipment
32)

M5 (¼"-20, ¼"- Machine screws, Hex bolts, Socket cap 3- Bicycle components, Light
28) screws 12 fixtures

M6 (5/16"-18, 5/16"- Hex bolts, Carriage bolts, Expansion 5- Motorcycles, Furniture, Small
24) anchors 25 machines

M8 (⅜"-16, ⅜"- Hex bolts, Socket cap screws, Wedge 10 - Cars, Machinery, Structural
24) anchors 40 frames

M10 (½"-13, ½"- Hex bolts, Carriage bolts, Expansion 20 - Car suspensions, Industrial
20) anchors 80 machinery

M12 (9/16"-12, 9/16"- Hex bolts, Wedge anchors, Socket cap 40 - Bridges, Heavy machinery,
18) screws 150 Cranes

M16 (⅝"-11, ⅝"- Hex bolts, Structural bolts, Expansion 100 - Structural steel,
18) anchors 250 Construction

M20 (¾"-10, ¾"- Heavy-duty bolts, Wedge anchors, 200 - Bridges, Railways, Large
16) Structural bolts 500 constructions

 Material & Grade:

 Standard steel bolts (Grade 4.8, 5.8) → Lower torque.

 High-strength bolts (Grade 8.8, 10.9, 12.9) → Higher torque.

 Lubrication Effect:

 Lubricated bolts require 20-30% less torque than dry bolts.

 Thread Type:
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 Coarse threads (e.g., M10x1.5) need lower torque than fine threads (M10x1.25).

 Application Specific:

 Small sizes (M2-M4) → Precision work, electronics.

 Medium sizes (M6-M10) → Automobiles, furniture.

 Large sizes (M12-M20) → Heavy structures, bridges.

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Captive Screws are a specialist fastener that is retained within a target assembly
or housing, typically with an unthreaded portion below the head, called a reduced
shank. The screw is captive meaning it can not be totally removed from the hole or
fall out when items are disassembled.
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SPECIAL TYPE –
Carriage bolts ( coach bolts or cup head bolt)
 Have a convex head, square neck, and thread
 Designed to fit into wood and self-lock
 Often used to fasten wood elements
Flange bolts
 Also called frame bolts, these bolts have a circular
flange to distribute load
 Used to secure the outside casing of engines and
transmissions Also used in the automotive industry
U bolts
 Partially threaded on both ends and bent into the shape of the letter U
 Used to support pipes, drive shafts, and exhaust systems in automobiles
Eye bolts
 Have a loop or "eye" at one end instead of a standard head
 Used to attach a securing point, rope, or cable to a structure
Often used in applications where tension is applied
Lag bolts
 Larger in size to form stronger and more secure connections
 Have a tapered shank that makes it easy to install into wood
Socket head bolts
 Have a recessed head that is tightened using an Allen wrench or hex socket tool
 The head style can vary from a cylindrical profile to a flat-head countersunk style to a domed button
head design
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 Ease of Use: Phillips head screws are easy to use but prone to cam-out.
Square drive screws offer a more secure fit, while Torx screws provide the
best grip and torque transfer.
 Availability: Phillips head screws are the most widely available, followed
by square drive screws. Torx screws are becoming more common but still require specialised bits.
 Durability: Torx screws are the most durable, with minimal wear and tear. Square drive screws are also
durable, while Phillips head screws are more prone to stripping.
 Cost: Phillips heads are generally the most affordable as most leading stainless steel screw manufacturer
in India offer them, followed by square drive screws. Torx screws are the most expensive but offer the best
performance.