Chapter NO.

03 Dynamics

3.1: Dynamics: The branch of mechanics that deals with rest and motion with reference to the force that
causes motion.

3.2: Force: The ability/agency that moves a body or tries to move a body
The ability/agency that stops a body or tries to stop a body

Force is a vector quantity with direction same as the acceleration produced by the force applied. Its S.I Unit is
Newton (N) which is equal to kg.m/s2. Force is denoted by ⃗

⃗⃗ ⃗

3.3: Momentum: The momentum of an object is equal to the mass multiplied by velocity.
It is a vector quantity with direction same as the direction of velocity of moving object. Objects which are at rest
have no momentum. Its S.I Unit is N.s which is equal to kg.m/s. It is denoted by smaller ⃗⃗ with arrow on it to
distinguish it from pressure (⃗⃗).

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

3.4: Momentum in terms of Force: Consider a body of mass m, moving with initial velocity a force ⃗⃗
acts on it to produce acceleration , therefore the final velocity after time t will be .

=>
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Thus ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗)
Dividing both sides by t
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗)

(⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗)
Since rate of change of velocity is acceleration ⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
,
 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗

3.5: Law of conservation of Momentum: General law of physics according to which the quantity
called momentum that characterizes motion never changes in an isolated collection
of objects; that is, the total momentum of a system remains constant.

In a collision of two particles, the sum of the two momenta before collision is equal
to their sum after collision. What momentum one particle loses the other gains.

= mass of ball 1

= mass of ball 2

=velocity of ball 1 before collision

=velocity of ball 2 before collision

=velocity of ball 1 after collision

=velocity of ball 2 after collision

3.6: Newton’s laws of motion: Three statements describing the relations between the forces acting on a
body and the motion of the body, first formulated by English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton, which
are the foundation of classical mechanics.

3.6.1: Newton’s first law of motion: Newton’s first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a
constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless
it is acted upon by a force. In fact, in classical Newtonian mechanics, there is no important distinction between
rest and uniform motion in a straight line; they may be regarded as the same state of motion seen by different
observers, one moving at the same velocity as the particle and the other moving at constant velocity with
respect to the particle. This postulate is known as the law of inertia. The law of inertia was first formulated
by Galileo Galilei for horizontal motion on Earth and was later generalized by René Descartes. Although the
principle of inertia is the starting point and the fundamental assumption of classical mechanics, it is less than
intuitively obvious to the untrained eye. In Aristotelian mechanics and in ordinary experience, objects that are
not being pushed tend to come to rest. The law of inertia was deduced by Galileo from his experiments with
balls rolling down inclined planes.

3.6.2: Newton’s second law of motion: Newton’s second law is a quantitative description of the changes
that a force can produce on the motion of a body. It states that the time
rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude
and direction to the force imposed on it. The momentum of a body is
equal to the product of its mass and its velocity. Momentum,
like velocity, is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction.
A force applied to a body can change the magnitude of the momentum
or its direction or both. Newton’s second law is one of the most
important in all of physics. For a body whose mass m is constant, it can
be written in the form F = ma, where F (force) and a (acceleration) are
both vector quantities. If a body has net force acting on it, it is
accelerated in accordance with the equation. Conversely, if a body is
not accelerated, there is no net force acting on it.

3.6.3: Newton’s third law of motion: Newton’s third law states that when two bodies interact, they apply
forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The third law is also known as the
law of action and reaction. This law is important in analyzing problems of static equilibrium, where all forces
are balanced, but it also applies to bodies in uniform or accelerated motion. The forces it describes are real
ones, not mere bookkeeping devices. For example, a book resting on a table applies a downward force equal to
its weight on the table. According to the third law, the table applies an equal and opposite force to the book.
This force occurs because the weight of the book causes the table to deform slightly so that it pushes back on
the book like a coiled spring. If a body has a net force acting on it, it undergoes accelerated motion in
accordance with the second law. If there is no net force acting on a body, either because there are no forces at
all or because all forces are precisely balanced by contrary forces, the body does not accelerate and may be said
to be in equilibrium. Conversely, a body that is observed not to be accelerated may be deduced to have no net
force acting on it.

3.7: Mass & Weight: Mass is the actual amount of material contained in a body and is measured in kg.
Whereas weight is the force exerted by gravity on that object (W=mg). Mass is independent of everything but
weight depends upon gravity. Weight is different on earth, moon or any other planet due to difference in
gravitational pull.

3.8: Uniform Circular Motion:

In physics, uniform circular motion describes the motion of a body traversing a circular path at constant speed.
Though the body's speed is constant, its velocity is not constant: velocity depends on both the body's speed and
its direction of travel. This changing velocity indicates the presence of acceleration; this centripetal
acceleration is of constant magnitude and directed at all times towards the axis of rotation. This acceleration is,
in turn, produced by a centripetal force which is also constant in magnitude and directed towards the axis of
rotation.
3.8.1: Centripetal force: is a force that makes a body follows a curved path. Its direction is perpendicular to
the motion of the body and towards the center of path. Isaac Newton described it as "a force by which bodies
are drawn towards a point as to a center".

3.8.2: Centrifugal Force: In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force that appears to
act on all objects when viewed in a rotating frame of reference. It is directed away from an axis which is parallel
to the axis of rotation and passing through the coordinate system's origin. If the axis of rotation passes through
the coordinate system's origin, the centrifugal force is directed radially outwards from that axis. The magnitude
of centrifugal force F on an object of mass m at the distance r from the origin of a frame of reference rotating
with angular velocity ω is:

3.9: Friction: The force that resists relative motion between two surfaces is called friction. Friction is self-

adjusting. It can increase to certain value known as limiting friction. It is proportional to Normal Force (R).

The ratio between limiting force and normal force R is constant that is represented by coefficient of friction .

Thus

R=W, When object is placed on a surface.

Coefficient of static friction

Coefficient of kinetic friction

For example if a steel bar is placed on another steel bar is 0.74, which means or , as steel is

placed on a surface R=W, , If we know the weight of steel bars, we can find out static friction of steel bar, for

instance W=10N. Then =7.4N

3.9.1: Types of friction

1. Static friction: It is a force on an object at rest that resists its ability to move. The maximum static friction is

known as “limiting friction”

 2. Kinetic Friction: It is the force that resists the motion of a moving object. Static friction is always greater than

kinetic friction.

3. Sliding Friction : It is a friction when a surface slides over another surface.

4. Rolling Friction: When a body moves on wheels the friction is said to be rolling friction. Rolling Friction is much

less sliding friction.

3.9.2: Examples of friction

Lighting a matchstick
Ironing a shirt
Brushing your teeth to remove particles
Writing on surfaces
Mopping surfaces

Working of an eraser Rubbing of hands to produce heat

Walking on an oily surface The belt holding your pants

Holding onto objects Hats/caps on your head

Glasses on your nose Use of ball bear

Ring on your finger Coming down a Kid’s slide

Flipping a page Nail fixed onto a wall

Walking on the hard ground Brakes on motorcycles/car

Sandpaper grinding Gripping onto a baseball bat

Cycling on the road Tug of war

Wear and tear of the shoe The ladder against a wall