Human reproduction
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Consists of:
1. The primary sex organs → a pair of testes
2. The secondary sex organs → Accessory ducts and Associated glands
3. External genitalia →Penis
1. The primary sex organs → a pair of testes
Scrotum [2 -2.5°C lower temp than body]- a pouch in which testes are situated
Length: 4-5cm, width: 2-3cm
Testicular lobules (250) → Seminiferous tubules (2-3) → Sertoli cells and spermatogonia (germ cells)
→Interstitial cells / leydig cells
Testosterone
2. Accessory Ducts
Rete testis
Vasa efferentia
Epididymis
Vas deferens (Vas deferens + seminal vesicle – > Ejaculatory duct)
3. Accessory glands
Seminal vesicles (paired)
Seminal fluid Fructose, Ca2+ Nourishment
(70% of semen)
Prostate Gland (single)
Citric acid Sperm motility
Cowper’s gland / bulbourethral hard gland (Paired)
Lubrication Cleans Urethra
Semen(alkaline)= sperm+seminal plasma
4. External genitalia – Penis:
● Made up of special erectile tissue that helps in erection of the penis to facilitate insemination.
● The enlarged tip of the penis is called glans penis covered by foreskin.
● Opening of the penis/urethra is called urethral meatus
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
It consists of:
(A) Ovaries
• Produce female gametes called ova
• Located in abdominal cavity
• Each ovary is almond shaped body
• Coved by a thin epithelium, enclosing the ovarian stroma
• Stroma is divided into 2 regions:
1. Peripheral cortex
2. Inner medulla- has nerves and blood vessels
(B) Accessory ducts
(A) Oviduct/Fallopian tube (10-12cm)
Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus
Location of
Has Fimbriae fertilization Narrow
Close to ovary Broad
(B) Uterus
Inverted pear Location of implantation 3 Layers
and embryonic
development
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
Shed off during Contract -
menstruation Parturition
(C) Cervix
Narrow Portion Cervical canal
+
Vagina
Birth Canal
(D) External Genitalia
● Mons pubis – cushion of fatty tissues covered by skin and pubic hair
● Labia major – fleshy folds of tissue extending down from mons pubis, surrounding the vaginal opening
● Labia minor – paired folds of tissue under labia major
● Clitoris – tiny finger-like structure which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minor, above the urethral
opening
● Hymen – a membrane covering the opening of vagina partially
(E) Mammary gland
Glandular Tissue
Divided into
(15-20) Mammary lobes
contain
Mammary alveoli
Cluster of cells (Secrete and store milk in their lumen)
Opens into
Mammary tubules
Join to form
Mammary duct
Many join to form
Mammary ampulla
Connected to
Lactiferous duct
(Through which milk is sucked out)
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis-Fetal stage
Puberty
Spermatogonia Oogonia
(2n) Mitosis, Differentiation
Primary spermatocyte Primary Oocyte
(2n) Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte (n) Meiosis II
Arrested at Prophase I Meiosis I (in fetal stage)
Spermatid 1. Heavy, Round (n) Meiosis I completed at puberty
2. Non motile
1st polar body + Secondary oocyte
Spermatozoa/sperm (n)
Metaphase II Arrested
Spermiation
Sec. oocyte
MPF degrade
APC activate
Meiosis II completed
2nd polar body + ovum meets sperm
Fertilisation occurs
in Ampulla
Menstrual cycle
The cyclic changes that occur in the reproductive organs of primate females is called menstrual cycle
The events in a menstrual cycle can be studied under four phases
Menstrual phase
1. It lasts for 3-5 days
2. It results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its blood vessels
Follicular phase
1. Endometrium is regenerated by proliferation of its cells
2. These changes are due to increased levels of FSH, LH, Estrogenic
3. FSH controls follicular phase, stimulates growth of follicles, secretion of Estrogenic
4. FSH and LH reach their peak level in the middle of the cycle
Ovulatory phase
1. Peak level of LH induces rupture of mature graafian follicle and release of ovum-ovulation
Luteal phase
1. Ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum
2. It secretes large quantities of progesterone’s
In absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of endometrium
Menstrual cycle cease at the age of 45 - 50 menopause
Major Events During Gestation Period in Humans :
Trimester Month Week Event
Heart is formed, sign of growing foetus
I 4 noticed by listening to the heart sounds
through stethoscope.
1st II 8 Foetus develops limbs and digits
Most of major organ systems are
III 12 formed including external genital
organs.
First movement of foetus, Appearance
V 20
of hair on head.
2nd
Body is covered with fine hair, eyelids
VI (end) 24
separate, eyelashes are formed.
Foetus is fully developed and is ready
3rd IX (end) 36
for delivery.
HORMONAL REGULATION IN MALES:
HORMONAL REGULATION IN FEMALES:
Hypothalamus
GnRH
A Pitutanygland
FSH LH
Ovarian follicle growth Rupture of Follicle
Estrogen Ovulation
Oocyte (can get fertilised Corpus Luteum
if meet sperm)
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