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Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_4

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Chapter 4
Applications of IoT in Smart Homes
and Cities

Gunjan, Shristi Agarwal, Drishti Rai, and Sumran Talreja

4.1 Introduction

Smart homes and smart cities, as key components of IoT, efficiently serve custom-
ers by interacting with various digital gadgets that are based on IoT. All equipment
in smart homes and smart cities interact with one another in the ideal vision of a
wired future. IoT-based smart technologies have revolutionized human existence by
bringing connectivity to everyone, regardless of their location and time [1–4].

4.1.1 Concepts

Due to the rapid growth in population density inside urban regions, substruc-
tures and services have been necessary to fulfill inhabitants’ demands. As a
result, the number of digital devices, such as sensors, actuators, smartphones,
and smart appliances, has increased significantly, enabling the Internet of Things
(IoT) broad business objectives to be achieved, as it is now possible to connect
all devices and establish connections between them via the Internet. Combining
these digital gadgets was difficult, if not impossible, in the past [5]. Obtaining
their data is needed for both daily operations and long-term growth plans [6].

Gunjan (*)
SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Sonepat, India
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Agarwal · D. Rai · S. Talreja
Bennett University, Greater Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 55

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_4
56 Gunjan et al.

Some public transportation data should be collected regularly, such as real-time

location and usage, parking space occupancy, traffic congestion, and weather
conditions. Several approaches have been used to handle each application’s par-
ticular characteristics. The needed technologies span several levels and layers,
from physical to data to application. IoT is defined by the power of smart devices
connected to global grid infrastructures. It is a sort of physical device that is
widely spread and has limited storage and processing capabilities. The IoT has
three layers: perception, network, and application. It includes gadgets that can
sense, detect, gather, and share data with other devices over Internet communi-
cation networks. The network layer’s job is to transfer data from the perception
layer to the application layer while respecting device, network, and application
limitations. The capillary effect is used in IoT systems to transfer data from sen-
sors to a neighboring gateway. Assembling smart homes and cities requires data
collection and processing at the application layer. A huge quantity of data has
been produced and is being used to make life safer. Problem-solving workers
must be dedicated to the circumstance. The Internet of Things may lead to large
smart devices in our environment. IoT in smart homes and smart cities has been
discussed.

4.1.2 Motivation

In this work, IoT and its applications in smart homes and cities are the main
works. This phrase excludes non-IoT smart house or city applications, such as
smart grids, and nonapplication-based smart city usage. All IoT applications in
smart homes and cities were considered. The digital India program will soon turn
Indian cities into smart cities – a smart city where communication and services
primarily rely on the Internet. As a result, IoT is vital in the development of smart
cities. Smart homes are proposed as part of a smart city. This research aims to
enable a smart home system for India’s smart cities. Syed et al. highlighted future
smart city features. Smart cities have smart people, energy, buildings, transporta-
tion, technology, health care, infrastructure, government, education, and security.
Technology has built a substructure that allows numerous individuals to connect.
It may become easier to create appropriate connections between objects as the
Internet evolves [8]. The number of linked things exceeded the population in
2011. It may provide both virtual and real buddies in personal and home applica-
tions. Home energy management is enhanced with IoT-controlled equipment like
refrigerators and washers. Expanding body area networks at home can monitor
the health of the elderly, lowering treatment costs. Facebook can bring a city’s
people together for an event or celebration. It is helpful for texting, video, and
phone calls with self-created groups.
4 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 57

4.2 IoT: Application Areas

IoT connects devices and things wirelessly. Data may be shared and transmitted
through the Internet at any time and from anywhere [5]. The Internet of Things
offers interconnectivity, security, heterogeneity, massive size, dynamic changes,
and connection. The need to shift toward the latest tech known as the “Internet of
Things” to improve productivity, efficiency, and global marketplace, as well as to
reduce human involvement, effort, and expense. IoT is a connection of devices that
allows data to be transferred without the use of wires [9]. It is utilized in real-time
applications as described in Fig. 4.1.
• Internet of Things in Smart Cities Domain
• One example of an IoT smart city application is smart parking. Other IoT smart
city applications include intelligent transportation systems and smart buildings.
Smart cities employ RFID (radiofrequency identification), wireless sensor net-
works, and single sensors as IoT components [10].
• Internet of Things in Energy Domain

Fig. 4.1 IoT application areas

58 Gunjan et al.

• IoT can help businesses save money on electricity and increase productivity.
Energy management is becoming increasingly essential for utilities and busi-
nesses. The Internet of Things is changing energy management systems. It
improves energy efficiency and introduces a new method for energy saving. This
will help you to use less energy while saving money [11].
• Internet of Things in Health Care Domain
• Equipment integration and remote monitoring are examples of IoT usage in
health care. It has the potential to change the way doctors treat patients while
keeping them safe. A linked health-care system and smart medical devices can
substantially improve people’s health [12, 13].
• Internet of Things in Smart Homes Domain
• The smart connected home may integrate a range of smart home services to pro-
vide a more convenient, useful, and secure environment for the household mem-
bers, as well as to assist them in doing household tasks more effectively. Four
types of smart connected home systems exist: safety, medical services, energy,
and entertainment content [11].
• Internet of Things in Agriculture Domain
• Because of the world’s population, the need for food has expanded significantly.
To increase the level of agriculture, advanced techniques are currently used in
farming [14, 15]. It improves decisions, decreases cost, and boosts production.
• IoT in Biometrics Domain
• IoT is crucial in biometric security systems like eye scanners, fingerprint scan-
ners, and voice recognition systems. Biometrics is a method of identifying a user
based on physiological and behavioral features. Because these characteristics are
unique to each person, they can be utilized as a safe authentication method.
• IoT in Transportation Domain
• The potential for safety is one of the most exciting aspects of IoT in transporta-
tion. Cars that communicate with one another would make up smart transporta-
tion via IoT. IoT’s better navigation makes it easier for people to commute to
work and enhances safety.
• IoT in Business and Industrial Domain
Wireless connections and protocols were designed for low-cost business strategies.
We examine several sensor-linking methods. Because of its speed, accessibility, and
remote work, IoT is vital in development. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is
the newest buzz in the business (IIoT). And it is all because of industrial engineering
and big data analytics.

4.3 IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities

4.3.1 IoT in Smart Cities

Some of the popular applications of IoT in smart cities are listed in Fig. 4.2.
4 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 59

Effective Water Supply

City Lightning

Controlling IoT in Security

Road Traffic and Emergencies
Smart Cities

Smart Parking Smart Environment

Fig. 4.2 Application of IoT in smart cities

• Effective Water Supply

• The Internet of Things has the potential to fundamentally alter how cities manage
their water resources. Smart meters can enhance data integrity and leak detec-
tion, decreasing revenue loss due to inefficiency and boosting productivity by
lowering time spent entering and analyzing data. Additionally, these meters may
be equipped with consumer-facing interfaces, allowing households to get real-
time information.
• City Lighting
• Cities may utilize contemporary smart lighting to monitor the environment,
enhance public and traffic safety, update connectivity as Wi-Fi hotspots, and pro-
vide location-based services such as smart parking and smart navigation.
• IoT in Road Traffic
Controlling traffic in cities is critical; else, massive traffic jams will occur. It can be
controlled with the use of smart traffic lights. Roads and bridges can also have sen-
sors placed in them to monitor their status so that they can be repaired if there is
significant wear and tear. After all, potholes in the road are a big source of traffic.
60 Gunjan et al.

• Security and Emergencies

• Perimeter access control, liquid detection, radiation levels, and explosive and
poisonous gases are just a few applications of IoT technology in security and
emergency scenarios. Unauthorized individuals attempting to gain access to
restricted areas are recognized and controlled using perimeter access control [10].
• Smart Parking
• In smart cities, a cloud-based integrated parking system has been created. Smart
parking lots are now being utilized to increase the reliability of smart cities. The
parking lot application assists the user in determining the best parking area and
location for their vehicle. This data is obtained from the map to locate the vehicle
in the available space.
• Smart Environment
• It entails air pollution monitoring to mitigate CO2 emissions from companies and
pollutants emitted by automobiles. Forest fire detection is used to monitor and
set alert zones for gas levels. Weather monitoring includes humidity, tempera-
ture, pressure, and early earthquake detection. Water quality evaluates the quality
of drinking water as well as the suitability of river water.

4.3.2 IoT in Smart Homes

Some of the most popular application areas of IoT in smart homes are given in
Fig. 4.3.
• Health Care and Smart Wearable
• The health-care services industry focuses on offering mobile health care and fit-
ness support to those who wish to live healthier lives on their own. Sensors and
software are used to collect data and information about users on gadgets. After
that, the data is analyzed to obtain the necessary user insights. Smartwatches are
the most common kind of wearable electronics. A fitness tracker is a piece of
equipment that records your everyday activity. Google glass is a hands-free
headgear that displays information and lets users communicate with the device
by speaking instructions.
• Security Services
Remote entrance monitoring services for systems that automatically recognize
physical dangers, such as a fire or a burglary, and take appropriate action autono-
mously are included in smart home security and safety systems. This section
includes alarm systems, cameras, and smart door locks.
4 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 61

Healthcare &
Smart Wearable

Security of
ind ividual IoT in Energy
&home Smart Homes Management

Entertainment

Fig. 4.3 Application of IoT in smart homes

• Energy
• The goal of energy systems for the home is to provide efficient energy usage and
management. Smart meters, smart thermostats, and adaptive lighting systems are
some of the examples used in the energy domain.
• Entertainment
• Smart speaker systems connected to televisions (TVs) and game consoles are all
widespread in the entertainment industry. By analyzing the acquired data and
presenting the appropriate information on the customer’s table, the entertainment
business can forecast and understand consumer behavior. IoT can give users
highly adaptable and multimodal experiences by using sensors and actuators.

4.4 IoT Technologies for Smart Cities and Smart Home

IoT involves smart sensors and other gadgets. Weather data, for example, is accu-
mulated at the corporate level of IoT. IoT provides metropolises with new opportu-
nities to use data to manage traffic, reduce carbon emissions, make better use of
infrastructure, and keep citizens nice and secure in short livable smart homes. IoT
opens new possibilities, such as the capacity to constantly organize devices, as well
as monitor and act on data from numerous real-time traffic data channels [16]. Cities
are evolving because of IoT products that improve the structure, provide more
62 Gunjan et al.

functional and budget municipal services, improve transport facilities by reducing

road congestion, and improve citizen security. Smart city technologies rely heavily
on sensing. Sensors give the knowledge and data needed to develop smart city solu-
tions. The authors have developed a methodology for studying IoT sensors, as well
as a list of IoT sensors that they have identified in use [17].
• In the context of the IoT, RFID, which comprises readers and labels, is impor-
tant. RFID may be utilized for several reasons in smart grids, including object
detection and placement, health-care applications, parking spots, and investment
management. Because each label contains not only manually entered data but
also data such as environmental data, it may be used as a sensor. It will be able
to automate their surveillance and issue a single digital identity to any of the
things, as well as the network that is linked to digital information services [18].
• Near-Field Communication is a type of multimodal short distance communica-
tion technology that is commonly found in smartphones. NFC is bidirectional,
and it can be used to transmit data, video, and files between gadgets [19].
• The low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs) can communicate across
distances up to 15 km. This technology uses extremely little energy and has a
10-year battery life, according to Zhu et al. [20].
• Wireless sensor networks make various types of data accessible and can be used
in a variety of applications such as health care, government, and environmental
services [21]. The architecture of a WSN node is described in Fig. 4.4
IoT home automation refers to the capacity to operate household appliances via
electronically controlled computer systems. It might involve preprogramming com-
plex lighting and heating systems, as well as alarm systems and home safety con-
trols, all of which are linked through a centralized site and controlled remotely via
a mobile app [22]. The scope and diversity of this sector are immense. Some manu-
facturers concentrate on improving a specific aspect of the typical workplace, such
as temperature regulation. Others create complete smart home hubs with many dif-
ferent touchpoints that hook up to other smart devices, such as Alexa Voice or
Google Assistant. Examples:

POWER SUPPLY

Transceiver Sensor

Sensor
Microcontroller ADC Sensor

Sensor
Memory

Fig. 4.4 Sensor node architecture

4 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 63

• Smart locks
• Sensor strips
• Wireless connectivity and power
• Solar powers

4.5 IoT Architecture

1. IoT Architecture for Smart City

Typical features of the various IoT structures proposed for smart cities have
been identified, allowing for the creation of a standard framework that collects
relevant information in links that will include proposal formulation, as well as
identifying various collaborative actors (users, businesses, governments, etc.)
and develop the field of e-government, public services, public safety, health ser-
vices, ICT business startups, traffic, smart buildings, and more. Figure 4.5
describes the IoT architecture for smart cities.
Users generate data; devices gather data; technology transfers media, stores
media, and organizes data; and apps provide the platform to create new applica-
tions under a framework that permits integration [23].
2. IoT Architecture for Smart Home
IoT architecture for smart homes is built using global system for mobile
(GSM) communication technology. With this suggested architecture and an
Internet connection, users may manage and control smart objects. The graphic

Fig. 4.5 IoT architecture for smart city

64 Gunjan et al.

Fig. 4.6 IoT architecture for smart home

depicts the architecture of an IoT smart home. Figure 4.6 describes the IoT archi-
tecture for smart homes.
It links the smart home to its occupants through GSM wireless communica-
tion. The architecture is defined on the web by delivering SMS messages that are
translated from the user’s inputs and then transmitted to the GSM network,
which controls electrical equipment.
It uses GSM SMS for data collection and transmission, as well as the capacity
to identify and benchmark devices in a certain region using a pattern, for a vari-
ety of benefits including rapid delivery, data loss protection, cheap cost, and
energy efficiency. IoT is a hardware and software gadget that continually moni-
tor the webserver and GSM module [5].

4.6 Practical Experiences Over the World

A key source of economic advantage for the USA according to the National
Intelligence Council is IoT. People, organizations, and communities across the
world are advocating for a better IoT experience.
4 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 65

Table 4.1 Some more examples of IoT impact in cities and countries
Amsterdam [24] Reduced traffic, energy efficiency, and more security are all goals
Fujisawa in Japan Reduce carbon footprints
[25]
Santander in Smart parking systems
Spain [25]
Stockholm [24] Providing Stockholm with global fiber-optic networks
Italy [26] Providing Stockholm with global fiber-optic networks.
Barcelona [26] Sensor technology implementation, data analysis of traffic flows to create a
new bus network and smart traffic implementation
Santa Cruz [26] Analyze crime data to estimate police demands and ensure that officers are
present when they are needed

1. Amsterdam, The Netherlands

A city’s status depends on artificial illumination, which affects the city’s
capacity to attract business and tourism visitors. This resulted in up to 80%
energy savings and over 130 billion euros in savings, as well as increased security
and visibility for people. These systems are also connected through the Internet,
resulting in greater energy savings [25].
2. New York and Chicago, USA
Resident-led groups utilize social media to share information and prevent
crime in Chicago’s inner city and South Side communities. Bus stops, shopping
malls, train stations, and sports facilities all include smart displays. Using city-
wide sensing and connectivity capabilities, these smart displays safeguard cus-
tomers [25].
3. Padova, Italy
Padova Smart City is an initiative of the University of Padova and the Padova
City Council. It provides the infrastructure and financing, while the university is
the theoretical party bringing the smart city concept to life. Street light pole sen-
sors collect environmental and public illumination data via wireless nodes and
link to the Internet via gateways [25].
Table 4.1 enumerates a few more examples of cities and countries of
IoT impact.

4.7 IoT Challenges

All areas of our existence will be digital because of IoT technology. The integration
of technology is required to execute the smart city ecosystem. Many smart city
implementations are now built on unique services and solutions, but these are not
always applicable to other cities around the world and, in some cases, only cover a
portion of the numerous components that should be considered.
66 Gunjan et al.

Residents’ opinions on smart city design should include consideration of life

quality, with special emphasis paid to the privacy breach when personal identifica-
tion information and domestic statistics on citizens are involved. This is particularly
essential since citizens may oppose or consider the advent of breakthrough tech-
nologies as invasive [27]. Accordingly, the smart city concept calls for a shift in
government models to be more flexible and integrate institutional policies with
underside approaches, thus improving territorial cooperation, collaboration, and
access to multiple entities while avoiding the proliferation of similar initiatives that
do not work well together [28]. IoT is a technical realm that encompasses a variety
of innovations that are as disparate as they are diverse. Because the concept is still
being debated, establishing boundaries to evaluate which techniques fall under its
scope is challenging, if not impossible [29].
1. Security: The proliferation of sensors in smart cities may expose individuals’
daily activities to unwanted organizations. When all data is collected and pro-
cessed on one IoT platform, the system is susceptible. Multi-tenancy in this
system increases security concerns and data exposure [30].
2. Smart Sensors: Many modern computing protocols are designed for infrastruc-
tural networked devices that have a baseload; however in many instances, sen-
sors in smart cities will be portable and thus battery operated. They will also
have to test, distribute, and, in some situations, save the statistics they have gath-
ered. This demands the development of innovative memory storage technolo-
gies, as well as reduced-power gadgets that extend battery life. In the IoT-based
system, there have been certain dependability issues. For example, due to the
vehicles’ motion, contact with them is not always reliable. Furthermore, the pro-
liferation of smart gadgets will pose significant issues in terms of system fail-
ures [24].
3. Networking: The ability of sensors and other devices to encrypt and transcript
information to each other and the Cloud is critical to the IoT. Networking will
focus on developing automated and efficient routing protocols that can meet
limitations and function with both stationary and moving gadgets, which many
current protocols lack [7].
4. Big Data Analytics: New data analytics methods must be set up to make use
of this data and to consistently increase the efficiency and effectiveness in
smart cities. With the diverse variety of characteristics monitored in smart
cities, these algorithms must be adaptable to data of various types (descrip-
tive and inferential) and improved data fusion techniques must be created to
integrate them in significant ways and extract inferences and organize infor-
mation. Another key factor to evaluate is if the generated algorithms are
scaled, in the sense that they have enough specificity and can be applied
across the entire program [31]. Figure 4.7 lists the various IoT challenges in
the smart city domain.
4 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 67

Fig. 4.7 Challenges for IoT in smart cities

4.8 Conclusion and Future Trends

This article explores IoT integration in smart cities and smart homes. Following an
overview of IoT as a key source of the city of the future and smart home services, we
examine the smart city and smart home architectures and the challenges they face.
Sensing and communication technologies in smart cities and households are exam-
ined [7]. Each submission’s technology and design were reviewed to offer an over-
view of current research in IoT-based smart cities and smart homes. This study’s
application is not restricted to certain sectors. The Internet of Things is a hot study
topic right now. The IoT is extensively utilized due to its many benefits, and this
research attempts to provide an overview of different IoT systems. The facts are
argued with the aid of its benefits. The findings suggest that new researchers may
benefit from IoT technology in the future. The proposed technique is highly beneficial
in monitoring and managing smart home and city environments. The work [32] is
68 Gunjan et al.

categorized as knowledge engineering, detection, analytical, and regulating. A litera-

ture study was conducted to identify and define IoT problems, limitations, advantages,
and suggestions (Internet of Thing). We also offered suggestions for other factors/
attributes to consider in resolving issues and future obstacles. This tendency is cur-
rently under study. But descriptions and limits are vague. It is vital to understand this
new Internet trend. This article assesses and categorizes important research to give
such insights. Data mining presents a difficult issue in capturing this hidden insights
from IoT data. Some experts suggest that IoT data necessitates the development of a
new class of data mining algorithms [33]. India’s IoT-based smart home and smart
city technologies may be deployed in the future [34]. Water and waste management
services can be added in the future. One of the most exciting future developments is
combining the IoT platform with other autonomous and intelligent systems to build
smart and comprehensive applications. New coherent regulatory rules and viable
business models are needed to enable the broader implementation of blockchain in
real-world smart cities. New coherent regulatory rules and viable business models are
needed to enable the broader implementation of blockchain in real-world smart cities.
Machine learning techniques will be used in the upcoming IoT-based smart city solu-
tion. Ultradense cellular IoT networks based on high-performance machine learning
algorithms will be used in next-generation smart cities.

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