MEE 321: Fluid Mechanics - I

Lecture - 04
Fluid Dynamics:
Reynold’s Transport Theorem
H M To u f ik A h me d Z isa n
L e c t u re r
D e p a rt me nt O f M e c h a n ica l E n g ine e ring
S h a h j a la l U n ive rsit y o f S c ie n c e a n d Te c h n o logy
 Fluid Flow Rate
Suppose that the surface S in the figure is
a sort of (imaginary) wire mesh through
which the fluid passes without resistance.
We’ll determine the rate of fluid flow
through this area.

Let, n be the unit vector normal outward to dA

(elemental area of S). If, typically,V varies with Keep it in mind that, area, dA
position, we must integrate over the surface dA and area vector or normal
vector, 𝒏ෝ are perpendicular
in figure. Also, typically V may pass through dA to each other. The angle θ is
in between velocity vector,
at an angle  off the normal.
𝑉 and normal vector, 𝒏ෝ .

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 2

So, the amount of fluid swept through dA in time dt is the volume of the slanted
parallelepiped:

dV = (Vdt)(dA cos  ) = (V.n)dAdt

dV
or, = (V.n)dA = dQ
dt
= volume flow rate through dA.
Total Volume Flow Rate across S,
Q =  dQ=  (V.n)dA=  VndA
s s s

Here, V.n is replaced by Vn which means component of V normal to dA

If the velocity of fluid remains constant over surface S,
Q = AV Assuming, velocity is perpendicular to area i.e., angle θ between 𝑉 and 𝜼ෝ is
equal to 0°

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 3

Total Mass Flow Rate across S,
•
m =   dQ=  (V.n)dA
s s

=  VndA
s

If the density and velocity of the fluid remains constant over surface S,
•
m =  AV
Assuming, velocity is perpendicular to area i.e., angle θ between 𝑉 and 𝜼ෝ is
equal to 0°

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 4

By convention, we'll consider n (area vector or normal to the surface) to be
outward normal unit vector.
n (V.n)A
= (V.1.cos90)A
=0

Fluid Inflow Fluid outflow

n n
(V.n)A (V.n)A
= (V.1.cos180)A = (V.1.cos 0)A
= − VA = VA
(V.n)A
= (V.1.cos 270)A
=0 n
©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 5
From the point of view of analysis using calculus, there are two approaches of
analyzing fluid dynamics:
1. Differential analysis: Detail description of flow pattern at every point in the
flow field. It involves differential relations and differential equations.
2. Integral analysis: This analysis involves working with a finite region of fluid
(control volume), making a balance of flow-in vs flow-out and determining
the gross flow effects such as the force or torque on a body or the total
energy exchange.

Integral analysis will be covered first in this course.

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 6

 System (or Control Mass) and Control Volume
There are two ways in which the governing laws can be applied to a fluid:
1. System (or Control Mass) Approach: A system is a specific and identifiable
quantity of matter. A system may change shape, position and thermal
conditions but it will always contain the same atoms/ fluid particles. Thus the
mass of the system is conserved and does not change(except nuclear
reactions). Everything external to this system is denoted by the term
surroundings, and the system is separated from its surroundings by its
boundaries.
2. Control Volume Approach: This approach concerns about the fixed and definite
volume in space (a geometric entity, independent of mass), known as control
volume (CV). The boundary of this volume is known as control surface (CS).

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 The amount of the matter in the control volume may change in time, but the
shape of the control volume will remain fixed.

• All of the laws governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic form in
terms of a system approach. To use the governing equations in a control volume
approach to problem solving, we must rephrase the laws in an appropriate
manner.

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 Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT)
• To convert a system analysis to a control volume analysis, we must convert our
mathematics to apply to a specific region rather than to individual masses.
• Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT) is the analytical tool for shifting the governing
laws from control system approach to control volume approach.

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 9

 Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT)

The system is
moving with time.
However, the
control volume
along with it’s
control surfaces
remains stationary in
space.

Flow in ‘–’ ve,

dVin = V.ndAdt dVout = V.ndAdt Flow out ‘+’ ve
= − VindAin cos  indt = Vout dAout cos  out dt

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 𝑑𝐵
Let, B be any property of the fluid (energy, momentum, enthalpy) and β (= ) is the
𝑑𝑚

intensive value of B i.e., the amount of B per unit mass in any small amount of the
fluid.
The total amount of B in the fixed control volume (CV) is thus:

BCV =   dm =  ( dV )
cv CV

dB
where,  =
dm
 = density of fluid
dV = elemental volume

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 11

There are three sources of change in B relating to the control volume
1. A change within the control volume
d 
   dV 
dt  CV 
2. Outflow of  from the control volume through the control surfaces (CS)

  v cos dA
CS
out

3. Inflow of  to the control volume through the control surfaces (CS)

  v cos dA
CS
in

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• From the figure, it is seen that after a time interval dt the system has moved a bit,
gaining the outflow sliver and losing the inflow sliver. In the limit as dt→0, the
instantaneous change of B in the system is the sum of the change within, plus the
outflow, minus the inflow:

d d 
dt
( Bsyst ) =    dV  +
dt  CV   v cos dA
out −   v cos dA
in
 CS CS

Flux Terms

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Two alternate forms are possible for the flux terms.
First form:
Flux terms =   v cos dA
CS
out −   v cos dA
CS
in

• •
=  dm
CS
out −  dm
CS
in

Second form: If 𝑛ො is defined as outward normal unit vector everywhere on control

surface, then,
𝑉. 𝑛ො = Vn for outflow

𝑉. 𝑛ො = - Vn for inflow

Flux terms =   v cos dA

CS
out −
CS
  v cos dA in

=   (V.n) dA
CS

©HM Toufik Ahmed Zisan MEE 321 14

Using the second alternate form of flux terms, thus, the relation comes as:

  (V.n) dA
d d 
dt
( Bsyst ) =    dV  +
dt  CV  CS

This is the general form of Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) for an arbitrary, fixed
control volume. This equation allows us to transfer any system analysis into a control
volume analysis.

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Physical Interpretations of Reynold’s Transport Theorem:

  (V.n) dA
d d 
dt
( Bsyst ) =    dV 
dt  CV
+
 CS

Time rate of change of Time rate of change of B Net flowrate of the parameter
an arbitrary extensive within the control volume B across the entire control
parameter B of the (CV) as the fluid flows surface (CS).
system through it.

Parameter B may be β is the amount of B per unit The net flowrate across the
mass, momentum, mass. entire control surfaces may be
energy or angular zero, positive or negative
momentum etc. depending on the particular
situation involved.
Unsteady effects Unsteady effects indicate Convective effects associated
indicate that values of that values of parameter B with the flow of the system
parameter B within the within the control volume across the fixed control
system may change may change with time surfaces.
with time.

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