Longitudinal
and
Transverse Vibrations
When elastic bodies such as a spring, a beam and a shaft are displaced from the
equilibrium position by the application of external forces, and then released, they
execute a vibratory motion.
This is due to the reason that, when a body is displaced, the internal forces in the
form of elastic or strain energy are present in the body.
At release, these forces bring the body to its original position
When the body reaches the equilibrium position, the whole of the elastic or
strain energy is converted into kinetic energy due to which the body continues to
move in the opposite direction
Terms Used in Vibratory Motion
1. Period of vibration or time period. It is the time interval after which the motion is
repeated itself. The period of vibration is usually expressed in seconds.
2. Cycle. It is the motion completed during one time period.
3. Frequency. It is the number of cycles described in one second. In S.I. units, the
frequency is expressed in hertz (briefly written as Hz) which is equal to one cycle per
second.
Types of Vibratory Motion
1. Free or natural vibrations. When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an
initial displacement, then the body is said to be under free or natural vibrations. The
frequency of the free vibrations is called free or natural frequency.
2. Forced vibrations. When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then
the body is said to be under forced vibrations. The external force applied to the body is
a periodic disturbing force created by unbalance. The vibrations have the same
frequency as the applied force
3. Damped vibrations. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of
vibration, the motion is said to be damped vibration
Types of Free Vibrations
1. Longitudinal vibrations, 2. Transverse vibrations, and 3. Torsional vibrations
1. Longitudinal vibrations. When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the
axis of the shaft, as shown in Fig.
Then the vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations. In this case, the shaft is
elongated and shortened alternately and thus the tensile and compressive stresses are
induced alternately in the shaft.
2. Transverse vibrations. When the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, as shown in Fig.
Then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations. In this case, the shaft is straight
and bent alternately and bending stresses are induced in the shaft.
3. Torsional vibrations*. When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about
the
axis of the shaft, as shown in Fig.
Then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
In this case, the shaft is twisted and untwisted alternately and the torsional shear stresses
are induced in the shaft.
Natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibrations
1. Equilibrium Method
Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations
A cantilever shaft 50 mm diameter and 300 mm long has a disc of mass 100 kg at its free end.
The Young's modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Determine the frequency of
longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the shaft
Effect of Inertia of the Constraint in Longitudinal and Transverse Vibrations
Frequency of Free Damped Vibrations (Viscous Damping)
The motion of a body is resisted by frictional forces.
In vibrating systems, the effect of friction is referred to as
damping.
The damping provided by fluid resistance is known as viscous
damping.
The amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually diminishes.
This is due to the reason that a certain amount of energy is
always dissipated to overcome the frictional resistance.
Since in viscous damping, it is assumed that the frictional resistance to the motion
of the body is directly proportional to the speed of the movement
Logarithmic Decrement
It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The amplitude
reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean
position. If x1 and x2 are successive values of the amplitude on the same side of the mean
position,
The measurements on a mechanical vibrating system show that it has a mass of 8 kg and that
the springs can be combined to give an equivalent spring of stiffness 5.4 N/mm. If the
vibrating system have a dashpot attached which exerts a force of 40 N when the mass has a
velocity of 1 m/s, find : 1. critical damping coefficient, 2. damping factor, 3. logarithmic
decrement, and 4. ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.
Solution. Given : m = 8 kg ; s = 5.4 N/mm = 5400 N/m
Since the force exerted by dashpot is 40 N, and the mass has a velocity of 1 m/s ,
therefore Damping coefficient (actual), c = 40 N/m/s
The mass of a single degree damped vibrating system is 7.5 kg and makes 24 free
oscillations in 14 seconds when disturbed from its equilibrium position. The amplitude of
vibration reduces to 0.25 of its initial value after five oscillations. Determine : 1. stiffness of
the spring, 2. logarithmic decrement, and 3. damping factor, i.e. the ratio of the system
damping to critical damping.
Determine the time in which the mass in a damped vibrating system would settle down
to 1/50th of its initial deflection for the following data
M = 200 kg, ζ = 0.22 S = 40 N/mm.
Also find the number of oscillations completed to reach this value of deflection
Mass (m) = 140 kg ; Stiffness (s) 50 X 10 3 N/mm ; Damping coefficient = 1.33 X 103
Magnification Factor or Dynamic Magnifier
It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration (xmax ) to the
deflection due to the static force F(xo)
A mass of 500 kg is mounted on supports having a total stiffness of 100 kN/m and which
provides viscous damping, the damping ratio being 0.4. The mass is constrained to move
vertically and is subjected to a vertical disturbing force of the type F cos ω t. Determine the
frequency at which resonance will occur and the maximum allowable value of F if the
amplitude at resonance is to be restricted to 5 mm
