1

CHAPTER

The direction of flow of the positive charge taken

CONTENTS as conventional direction of the electric current.

 Electric Current When we consider the flow of electric current in

 Flow of Current in Metal

an ordinary conductor, such as a copper wire, the
direction of current is taken as opposite to the
 Electric Symbols
direction of the flow of electrons.
 Ohm’s Law
 Resistance of conductor  FLOW OF CURRENT IN A METAL
 Resistivity
Metals show a very different kind of bonding
called metallic bonding. According to this
 Combination of Resistances bonding, the outermost electrons are not bound to
 Electric Energy any particular atom, and move freely inside the
metal randomly as shown in fig. So, these
 Electrical Power electrons are free electrons. These free electrons
move freely in all the directions. Different
electrons move in different directions and with
ELECTRIC CURRENT (CHARGE IN different speeds. So there is no net movement of
MOTION) the electrons in any particular direction. As a
result, there is no net flow of current in any
Definition : The quantity of electric charge particular direction.
flowing through cross section of a given
conductor in one second is called current. Metallic wire
Electrons move randomly,
Thus, if Q is the charge which flows through a
so no flow of current
conductor in time t, then the current (I) is given
by
Ch arge (Q) 
Current (I) =
Time ( t ) Fig. Flow of electrons inside a metal wire
The electric current (or current) is a scalar when no potential is applied across its ends
quantity.


 Unit of current
The SI unit of charge (Q) is coulomb (C), and Electrons move from low
that of time (t) is second (s). So, potential to high potential

SI unit of current
I coulomb +Battery–
= 1 C s–1 = 1 ampere
=
ec nd Low potential
The unit coulomb per second (Cs–1) is called High potential
ampere (A)
Fig. Flow of electrons inside a metal wire
when the two ends of a wire are connected to
 Direction of Electric Current : the two terminals of a battery

1
  ELECTRIC SYMBOLS  Unit of resistance :
Many different kinds of equipments or The SI unit of resistance (R) is ohm. Ohm is
components are used in setting up electrical denoted by the Greek letter omega ().
circuits. To draw the diagrams of electrical V
circuits on paper these equipments/components From Ohm’s law, R=
I
are shown by their symbols. Here are some
symbols used in the electric circuit diagrams. Now, if, V = 1 volt and I = 1 ampere
S.N Components Symbols 1 volt
Then, R=
1. Electric cell + – 1ampere
2. Battery + – Thus, 1 ohm is defined as the resistance of a
3. Plug key conductor which allows a current of 1 ampere to
(switch open) flow through it when a potential difference of 1
4. Plug key volt is maintained across it.
(switch closed)  Results of Ohm’s law
5. A wire joint
 Current flowing through a conductor is
6. Wires crossing without directly proportional to the potential
joining difference across the conductor.
7. Electric bulb or
IV
8. A resistor of resistance R

Potential difference (volts)

9. Variable resistance or or

rheostat
10. +A–
Ammeter Slope = Resistance (R)
11. Voltmeter +V–
12. Fuse Current (amperes)
 When the potential difference in a circuit is
kept constant, the current in inversely
OHM'S LAW proportional to the resistance of the
 Definition : According to the Ohm’s law at conductor.
constant temperature, the current flowing through I  1/R
a conductor is directly proportional to the  The ratio of potential difference to the current
potential difference across the conductor. is constant. The value of the constant is equal
Thus, if I is the current flowing through a to the resistance of the conductor (or resistor).
conductor and V is the potential difference (or V/I = R
voltage) across the conductor, then according to
Ohm’s law. RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTOR
I V (when T is constant) The movement of electron gives rise to the
flow of current through metals. The moving
V electrons collide with each other as well as
or, I = ...(i)
R with the positive ions present in the metallic
conductor. These collisions tend to slow
where R is a constant called the resistance of the
down the speed of the electrons and hence
conductor.
oppose the flow of electric current.
Equation (i) may be written as,
The property of a conductor by virtue of
V=I×R ...(ii) which it opposes the flow of electric current
 through it is called its resistance.

2
 heating elements of heaters, toasters, electric
  Resistance is denoted by the letter R. iron etc.

The SI unit of resistance is ohm. The ohm is

RESISTIVITY
denoted by the Greek letter () called omega.
 Resistance is a scalar quantity. R
 1
R 
 Factors on which resistance of conductor a
depends 
So, R 
a
 Effect of the length on the resistance of a
conductor 
or R=× ...(i)
a
The resistance of a conductor is directly
where  (rho) is called resistivity of the material
proportional to the length. That is
of conductor.
Resistance of a conductor.  Length of the cond. If, l = 1 m and a = 1 m2
 Effect of the area of cross-section on the Then R =  ...(ii)
resistance of a conductor
Thus, if we take 1 metre long piece of a
The resistance of a conductor is inversely substance having a cross-sectional area of 1
proportional to its area of cross-section.
meter2, then the resistance of that piece of the
That is,
substance is called its resistivity.
Resistance of a conductor ;
Resistivity of a substance can also be defined as
1
R  follows :
Area of cross  sec tion (a ) of the conductor
The resistance offered by a cube of a substance
* If the area of cross-section of the conductor having side of 1 metre, when current flows
is doubled, its resistance gets halved. perpendicular to the opposite faces, is called its
 Effect of temperature on the resistance of a resistivity.
conductor  Units of resistivity
The resistance of all pure metals increases From equation (i), we can write
with a rise in temperature. The resistance of Ra
alloys increases very slightly with a rise in =

temperature. For metal when temperature
increases resistance increases and for ohm  m 2
So, SI unit of resistivity () = = ohm.m
semiconductors when temperature increases m
resistance decreases. Thus, the SI unit of resistivity is ohm. m (or  . m)
 Effect of the nature of material on the  Classification of Material on Basis of
resistance of a conductor Resistivity
Some materials have low resistance, whereas  Substances showing very low resistivities :

some others have much higher resistance. In The substances which show very low
general, an alloy has higher resistance than resistivities allow the flow of electric current
pure metals which from the alloy. through them. these type of substances are
called conductors.
* Copper, silver, aluminium etc., have very
low resistance. For example, copper, gold, silver, aluminium
and electrolytic solutions are conductors.
* Nichrome, constantan etc., have higher
 Substances having moderate resistivity:
resistance. Nichrome is used for making
The substances which have moderate

3
 resistivity offer appreciable resistance to the V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3 = IR3 ...(ii)
flow of electric current through them. If, V is the potential difference across the
Therefore, such substances are called combination of resistances then,
resistors. For example, alloys such as
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ...(iii)
nichrome, manganin, constantan and carbon
are typical resistors. If, R is the equivalent resistance of the circuit,
 Substances having very high resistivity: then V = IR ...(iv)
The substances which have very high Using Eqs. (i) to (iv) we can write,
resistivities do not allow electricity to flow IR = V = V1 + V2 + V3
through them. The substances which do not = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
allow electricity to pass through them are
called insulators. For example, rubber, or, IR = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
plastics, dry wood, etc. are insulators. or, R = R1 + R2 + R3
Therefore, when resistances are combined in
COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES
series, the equivalent resistance is higher than
 Series Combination each individual resistance.
When two or more resistances are joined end-to-
end so that the same current flows through each  Some results about series combination :
of them, they are said to be connected in series. (i) When two or more resistors are connected in
series, the total resistance of the combination
R1 R2 R3
I I is equal to the sum of all the individual
resistances.
–
Key + Battery (ii) When two or more resistors are connected in
series, the same current flows through each
When a series combination of resistances is
resistor.
connected to a battery, the same current (I) flows
through each of them. (iii)When a number of resistors are connected in
series, the voltage across the combination
 Law of combination of resistances in series
(i.e. voltage of the battery in the circuit), is
: The law of combination of resistances in
equal to the sum of the voltage drop
series states that when a number of
(or potential difference) across each
resistances are connected in series, their
individual resistor.
equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of
the individual resistances. Thus, if R1, R2, R3  Parallel Combination
..., etc. are combined in series, then the When two or more resistances are connected
equivalent resistance (R) is given by, between two common points so that the same
potential difference is applied across each of
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... ....(i)
them, they are said to be connected is parallel.
 Derivation of mathematical expression of R1
resistances in series combination : Let, R1,
I1
R2 and R3 be the resistances connected in I I
I2 R2
series, I be the current flowing through the
circuit, i.e., passing through each resistance, When such a combination of resistance is
and V1, V2 and V3 be the potential difference connected to a battery, all the resistances have
across R1, R2 and R3, respectively. Then, the same potential difference across their ends.
from Ohm’s law,

4
  Derivation of mathematical expression of Q = I × t = 10 × 10–6A × 1s = 10 × 10–6C
parallel combination : We known,
Charge on an electron = 1.6 × 10–19C
Let, V be the potential difference across the
So, No. of electrons striking the TV screen
two common points A and B. Then, from
10  10 -6 C
Ohm’s law per second =
1.6 10 19 C
= 6.25 × 1014
Current passing through R1,I1 = V/R1 ...(i)
Current passing through R2,I2 = V/R2 ...(ii)
Current passing through R3,I3 = V/R3 ...(iii) (b) Charge striking the screen per min
If R is the equivalent resistance, then from = (6.25 × 1014 × 60) × 1.6 × 10–19C
Ohm’s law, the total current flowing through = 6.0 × 10–3C
the circuit is given by,
I = V/R ...(iv) Ex.2 A current of 10A exists in a conductor.
and I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(v) Assuming that this current is entirely due to
the flow of electrons (a) find the number of
Substituting the values of I,I1,I2 and I3 in Eq. (v), electrons crossing the area of cross section
V V V V per second, (b) if such a current is maintained
= + + ...(vi) for one hour, find the net flow of charge.
R R1 R2 R3
Cancelling common V term, one gets Sol. Current, I = 10 A
1 1 1 1 Charge flowing through the circuit
= + + Ch arge
R R1 R2 R3 in one second, Q = 10 C ( = Current)
Time
The equivalent resistance of a parallel
combination of resistance is less than each of (a) We know, Charge on an electron
all the individual resistances. = 1.6 × 10–19C
 Important results about parallel So, No. of electrons crossing per second
combination : 10 C
= = 6.25 × 1019
(i) Total current through the circuit is equal to 1.6 10 19
the sum of the currents flowing through it.
(b) Net flow of charge in one hour
(ii) In a parallel combination of resistors the
= Current × Time
voltage (or potential difference) across each
= 10 A × 1 h
resistor is the same and is equal to the applied
voltage i.e. v1 = v2 = v3 = v : 10 A × (1 × 60 × 60 s) = 36000 C
(iii) Current flowing through each resistor is Ex.3 A current of 5.0 A flows through a circuit for
inversely proportional to its resistances, thus 15 min. Calculate the amount of electric
higher the resistance of a resistors, lower will charge that flows through the circuit during
be the current flowing through it. this time.
Sol. Given : Current, I = 5.0 A

Time, t = 15 min. = 15 × 60 s = 900 s
 SOLVED EXAMPLES 
Then, Charge that flows through the circuit,
Ex.1 A TV set shoots out a beam of electrons. The Q = Current × Time
beam current is 10A. = 5.0A × 900 s
(a) How many electrons strike the TV screen
in each second ? = 4500 A.s = 4500 C
(b) How much charge strikes the screen in a Ex.4 A piece of wire is redrawn by pulling it until
minute? its length is doubled. Compare the new
Sol. Beam current, I = 10 µA = 10 ×10–6A resistance with the original value.
Time, t = 1 s
Sol. Volume of the material of wire remains same.
So,
So, when length is doubled, its area of cross-
(a) Charge flowing per second,
section will get halved. So, if l and a are the

5
 original length and area of cross-section of difference of 20 volts is applied across the
wire, combination. Calculate the current through
 the circuit and potential difference across the
Original value of the resistance, R = × 6 ohm resistance.
a
Sol. For better understanding we must drawn a
and,
proper circuit diagram. It is shown in fig.
New value of the resistance,
6 4
2 
R’ = × =  × 4 = 4R
a/2 a I I
Ex.5 Calculate the resistance of 100 m long copper 20 V
+ –
wire. The diameter of the wire is 1 mm.
Sol. Using the relationship, We use proper symbols for electrical
  components.Resistances are shown connected
R=× = × 2 in series, with 20 V battery across its positive
a r
and negative terminals. Direction of current
1 flow is also shows from positive terminal of
We have, r= mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m
2 the battery towards its negative terminal.
1.6  10 6 ohm.cm  100m Potential difference, V = 20 V
R=
3.141  (0.5 10 3 m) 2 Potential difference across 6 
R = 2.04 ohm V1 = ? (to be calculated)
Ex.6 If four resistances each of values 1 ohm are Total circuit resistance = 10 
connected in series. Calculate equivalent V
resistance. From Ohm’s law, Rs =
RS

Sol. In series, Circuit current, I = 2 ampere or (2A)

R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 1ohm Putting values, we get, V1 = 2 × 6 = 12 volts
putting values, we get, Potential difference across 6 resistance = 12 V
Rs = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
Ex.7 Suppose a 6-volt battery is connected across a Ex.9 Two resistances are connected in series as
lamp whose resistance is 20 ohm the current shown in the diagram.
in the circuit is 0.25 A, calculate the value of 10 V 6V
the resistance from the resistor which must be
used. 5 R
Sol. Lamp resistance, R = 20 ohm I I
Extra resistance from resistor, R=? V volt
+ –
(to be calculated)
For R and R’ in series, (i) What is the current through the 5 ohm
Total circuit resistance, Rs = R + R’ resistance ?
V (ii) What is the current through R ?
From relation, (Ohm’s law) Rs =
I (iii) What is the value of R ?
6
Putting values, we get, Rs = (iv) What is the value of V ?
0.25
= 24 ohm
But Rs = R + R’ Sol. First resistance, R1 = 5 
Hence R’ = Rs – R (i) Current through 5 ohm resistance, I = ?
= 24 – 20 = 4 ohm
(ii) Current through R, I=?
Extra resistance from resistor,
R’ = 4 ohm. (iii) Value of second resistance, R=?
(iv) Potential difference applied by the
Ex.8 A resistance of 6 ohms is connected in series battery,
with another resistance of 4 ohms. A potential

6
 V=? 1 1 1 1
(c) From relation = + +
V Rp R1 R2 R3
(i) From Ohm’s law, R =
I
1 1 1 1 6  3 1 10
V V1 = + + = =
We have, I= = Rp 5 10 30 30 30
R R1
Rp = 3 ohm.
10
I = = 2 ampere
5 Ex.11 Resistors R1 = 10 ohms, R2 = 40 ohms,
Current through 5 resistance = 2 ampere (2A). R3 = 30 ohms, R4 = 20 ohms, R5 = 60 ohms
(ii) Since R is in series with 5  same and a 12 volt battery is connected as shown.
current will flow through it,
Calculate :
Current through R = 2 A.
(a) the total resistance and (b) the total current
V flowing in the circuit.
(iii) From Ohm’s law, R=
I Sol. The situation is shown in (figure).
V2 R1 R3
R2 =
I R4
6
R2 = = 3 ohms R2 R5
2
Resistance R has value = 3 ohms.
12 V
(iv) From relation, V = V1 + V2 + –
V = 10 + 6 = 16 volts
For R1 and R2 in parallel
V = 16 volts
1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 1
= + = + = = =
Ex.10 Resistors R1, R2 and R3 having values 5, R P1 R1 R2 10 40 40 40 8
10, and 30respectively are connected in or R P1 = 8 ohm
parallel across a battery of 12 volt. Calculate
(a) the current through each resistor (b) the For R3, R4 and R5 is parallel
total current in the circuit and (c) the total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
circuit resistance. = + + = + +
R P2 R 3 R4 R5 30 20 60
Sol. Here,
R1 = 5R2 = 10, R3 = 30 , V = 12 V 2  3 1 6 1
= = =
(a) I1 = ? I2 = ? I3 = ? 60 60 10
(b) I = I1 + I2 + I3 = ? or R P2 = 10 ohm.
(c) Rp = ?
(a) For R P1 and R P2 in series.
V
(a) From relation, (Ohm’s law), R=
I Total resistance, R = R P1 + R P2
V Putting values, we get, R = 8 + 10 = 18
I=
R
Total resistance, R = 18 ohms. Ans.
V 12
Putting values, we get, I1 = = =2.4 A V
R1 5 (b) From relation, (Ohm’s law) R =
I
V 12 V
I2 = = = 1.2 A We have, I=
R 2 10 R
V 12 12 2
I3 = = = 0.4 A Putting values, we get, I= = = 0.67
R 3 30 18 3
Total current, I = 0.67 A. Ans
  (b) Total current, I = I1 23
I = 2.4 + 1.2 + 0.4 = 4 A

7
Ex.12 In the circuit diagram given below. find Ex.13 Three resistances are connected as shown in
8 diagram through the resistance 5 ohms, a
7.2  current of 1 ampere is flowing :
R1 12  I 10 
I 6V
– A 5 B C
+
1 amp 15 
(i) total resistance of the circuit
(ii) total current flowing in the circuit (i) What is the current through the other two
(iii) potential difference across R1 resistors?
Sol. (i) For total resistance (ii) What is the potential difference (p.d.)
8  and 12 are connected in parallel. across AB and across AC ?
Their equivalent resistance comes in series (iii) What is the total resistance.
with 7.2 resistance as shown in fig. Sol. (i) For current in parallel resistors
7.2  4.8  For same potential difference across two
R1 parallel resistors,
I1 R 2
V = I1R1 = I2R2 i.e. = =
6V I 2 R1
+ –
Current divides itself in inverse ration of
With 7.2 and 4.8 in series the resistances.
Rs = 7.2 + 4.8 = 12  Also total current, I = I1 + I2
Total circuit resistance = 12 ohms. I1 R 2 15 3
= = =
(ii) For total current I 2 R1 10 2
Total circuit resistance, R = 12 ohm Also, I1 + I2 = 1 amp.
Potential difference applied, V = 6 V
I1 = 0.6A, I2 = 0.4 A. Ans.
I=?
Current is 0.6 A through 10 
V
From Ohm’s law R= (ii) For p.d. across AB
I
V
V From Ohm’s law, R= , V = IR
I= I
R V = 1 × 5 = 5V
6 P.D. across AB = 5 V. Ans
I = = 0.5
12 For parallel combination of 10 and 15
Total circuit current = 0.5 A Ans. P.D. across BC, V = I1R1 = 0.6 × 10 = 6 V
(iii) For potential difference across R1 P.D. across AC = P.D. across AB + P.D. across
BC.
V = 5 + 6 = 11 V
R=
I (iii) For total circuit resistance
V = IR For 10  and 15 in parallel
V1 = IR1 10  15 150
Rp = = = 6 
V1 = 0.5 × 7.2 10  15 25
Total resistance = 5 + 6 = 11 
= 3.6 V
Total circuit resistance = 11 Ans
Potential difference across, V1 = 3.6 V. Ans
 V 11 
Also R  I  1 11
 

8
Ex.14 In the diagram shown below (Fig.), the cells Sol. 3  and 2 in series become 5 .Equivalent
and the ammeter both have negligible circuit is shown in fig.
resistance. The resistors are identical. With
5
the switch K open, the ammeter reads 0.6 A.
What will be the ammeter reading when the
5
switch is closed ?
V 4V
A + – + –
A
Sol. R
(i) For total resistance
R
R1 = R2 = 5 are in parallel.
R
5 5 25
Let the cell have potential difference V and Rp = = = 2.5 
5  5 10
each resistor have resistance R
Circuit resistance = 2.5 ohm
With key open (ii) For circuit current
Potential difference, = V Potential difference, V = 4 V
Circuit resistance of two parallel Circuit resistance Rp = 2.5 
resistors,
Circuit current, I = ? (to be calculated)
R R
R P1 = =  V
n1 2 From Ohm’s law, R=
I
Circuit current, I1 = 0.6 A V
I=
With key closed RP
Potential difference = V 4
I= = 1.6 A
Circuit resistance of three parallel 2.5
resistors, Circuit current = 1.6 A
R R Ammeter reads circuit current 1.6 A
R P2 = = 
n2 3
Ex.16 For the circuit shown in the following
Circuit current, I2 = ? diagram what is the value of
For same potential difference V 4V
+ –
V = I1 R P1 = I2 R P2
I1R P1 6 3
I2 =
R P2
12 3
R 3
I2 = 0.6 × × = 0.9 (i) current through 6 resistor
2 R
(ii) potential difference (p.d.) across 12 
Circuit current with closed key = 0.9 A.
Sol. (i) For current through 6 
Ex.15 In the circuit diagram. Current from 4 V battery flows through first
5 parallel branch having 6 and 3 in series.
Current in this branch
3 2
4 4
I= = = 0.44 A
4V 63 9
A + –

Find (i) total resistance (ii) For p.d. across 12 

(ii) current shown by the ammeter A. Current through second parallel branch

9
 4 4 1 watt = 1 joule/sec, 1 HP = 746 watt
I= = A
12  3 15 unit of electrical energy = watt second,
4 kilowatt hour
P.D. across 12  V= × 12 = 3.2 V.
15 1 kilowatt hour (kwh) = 3.6 × 106 Joule

 ELECTRIC ENERGY  Points to Be Remember

When a potential difference is applied across  Current : The rate of flow of charge (Q)
a wire, current starts flowing in it. The free through a conductor is called current .
electrons collide with the positive ions of the Current (I) is given by,
metal and lose energy. Thus energy taken Charge Q
Current = or I=
from the battery is dissipated. The battery Time t
constantly provide energy to continue the The SI unit of current is ampere (A) : 1A = 1 C/s
motion of electron and hence electric current The current flowing through a circuit is
in the circuit. This energy is given to ions of measured by a device called ammeter.
the metal during collision and thus Ammeter is connected in series with the
temperature of wire rises. Thus, energy taken conductor. The direction of the current is
from the battery gets transferred in to heat. taken as the direction of the flow of positive
This energy is called electrical energy. This charge.
effect is also called 'Heating Effect of  Ohm’s law : At any constant temperature, the
Current'. current (I) flowing through a conductor is
If directly proportional to the potential (V)
R = Resistance of wire applied across it.
I = Current in wire Mathematically,
V = Potential difference across wire. I = V/R or V = IR
Flow of charge in 't' time = It.  Resistance : Resistance is the property of a
Energy dissipated W = Vq = VIt,  conductor by virtue of which it opposes the
  V = IR,  flow of electricity through it. Resistance is
measured in ohms. Resistance is a scalar
V2
   W = VIt = I2Rt = t = Vq quantity.
R
 Resistivity : The resistance offered by a cube
This energy is equal to work done by battery
of a substance having side of 1 meter, when
or heat produced in the wire.
current flows perpendicular to the opposite
faces, is called its resistivity (). The SI unit
 ELECTRICAL POWER of resistivity is ohm.m.
 Equivalent resistance : A single resistance
The rate of loss of energy in an electrical which can replace a combination of
circuit is called electrical power. It resistances so that current through the circuit
is denoted by'P' remains the same is called equivalent
W V2 resistance.
P  I 2 R  IV 
t R
units of power = joule/sec, watt, horse power

10
 Law of combination of resistances in series : 1 1 1 1
= + +
When a number of resistance are connected in R R1 R2 R3
series, their equivalent resistance is equal to The equivalent resistance of a number of
the sum of the individual resistances. resistances connected in parallel is less than
If R1, R2, R3, etc. are combined in series, then each of all the individual resistances.
the equivalent resistance (R) is given by,
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + .....
The equivalent resistance of a number of
resistances connected in series is higher than
each individual resistance.
 Law of combination of resistances in
parallel : When a number of resistances are
connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the
equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of
the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
If R1, R2, R3, etc. are combined in parallel,
then the equivalent resistance (R) is given by.

11
 EXERCISE - 1

 Single Correct Answer Type Questions Q.9 Conventionally, the direction of the current is
Q.1 How many electrons in 1 s constitute a current taken as-
of 1 A? (A) the direction of flow of negative charges
(A) 6.25 × 1018 (B) 6.25 × 1012 (B) the direction of flow of atoms
11
(C) 6.25 × 10 (D) 6.25 (C) the direction of flow of positive charges
(D) the direction of flow of molecules
Q.2 1 Coulomb is equal to -
(A) 1 amp × 1 sec
Q.10 Figure shows, current in a part of electrical
(B) 1 amp / 1 sec
circuit, then the value of current is-
(C) 1 joule × 1 amp
2A 1A
(D) 1 joule / 1 sec

Q.3 When a body is negatively charged by friction, 2A iA

it means- (A) 1.7 A (B) 3.7 A
(A) the body has acquired excess of electrons (C) 13 A (D) 1.0 A
(B) the body has acquired excess of protons
(C) the body has lost some electrons Q.11 When the temperature of a metallic conductor is
(D) the body has lost some neutrons increased its resistance-
(A) always decrease
Q.4 If a charged body attracts another body, the (B) always increase
charge on the other body- (C) may increase or decrease
(A) must be negative (D) remain the same
(B) must be positive
Q.12 Specific resistance of wire depends upon-
(C) must be zero
(A) its length (B) its cross-section area
(D) may be negative or positive or zero
(C) its dimensions (D) Its material
Q.5 A suitable unit for expressing the strength of Q.13 The unit of resistivity is-
electric field is - (A) ohm (B) ohm mete
(A) V/C (B) C/m (C) ohm meter–1 (D) mho metre–1
(C) N/C (D) C/N
Q.14 A wire of resistance R is cut into n equal parts.
Q.6 One ampere equals - These parts are then connected in parallel. The
(A) 106A (B) 10–6A equivalent resistance of combination will be –
(C) 10 A
–3
(D) 10mA (A) nR (B) R/n
(C) n/R (D) R/n2

Q.7 What constitutes current in a metal wire ? Q.15 A piece of wire of resistance 4 is bent through
(A) Electrons (B) Protons 180° at its mid point and the two halves are
(C) Atoms (D) Molecules twisted together, then resistance is -
(A) 1  (B) 2 
(C) 5  (D) 8 
Q.8 If I is the current through a wire and 'e' is the
charge of electron then the number of electrons Q.16 Three resistance each of 8  are connected to a
in t seconds will be given by - triangle. The resistance between any two
Ie terminals will be:
(A) (B) e/It (A) 12  (B) 2 
t
16
(C) It/e (D) Ite (C) 6  (D) 
3

12
Q.17 In how many parts (equal) a wire of 100  be Q.23 How much electrical energy in kilowatt hour is
cut so that a resistance of 1  is obtained by consumed in operating ten, 50 watt bulbs for 10
connecting them in parallel ? hours per day in a month of 30 days ?
(A) 10 (B) 5 (A) 15 (B) 150
(C) 100 (D) 50 (C) 1500 (D) 15000

Q.24 An electric iron draws a current of 4A when

Q.18 The filament of an electric bulb is made of connected to a 220 V mains. Its resistance must
tungsten because- be -
(A) 40 (B) 55
(A) its resistance is negligible
(C) 100 (D) none of these
(B) it is cheaper
(C) its melting point is high
Q.25 The resistance of a conductor is reduced to half
(D) its filament is easily made
its initial value. ln doing so the heating effects
in the conductor will become.
Q.19 If a wire of resistance 1  is stretched to double
(A) half (B) one-fourth
its length, then the resistance will become-
(C) four times (D) double
1
(A)  (B) 2 
2
Q.26 Laws of heating are given by-
1
(C)  (D) 4  (A) faraday (B) joule
4
(C) Ohm (D) Maxwell
Q.20. In the given circuit, the effective resistance
between points A and C will be -
Q.27 An electric iron is based upon the principle of-
A R
D (A) magnetic effect of current
(B) heating effect of current
R 2R R (C) chemical effect of current
(D) none of these

B C Q.28 A fuse wire is always connected to the-

R
3 (A) neutral wire (B) earth wire
(A) R (B) 6R (C) live wire (D) none of these
2
2
(C) R (D) 3R Q.29 Heating effect of a current carrying conductor is
3
due to-
(A) Loss of kinetic energy of moving atoms
Q.21 Rate of heat generated by electric current in a
resistive circuit is expressed in- (B) Loss of kinetic energy of moving
electrons
(A) IR (B) IR2 (C) Attraction between electrons and atoms
(C) I2R (D) IR (D) Repulsion between electrons and atoms

Q.30 The correct relation between heat produce (H)

Q.22 Two heater wires of equal length are first
and electric current I flowing is-
connected in series and then in parallel with a
1
battery. The ratio of heat produced in the two (A) H  I (B) H 
I
cases is-
1
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) H  I 2 (D) H  2
I
(C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4

13
Q.31 The wire having a red plastic covering is a : Q.37 In electric fittings in a house:
(A) live wire (B) neutral wire (A) the live wire goes through the switch
(C) earth wire (D) none of these (B) the neutral wire goes through the switch
(C) the earth wire goes through the switch
Q.32 A switch, is always connected to the (D) no wire goes through the switch
(A) earth wire (B) neutral wire
(C) live wire (D) None of these Q.38 High power electrical appliances are earthed
to -
Q.33 The wire having a black plastic covering is a (A) avoid shock
(A) live wire (B) neutral wire (B) avoid wastage
(C) earth wire (D) none of these (C) Make the appliance look beautiful
(D) reduce the bill
Q.34 The wire having a green plastic covering is a
(A) live wire (B) neutral wire
(C) earth wire (D) none of these

Q.35 In three pin socket (shoe) the bigger hole is

connected to-
(A) any wire (B) live wire
(C) neutral wire (D) earth wire

Q.36 Coming of live wire and neutral wire in direct

contact causes:
(A) short-circuiting (B) over loading
(C) no damage (D) unknown effect

14
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1

D. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS :
26. 6.25 × 1018
27. 7.5 × 1019
28. 6C, 3.75 × 1019
29. 0.05
30. 8
31. 12 
32. 3 & 4 in series corrected, in parallel with 7.
33. 0.2A, 4V
34. (A) 10 (B) 0.6A (C) 0.2A
35. 0.5A
36. 2A, 1A
37. (A) 0.6 A, 0.3 A, 0.2 A (B) 1.1A (C)  5.5 
 
39. 1.33 A
40. (b) 22 2 

EXERCISE - 2

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans A A A D C A A C C A B D B D A
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans D A C D C C D B B D B B C B C
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Ans A C B C D A A A

15
 MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
2
CHAPTER

(A) Permanent (Natural & Artificial magnets)

CONTENTS  Natural magnets
 Magnetism  Definition : Pieces of naturally occurring iron
ore lode–stone or magnetic or black iron
 Types of magnets oxide (Fe2O3), are called natural magnets.
 Two Poles of a Magnet  Properties : These have following two
 Magnetic field properties.
 Earth magnetic field (i) Attractive property: They attract small iron
 Orested's experiment pieces towards them.
(ii) Directive property: When suspended freely,
 Magnetic field due to current
carrying wire
their ends would point in geographical north–
south direction. For this reason, the
 Magnetic force suspended piece is called lode stone or
 E M I leading stone.
 Electric Motor (D.C.Motor)  Disadvantage : These have following two

 Alternating Current (AC) demerits :

 Generator (i) They have irregular shape.

 Domestic electric circuits (ii) They are weak.

 Earthing, Over-loading & Short-



 Circuiting   Artificial Magnets

 Description : These magnets are made of
hard steel or special alloys. The substances of
these magnets have many small ‘atomic’
magnets. Ordinarily they are all oriented in
MAGNETISM random directions (Fig.). Then the substance
  Magnetism : The property due to which a is unmagnetised.
substance attracts iron pieces towards it, is
called magnetism.
 The substance having property of magnetism,
is called magnet. (a) Unmagnetised

TYPES OF MAGNETS S N
 Types of Magnets
(A) Permanent (Natural & Artificial magnets) (b) Magnetised.
(B) Temporary (Electromagnets) When such a piece is put in North–South
direction and hammered, the atomic magnets

16
 align themselves in the direction of the its ends only and not to its sides. It means that
earth’s field fig. They retain this alignment in magnets, centres of attraction are located
and the piece becomes a magnet with North
near ends only. These centres of attraction
(N) and (S) pole near ends. This magnet with
two poles, is called a magnetic dipole. near the ends of a magnet are called poles.
 Advantage : These have following two When this magnet is freely suspended, the
merits two ends point in north–south direction. The
(a) They may be given desired regular shape. pole near the end pointing towards North
(b) They are strong. (north–seeking end) is called North pole. The
pole near the end pointing towards South
(B) Electromagnet
Electromagnets are based on the magnetic (south–seeking end) is called South pole.
effect of electric current. An electromagnet is  Interaction between poles : The magnetic
usually prepared by placing a soft iron core in poles exert forces on each other. Like pole
a solenoid, or by winding a large number of
repel each other, i.e., one north pole will
turns of an insulated wire (generally the
insulated copper wire) on a cylindrical soft repel another north pole or unlike poles
iron core. An electromagnet shows magnetic attract each other i.e., north pole attract south
properties only as long as the electric current pole.
flows through the solenoid. Thus,
electromagnets are temporary magnets. MAGNETIC FIELD
 Difference between electromagnet and Lines of Magnetic field (Magnetic lines of
permanent magnet force)
Electromagnet :
 Definition : A magnetic line of force, is a line
Nature of magnetism : Temporary. An
electromagnet shows magnetism only as long straight or curved, in the magnetic field of a
as current flows through it. magnetic pole of magnetic dipole, such that
Polarity : The polarity of an electromagnet
the tangent at any point of this line gives the
can be changed by reversing the direction of
direction of the magnetic field at that point.
the current.
Strength : The strength of an electromagnet  Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force
can be increased or decreased by increasing These have following properties :
or decreasing the current.
 They are always nearly normal to the surface
Permanent magnet (or Bar magnet) :
Nature of magnetism : Permanent (or bar) of magnet at every point.
magnets show permanent magnetism.
Polarity : Polarity of a permanent magnet
cannot be changed.
N S
Strength : The strength of a permanent
magnet cannot be changed.
 TWO POLES OF A MAGNET
 They start from a north (positive) pole and

 Poles of a magnet : When ends of a magnet end at a south (negative) pole.

are dipped in iron filings, the filings stick to

17