Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Study the AI-generated CARS Model in the sentences below. The number of sentences is just
a suggestion. Write at least 7 paragraphs. Decide where more paragraphs are needed. Make sure your
discussion is from global to national and local (your research setting). Include legal basis, if possible.
(Suggested length is 1 paragraph. Write 3 – 5 sentences.)
Move 1: Establishing a Territory (Show the importance of the research area and introduce the
topic broadly.)
(Write 1 – 2 sentences claiming the topic’s importance.)
Step 1: Claiming centrality (State that the topic is significant, timely, or widely studied.)
“Online learning has become a crucial mode of instruction in higher education, especially
during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
(Write 1 – 2 sentences providing general statements.)
Step 2: Making topic generalizations (Offer general statements or commonly accepted
knowledge about the topic.)
“Students’ engagement and learning outcomes in virtual environments vary widely
depending on multiple factors.”
(Write 1 – 2 sentences reviewing past studies.)
Step 3: Reviewing items of previous research (Summarize past studies or key findings related
to the topic.)
“Several studies have examined student satisfaction with online learning platforms during the
pandemic (Ali, 2020; Bao, 2020).”
(Suggested length is 1 paragraph. Write 2 – 4 sentences.)
Move 2: Establishing a Niche (Justify the need for the current study by showing a gap, limitation,
or issue in prior research.)
(Write 1 sentence countering or identifying a gap.)
Step 1A: Counter-claiming (Disagree with a common belief or previous findings.)
“Although many researchers report positive outcomes of online education, some argue that
it widens the gap in educational equity.”
(Write 1 sentence countering or identifying a gap.)
Step 1B: Indicating a gap (Point out something missing, unexplored, or under-researched.)
“However, few studies have focused on how socioeconomic status affects student
participation in online learning during lockdowns.” (Indicate the gap you found.)
(Write 1–2 sentences clarifying the problem.)
Step 1C: Question-raising (Identify something unclear.)
“This raises the question of how digital access disparities influence academic performance in
remote learning settings.”
(Write 1 sentence leading to the current research.)
Step 1D: Continuing a tradition (Build on existing research rather than pointing out a gap.)
“Building on previous investigations into online learning efficacy, this study explores the
experiences of students from marginalized communities.”
(Suggested length is 1 paragraph. Write 2 – 3 sentences.)
Move 3: Occupying the Niche (Present the purpose of the current study and explain what the
paper will do.)
(Write 1 sentence stating the purpose.)
Step 1A: Outlining purposes (Clearly state the aim or objective of the current research.)
“The present study aims to investigate the impact of internet accessibility on student
performance in online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
(Write 1–2 sentences describing the method.)
Step 1B: Announcing present research (Describe the design, methods, or scope of the
study.)
“This paper presents a mixed-method study involving surveys and interviews with 300 high
school students.”
(Distance of the last line in the previous paragraph and the next section must be as big as
this.)
Statement of the Problem
Write the general problem in a declarative sentence. The specific problem (research questions)
is in the second paragraph. Use Hindu-Arabic numbers for each question, and letters for each
indicator, not 1.1. Do not indent all the words in each question if it is long and occupies two lines.
The second line of the question must be aligned with the left margin.
Hypothesis
Do not write a hypothesis for descriptive and exploratory research. Use Hindu-Arabic
numbers if needed for two hypotheses.
Assumptions
Write “This study has the following assumptions:” Use Hindu-Arabic numbers, if needed.
Scope and Delimitation
Write one paragraph for each section.
Significance of the Study
Make each beneficiary appear in bold letters, followed by a period. Indent them. Write a
paragraph for each group of beneficiaries.
Definition of Terms
In this section, write the conceptual and operational definitions of each term used in this study
and alphabetize them.
Notes
Notes appeared here must not be arranged alphabetically. They must be in order of their
appearance on the paper.
Dilkes-Frayne, E., Savic, M., Carter, A., Kakanovic, R & Lubman, D. I. (2019). Going
online: The affordances of online counselling for families affected by alcohol and other drug issues.
Qualitative Health Research, 29(14), 2010–2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319838231
McCrickard, M., Raymond, A., Raymond, F., & Song, H. (2018). The APLIA math assessment
scores and introductory economics courses: An analysis. Journal of Business and Educational
Leadership, 8(1), 4–18.
Dayton, K. J. (2019). Tangled arms: Modernizing and unifying the arm-of-the-state doctrine.
The University of Chicago Law Review, 86(6), 1497–1737.
https://lawreview.uchicago.edu/node/6296
