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The document discusses algebraic structures, particularly focusing on groups, their properties, and examples of group operations. It covers concepts such as closure, associativity, identity elements, and inverses, along with specific examples of groups and subgroup properties. The text also touches on the classification of groups, including abelian and non-abelian groups, and provides various mathematical notations and operations related to these concepts.
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_Mgebraic Gpuclnes
O
Arfiitn , reups, Subgroups, ancl wider, CN-) > *
| Ae teed foPraude rukcsn olpebiais none
3 Cam > Sh ef all inliger
close rye ,
be. se (54) = (sata = ar WE), Not a duntpreup, ut CLasuse prpety tobifed.
(S-3- 225-2)
O#FY
ee "In Gb ane wb a 4 wel.
fo"| Drain Aueipouyp eee
|. Conus property Mase efies
2 “Q Vous a
e Nesnna hve property Aakefies:
(64a!) 49% 2(e 2’)
a 2 9%!
Moupiol », A oe are ug calleol monelel i
thre trite 0m GES , such Mol
(ate)= Ceta) =a +t aeS elomunt e 4
called Sdentity eluent of © with Aspoet 0%)
for cromblt so shauld de aslolee! tH rambes Ae thal
pocomes Cor come out Gre) 0 = as
4 (Zt) 3 abt fr , €=4
en arpa igen [are =a]
151402 '5 e=A
SNR SRE aoc
ce
(Rit uaa a ee4
> Cows babies
@) 2 pan] ni tu integer wlth supot of Mubtiplitatio + ues}
> gt | ouithe tileges
& this sa mwoneld
7 Net follow for Natural Aumber
Gamupe monoid (5%) itth Laudity slemtnt wi
tolled a if te eat element In ES , Hore exit
son doment b ES, suchdtrot
(oes) = Cora) = 2
then b's called inverse of a, ae ge
at=b and ota
S465) 20,
ee
> Cz,4= Cert. 5 aboci athe y Tare exits anal
element
CMeneiel):
ee
mosse exit thon, Mus & gue
> (Rj) = ee | Te is aldo a group
ne gind OxL=
Co)
> CR) 9 [except 2210] ub tiagorup
20M, do C sth =4)
[ ss gut Kei mot a Nell ww- Abctian Croup to A group CG) +a babl ty he cbebion, Ye
Commulatin Croup Cogh) = (bea), ab & EO:
3(Z,4) 4 JorF= YH0 2 Same
(Clore = 7€t0)
-3 =~
So thi i ablian peep:
7 CREJ jg oxy
=
> Lis 4h ablitn
DCN) ahi treba fo nat om obelion (port
SxL2) |
&
Nota Klaturel Number.
Sreler )
5s le: oblate A grab ( fre ot. infinite
A Lalled Te < Ader - é
|G] > Orde. of grep &
7 Z| 9 infinity .
Onder UC10) = £1,3,3,43 9 rd
¢ j [UCto)/=4-
Ww On o.
es. of am elemint> of Crest )
Greer of am elemout Ca) 4 Lhe smallest pposthive. lnLipe,
mek dat a dilly claws no 4 JE]
Orden of b
bl=b
b= bFb =c
b3= Beh Cab-d
ble bixha ARL oa
624
ola)=4 elre
eee=e
Oot f°
i ce OX C> ols ©
: 23
|
ple dD
2 eke BCA) & 4 ats for Met
pis DADS CHD=B ae !
_ occas
pis DixD= BED= A 00D) £4 gi yasmedy [bm BP =D] tc)
= 3
=e
No othr elument will have value L (Polembity eter) .
“Id ll ved
ab bt ee
= beh
2 SOA eee
ah
261
Baits p- aie
Cutler ltt) 7
qr=e
ord(q)=n ay
oo Ueae a. Ose
pagiie 6c, ? eg.23 ARPES o(3)= [3l=2
~ Z
a 3 iS mee 4, 2428, BX4=2,
uxy=6, 4x5=0 Ofuje [4]-5
Lt 4 ew od aes,
jolene eat a ig
| lal=”
|
| Calg cea
> Group Mublipbication Tables C Cayley Tabla)
Arthits. Cayley C182)- 1890)
Simple Example
Grup: x, £4,-1, £,¢},
sh EE 5 ertnan
t-fa-2 es ee te clone
4 dn Goofs, all elumunc hove. inves:
Free of i ii wi as prduct 4 4
5 5 : te
> Table iS Symmmiluc abet cliagorot i y ve fp group leg
the di . wilt gk Ue Same hte
this is beeawt grou 4 gbelian ; axb=bx4
7 Non = abelian grecips ast nol Agi abet Aizgovol
F No oluplitale element iu Hone A-cotiors
& cy) t
ripe
(alq>
# \ 9 Assume Ann's we a Mow with duplicate elements :.
Gee = ak
a's (ax) = ale (arg)
Callea yan = Carlee) eg
Re = |
Bitte nua Abas De
we
‘ Contra bition thane
2 © Buk autimpbione oat wrong co Rows cannot
cluplicote 2lrmont-
Wh cn aphly the ta Aessoning » to roe, HAP cont Coe’
Panera Veale elise
4] xe = gaa
cxaaynat = Cyrayaee
xm (Lat) = yaar)
xeL= get
Coc lttiak
Copley Teles le bese te fi 8 oN et
Dompegosns BER Angle gertfmts
gale ge qd Craik Group)
erola—
IG 1-0 f & a 2,
® Group 4 g Ordles. 2 sea Cigle pepe
ilase eae tai
und aslotition t oO
gl Tok Caf
As £42,999 (te,
Slip ae Se
22a Sy 1S
$36 Ve
yl & Bm 1b
dt take one to
Cys 2-4,4,0 i} Aha Sot Cy ts well)
re ee i fer
multiplication eles Oz i
a
AL
Ha
Ay
Now will check pice Aadtems a p
1 Close Prpecty d v
te Au etumenti halangs te tee cen it
2: Mo, clement nil be acpeate “2, thy Howls,
qual coleurms-
La Asseciatne fo) dat bke three Hemet:
-1,4,i € Cy
—la (tei) = Casal
cig’ = -4ee
ae-8 Lholds ie associathe. frpety
37 Ide i :
1 > Frvense frroperty: Grete al PhatilG elemntut
—-i#e-ist This suprerels, element
pe red hs sienere element He
Leto th fame
(€=79) (4G) Sharp:
No - 6] Sub:
Tatled Subs ;
TE Group is Trivial Han peastole ro- Gt Seiproept will be :
Ga [$e3x3 4 Only nb Saabgpenp exit fos Hivid grep
) &4) Be: (2,434 a
2) Co,t)
22
3) (32,4) (0,53, 0; 90.928) 18 promt 9 [3x= “3%
y) (sz)
S) (324) CK2+)
6) Coe)
D (42,x)
65 Example © £0,233, 7)
CW (§o11238, te
Det ty (s) aes
2) C{0,1,23,+4) (6) (f023, 40)»
) (103+) (H, | ae (Gx)
O(G)+o00H) oO
ee G. htoa be
Ang elma of G Se ee ee
called eae H sta C -penstaleal
oe fah:heH} 4 abled
Ape cost of H, ik! 4
Nybe- >
ae Ha sG , aHsG, Both the eonts ore he
Aubsetf Or.
= a b
2 Ldundity element” 266, He =H oft aut
That miant He ibslf Ga bye Aight cont
= airs tage ger peeoue
it Aetols commactatie ea
WD for helolitie,
H+a= Set hen3
atH= Fath! AEMF.
Groltx 4 dub-
ae
AE Gh
Qa
wn ae
Cost of H, the number clistincl cowt will be
Example ae ne gg tgs
= 2 -3,-2,4,0,1,23-—3
dot he biath adpeh gh GRRE DA Leplyag
cath elms 8
He £ -4-6-31036,4--9.
AStnot the Eth ebeliur , thr afke
Gil Me ayla y a8 ft cout seo toligty eS:
Ne how. O84 aol () 3
H= Hto =} -9,-6 -3,0,3, 64-5
Again LEG
He HPT) } =8,-5,-2, 1, 4,7, lo---f.
Thon EG
He Ht] -2, -4-1,2,5, 8 TS:
We dee Theat thy espa cout Mano Wk cua ell
dittmt aud moteows Chow Tak 012 disor, £€ no
Lemmon element
Now SER and
a6 ,—3; g,)2--9 =H
Now eg fz 0, 3,4,% 12 --f
* Jo5,-2,), 4,3, 10, 13---J = Atl
Now 564
H= Hts = Z-4, Ay ase 8s
Thu, thers exits thee
ie it H, H+t amd H+2-
Ces G= HUCHFID UCHF2)
Thole will be
phe fam
kat H beam subpooubd C. quol A, bEG ; Hen:
Ht2z-
iyaint sft Coil
§) aH=H Ye aeH
=bH ot aHN bH=%
Ee bH Up a'beH: OD Fh Reig ee NR te @)
FE GC 2y,t), Hs Load
Zy= $0/1,2,33
“Htbs Fos, 2432 F1-3P
H+3= for3, 24332 $3113
H+0= $070, 0452 $o,23
H+22 92,03 = $423
“Tino clidtinets ets are F1,3} , $0,23., both ame
dinsit AUT 04 no elomt £1 Column
$1,33 U $023 = So, 12,33
Thesum: - uo cots howe element’ 2 cobain Canmon
Aun 1 Hy sth will bt the 2naet Same costs ©
aeHb (thin Ha= Hb
5 QEHb
a= 446 3 alas Ayla ab
Toke xe Ha, t= hae totib =Br hb € He
“Hal H
Toke eH oe
GENO» Yoksb= hy Aine Ha HEeHa
a “, Ha=Hb. :
a Camel subgroup H, H+0 #s the cont with 0-
fry Aker Cont with O min cau H+0 “o
Thu HO adhe oul cou inh, whith (4 alle a tubgmup a Moral Scbgroup a)
Y He ca tub group of a group the jaird te he. netmal
Y thee si an obrlion group, sonel tl aub Hho Hotel
“Uns prpetyp itauw de concludes! Trot fe anabetion tr
tin Um nedrnel
4 ie subgeup Aelols Pais property hen +€
eet: He H a "
tly cn 4 * eats Ales:
ane ya
Hg l= He
gagia —o)
we AEH, GED
d Ay
SCF , dugout He Oe ak
sit Mart
t\ 4] de cht
=il-1) 4-0 +6
‘a\é at-L 4
oh | 42 <2
|
|
Main :
| ig ne take at, het tent
” a 2 Ne
d Ags Ltyarts b's lg GH:
Anmiles. by oboe. pron re ak HG Me nornol Aubgroup ubgrosp H 4 ts neamoll ff
vier Toe AEH "ee: we
Pred debt a rd a
ss
dot hEH ,
y we Lonuitler. Dhol H id Bed dpa
Now Hg= gH
Pere GS,
40 Agegh
1 for dome hy €
Mow take go! multiply an ners
rites gam
Titys ha EH
That Todi q'hg éH, ges, EH
Comex « Kot H be puch Het
ginger HEH GEG:
Consol. ae , for any AEH
aha EH
Treayere —-reultipl a
a
alhaێ an.
eth AAG
Aa €4H
% Hata."
-)
kA pea lab eH
cxilnal ed ana
Alow iin rouslltg ae
“ye mt Sh
ahaa € Ha
ahéHa
aHeHa- ©
from e4f1) £9) Ta Hear] pay wip H of rekon
ler. “ : . &
_ Even Aubgrosp 4 an tbelion grup marmot
feoef dat 6 bean ablien group and H Aubgrocp ef
Now 2€G, AEH.
Xe! y= hoe!
oho = he
xh! = A
Xbb, KEHS xh! EH thn H mreimal subgroup
qo
Them: The frlncelan q cong Taro normal Aubgronp of =
get 4 a norref subgroup:
fhegia dt H anol K be Tro nreemal subgroup of a yoru 4.
Aince H anol K are subgroups ; theufire HONK is also a
Aubyorep fa: Tin t show HAK £6 anormal subgrP 7 -
Ket KEG, avd NEHAK 9 NEH, nek.
Now x €4, nEH, H is nosmol subgroup of G-
nx TtEH »
gain EG, nek, K bs netmal Subgroup of G-
gnxleK. +
xn eH, xnxlek > gone! CHAK.
‘Thus EG, n@HAK= unx!e HK.
Hen Hak ts noimap Aubgroip qa:
fmatitn gal famine
Ast P be a finile dub oe in dbtinek elements» Then 0
ore- ore only mappivg from Pp po ital is called a pumulelien
g epee n- for example P= P1,2,3}. Mapper
f: PP 2 pe
ation
@),ft = [i 2 2 A r
1 3.9 ;
We Can hove mort Han one pecradiatiin « ‘
Teta noch Pamudation:- A Pde a Ath comittiing, of
TR Ea
rel
Aistinet stementi » Thun Lhe etemen ls ff f con & permet
in Ly of (n). atistinet
Beomples- P= 4 4,2,3)
furmubetion lp = B=S
Mel BB) tr Conedaace C2)
"C3? Gon) ape
the att pecmulstions of
a rotary at a prep under the spesslan
ip tek malin
fron 3
ote pf: FATA Ih an feemulabion }
pe fection Compesihion: Oy
pesrnuila tion ona ait ¥- Tron f=g-
i el ‘
¢ Oph fox al) EX:
for example’:
Ge m2 2 BY onal f and g be given by
POST MUG MEY
Hee fe Ci)= 2g = goo
t@)=3.= 3@
324 = 4)
FOE c) 2 3 By
Thus fed= Fea foe al} ~EX , which impli
fg"
Pemulation
Mie sim 5 et . iy
2 clemut of & peamulation be Adploe ue
oe ey ae Lt poeta ee dae
ogee 0 co a om doluntey Petanubation
doe fterex for ol CA) REM
g ie
6
d oy y
i b bu bz. --4n
cq G3, 8 2. SG)
Parle: Gy hs al
“I & ran Cp
ex Fined He product: of sso permulilin ancl Aor teh
te fs met Commutatsre
f= t 224 ge (ls 34
"g fs ! vas B21Y
aoa. Ff
the Ces Ce eis
Fverse Pimubrtion ty Ante 2 pecrmalition ud one-one orks
“A wi ible £, Per malation va
rnof and Aence Lt £4 inverstble ar
er oat fo fay 4, -- an). s
\ faa 0 unl. Awe, coltmetea! ty ( Thus.
Uy f= 1 42 An
¢ te : be ae)
ae br bn ~~bn
dy ( Me vad
ay Pe ee petmilation
tamy(iv dure)
Fe Coad ea)
sie lemaialion 2 A peemietion vith Auploces
objeeti Ges called a colic pombe oe
ket us Lonatder. the pesmubation
2 | B ele. th cake wtkiol
p= (Ua She Sele feat peprer
by ae agele CE SH? Ge
Cho syne Rey aSECHE a aaa)
ee, ek all ;
2
4 by oy ee oe ee a
a 4 See
Cr 2) 63) 4.6) y CD \
d= | ‘
. S A= 3
ase, Ani to 00 olipatr Hf .
Digjodnt yells. Two eyele
dhe hare. no Atymbolt an Comoe
elementos
4 Transposition: y auycle Lows f a
Lacgln 2H Called 24 dreamt potion
4
> Muttipliction af Cycles Oycles- we, ae gels uy maltplyig
Lh, a ald CE 64 1)
Haprusect permalation oy daree 6 en At Apporbets-
Clas us 6) , thn:
Ch28.3) C0 64a
| Even avd od, f Permasda tor
A pesmabilion “etl a be ayn even, perro yf 2 cam
bo expaemnel A procul bela renben' a tramsparitiors
oes Sha pe (D
cycle 4 hevgUn two % cabled a Franspest Tom
C2 334 Tra rupo sion
den
C2 3 4) > byele Laws 4
¥ clecompase. No gf trampsitinn = |
C2 3) C2 here n= 3,
No of parsporttoow = a
Bye se
eS, .)
Erumple'- 42 (1 oe
Cycle representa lion
202jb4) (3 6)
2 Nos ol Sanupon hin = 3. all pence t is otel
Ramubotzon
Eromfle Examine. whoo Us wie pesmi Ho a en
or del a o
@ on ay ome eT a
det: Bb. Gas Oe 1a Ee a
FE" Le us denote the tien pamelaten yf exprediog F
w a proluet ¢ Ajeet ack:
[res ents WC ce © :
lees pedagaes
Peon sliliod
ce oF
Now exposing Hee gale asa pele
Cire eG) trams pontiins We Cam wal &
Cl2.¢ 0 9 Cra) C6) C39) CF 4%
fz odd nog tyele an erpocned by product a Transport
hen utyen ie 5) vohith is octet
[$0 this K cw oolal promt toow oe
He otdan. of nas Aabgoosp of fist oor Badin
fee ee
the grap puambus. ofeluntinl tin ocrsors
ao BE a took ra orales, of 0 perf
O 4 dlenited dy 0(4).
qa)=n nim, m & adiitoer fn:
) o(M)=™ ym J
if Ab G be agemp 4 0 finite order m
£e OCGj=n
dt A be a subgroup of ada
Le ddbj=m
Suppo. Ai, te... bm aun the m munbss qr
Lb abG, Then Ha te a tught cont H is G ond
we hav - ie a
Hac £ 44a, tra,-—-~ 4may
Ha tas m aistinet es
Since Afa= Aya Cancellation,
: at
oe aw
hie 4 Camcetlesl out
eee reach Higut eee en Aaa m Alitinot
Tuan Clistinet Lu courts AH tn G are olisyoint,
ye metereon f
& ee ae olittinet si
gus POEL rite Bay taal to ie
finite orl m “The tunrion of thee kK léetinct wit could oH H &
Go th equal HG- ;
G = Hay UHaU ---- U Hak.
Toa v9.0 Clumenll th = The noe Leomtnle tn Har +
: Has +
1 Hak.
=» O(G)= km
2 n=kKm
2 Ke n/n
m th a cliviter Nn
OCH) «i dfviter of 0fG) =
_Homamesprism=
fi G7 41
ee AE Cl DG, %) Be resp TH mop
Ay Lalled a homomoiphiin fo" C6,0) CG %D,
for all a,b €4
Ptaxb) = fla) PC)
Ge Ket Gah br dhe grep ¢ arrol numbus , wre aslolition.
Bos Ho arp | postive 02 neal nubs for
grup ation - ,
The meapbeng fi & ob, giem ty 4 (a=
“poh Aomomorpriom
Plath) = glare
= 22
2 fla). fle) a
This means Dal Abe given mop pry “
4 homemes pm!
dipole ge te
i homo ae Te se wes fs pete [one-to-one]
1) meer me ay ee Fonts]
C) Eptmorphiim:- GY WM mop 4 tr
é tc Rijeabve C one-one ortes]
6) Lsomeyphtn:- y the map f & NS ;
(4) Enslomephtins- 7 G2 Gb, mont both aprons ane apiialiel-
(5) Putomerplfin’- Uf r= Gy anol Un map 4 eijatie
Kerne! af homomesphiion 4 4 0 group & iH 0 fret Oe
re kernal of Lomomenphiom, Gs us ak qf all element? a a
sed ots the identity teria of Sy yf Bal a5 , the
Kernel gti wiitlen 04 Kf cb clefinec Lo the Att
Kats £464: Ho)=es, es 5m lect gag
Bomorenes prion: /, Propo Homamesphiin
“Thesu 4: 44 GG! Ba grep hamomorphiam Lhun
4) @ fo = e! Whe cand ¢! vous papa ly
») @ fory= (fay! eee Hah gee
bay
e Gore) ze’
ren
Auppor ef: Ga! on es
Kak © ane be the tty, ent of onal
ket ab
ae=sa Ci elemovt)
£(a-e) =-fla) Ce
Hay fley= fla) [Now ve tame fo Me 4! ower)
(4@EG', % cea!
tp-ta= fe’ “[#la)ve!= oFal)
Lejt CaneeLtatiion Lous ef gro]
b) fia Gu. fe Garak
re y) aks, aleg
A ; tla € 6!
2 aa) aca, +0) eG!
bay) eg!
(tea). $e") ; _ 5
Dror 2 ‘
: bs eja unl ye
Sivtmasee of 0.
~
ais tans b-
At Sef pore
ala, Poy eG
1d treme elumunt of owt -
fay! A
Fe Fees magi] “ftaoylae'| Limere cep.
ae Ty e@ 4)
fa flo )= 40-4) [4 Sat)
ta) 4a = f (e) a50€G
4G) PCa!) e i
We Can 4
thet 40) 4 Hee rbesee of fla) ok ACO the
ae ta 4
; Mow fam ey (1) we can bag Hoot [F0)) th Moe Fraanee gh
| %
| (a)- Hut means :
| ‘ (a) hos do inoue ore iz fled qual oth
cI
| cee) clement fe Auta Bel meant beth He
7 Bed tnvease Of he
Neate me pad $0 ne con’ cvlusl
ope “a @w
ii) Mab eb flail gf 6 than fl 1 ha tig of det the
Adis of BEG be finite cml tt bt equaldyn :
| be Oa)=n. Tru:
ase
flay= 4@)
Fla.a. a--. nt'm)=fO
40)-404) fen. nbrwe= Fler
ye’
- Offayjén ty)
Tf pomible OL fay} m thew
fla)-fea)- fay —m tie = o
fla.a- -—m tire) - #0
fem) = 40
athe.
o(a)em- -Q)
feo e912) en eo bs
te bpd tyitn Ch t.-) eal « Afog of
CD QD uy an obldn
dR) oy . Be
Sr CAbY:C a Olb C) A 4
BO Te rns ie eas operation +
abi = Gs) tCac) ¥ abceR
A King Lis calle 0. Commilabe sivg if aba ba v arb ER
a kb ay
A eh eds with danidy” of for each xe KS
1ER” buch thot exe l
Tre etement ‘I’ i cotled mnutbipliatine dolmtity off.
Linite. camel bnpicite Reig
A ting £ wilh forte nam a lemons is Pr a8 BON
ple» atc a us kynin ab Lod forte hy
partie aks plates
Ket & bt a King omd 0f4 ,bER- Than R tr ealled ong
with 2ao olisuy uf a-b=0 Ce-
4 produat” of Ton mugen edemaule Un a bing R is Zea,
Shin Ris walled nitth Zero olirists. Ae me sey thet Te
climint 0 i yero clinton gf bor bts a yore lider ofa,
Lxompe R= $0,423, 4, £3. Ry te ‘<)
Ket 233 - 6 mallee O ‘
0#2,3 eR
: Kawt=O , hing with 2er0 olivier vg, whllrovt Gere Aivisess:
X Oe aie
() \
A eee Lu called sO4 pithout pero olidzess
Aab- OD 420 % beo afa, beh
TFrleg-rr) Dewrain
—l A ss :
Bi eae element AER ip elle 0 zene Olt if thore
LUD Oo non-zero ebemort bE Auth Unot ab=0:
Ae omnia, Shed Ri vealed an todtgal clomein fe for oney
' OF a,b Eh, abbses aloe Blan They aa
Ring Ky palled 2 integra) clamein if has 0 4er2
divi. -
ak abut of R
Kt Ch t+) be ate Dun § be a A yf
fies ¢4 alin asollgg 4S HOM 4
uncles. Une poialian of f-
Fie wou
> Late £ bt awhernin ~ een ace!
tinatyy eperstisos om £, in Aha dyin E19 Os
oa pl 40 fallen salon ost saicficel -
Oo) f+) 4 an abelian group
(2) (Chauhan _obulle grood,
1. PxeF [Xx #03
(©) The me Pu Ea back Ii
“EY ger. that is gt
a-Co+0) ee Ca-€), AA be 2 Pree GB)
I RE a natimap numb.
21 At of peal mundus k
8+ Ab Lompleys numbers C-
(Gua: Show Dhar cthe wt of Aadionol rumbos. O ts fil:
ro) (+) Abortion que
Ch) COT +) abelian peep
”
Haig tin gf
4 Ales, Be Aub of Adtional mumbus 0 emt
ChueK third ;
chat. the AL gf Aceh cmb, te tn belo.
efor snake Ane
ecw
Bek a.Cte de Carb) lad), Habe Eb
ht ast, ol! as
LMS 9g A-Cbt+od Ras) Cab )t(a-C)
Se eae 2a WED
* (4) (4 3-H
LHS = RHS
art = Cab)+ Cad)
Hunte saat ug peclional mumbers Dts 0 fiild: O- Prove thot ae Rite Commutetrie if:
Cathy > a24 rab 4 b> ¥ a bER.
Selutiin: LotR Be Lommutiive Alay
(444f= Cats) Cote)
2 4(a46) +b lath) LebsribubieS
2 arsabtbarb™ CL by isthe)
Dart-abiabrb= [baz ab]
. 2 ar+2ab +h:
I VOA |
“4 ht Cath)
(At by = a4 20h 45>
A+ abtrbath = 4>42ab+b>
abrba= ab Cy Camel tection Lar)
bas ab. 4b ER
2 fe commetadive Aig.
artrabtb™, then chow Ri
Commvalacte.
04 To: tow CIE +]
Cl)as-ava ER A ayia
Q=-12 GN EN > -E02L
