A

Project Report
On
A Comparative Case Study on Core and Winding Material Selection in
Distribution Transformers

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the
Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In

Electrical Engineering

Under the Guidance of

Er. Shailendra Gautam

Head of Department

Prof. D. C. Dhubkariya

By

Daksh Arora(2200430200023)
Vikram Singh(2200430200061)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology

(An Autonomous Institute)

Jhansi (U.P.) India-284128

Session 2024-25
 CERTIFICATE

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)

Jhansi (U.P.) India-284128

This is to certify that this project titled EARTH LEAKAGE RELAY using MATLAB, has been
submitted by Daksh Arora(2200430200023) Vikram Singh (2200430200061) of
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING branch under Project Based Learning , for SEMESTER 6, for
the Academic year 2024-25.

Coordinator: Head of Department:

Er. Shailendra Gautam Dr. Deepak Nagaria

Deptt. Of Electrical Engg. Deptt. Of Electrical Engg

 DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in B. Tech Project
Report entitled A Comparative Case Study on Core and Winding Material
Selection in Distribution Transformers, as the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering of
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi (UP), is an
authentic record of our own work under the supervision of Er.
Shailendra Gautam, in the Electrical Engineering Department.
The matter presented in this project report in full or part, has not been
submitted by us for the award of any degree elsewhere and is free from
plagiarism.

Daksh Arora(2200430200023)
Vikram Singh(2200430200061)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible
without the participation and assistance of so many people whose
names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely
appreciated and gracefully acknowledged.

We are sincerely grateful to Er. Shailendra Gautam, Faculty,

Electrical Engineering and Prof. D.C. Dhubkariya, Head of
Department of Electrical Engineering, who provided us the platform to
work on our project. He supported us throughout our project journey
and enlightened us. He supervised as well as provided all the necessary
information regarding the project and also supported us in completing
this project. His constant guidance and willingness to share his vast
knowledge made us understand this project. We would like to show our
gratitude towards all the Electrical Engineering Faculty members who
always willingly helped us.

We would like to express my gratitude to our parents and family for

their kind cooperation and encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project.

Daksh Arora(2200430200023)
Vikram Singh(2200430200061)
 ABSTRACT

One of the most complex disciplines in electrical engineering is power system protection which
requires not only the proper understanding of the different components of a power system and their
behaviors but also a good knowledge and analysis of the abnormal circumstances and failures that
can occur in any element of a power system. Moreover, the rapid changing and development in
relays principles as well as in their technologies are additional factors that oblige those people
working in the field to expand and update continuously their knowledge. In this paper, we shed light
in the evolution of protective relays since the onset of electrical energy to currently. We try also to
foresee the future prospects and trends in this area.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction ............................................................................................................... 01-02

Transformer Components and Materials

Considerations… ........................................................................................................ 03-05

Effect of Material Selection on Design Assumptions… ................................. 05-08

Comparative Design Scenarios… ....................................................................... 08-10

Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 11

References… ................................................................................................................ 12
 1. INTRODUCTION

An introduction to three-phase asynchronous machines, also known as induction motors, provides a

fundamental understanding of these widely used electrical devices.

Three-phase asynchronous machines are electric motors that operate on a three-phase alternating
current (AC) power supply. They are known for their simplicity, reliability, and efficiency, making
them indispensable in various industrial, commercial, and residential applications.

The operation of an induction motor relies on electromagnetic induction, where a rotating magnetic
field is created by the stator windings when energized by three-phase AC power. This rotating
magnetic field induces currents in the rotor windings, which in turn generates a torque, causing the
rotor to rotate.

One of the distinguishing features of induction motors is their ability to be self-starting. When power
is applied, the rotating magnetic field induces currents in the rotor, creating the torque necessary to
overcome inertia and start the motor without the need for external starting devices.

Induction motors come in various designs and configurations to suit different applications, ranging
from small household appliances to large industrial machinery. They offer advantages such as
simplicity, robustness, high reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

Overall, three-phase asynchronous machines play a vital role in powering a wide range of devices
and systems, contributing to the efficiency and productivity of countless industries worldwide.
 2. Types of Asynchronous Machine

There are several types of three-phase asynchronous machines (induction motors), each designed for
specific applications and operating conditions. Here are some common types:

1. Squirrel Cage Induction Motor:

 This is the most common type of induction motor used in various industrial and
commercial applications.
 The rotor consists of conductive bars (usually made of aluminum or copper) placed in
slots parallel to the motor shaft, short-circuited by end rings.
 It is robust, low maintenance, and suitable for constant-speed applications.

2. Wound Rotor Induction Motor:

 In this type, the rotor windings are made of insulated wire and are wound around the
rotor poles.
 The ends of these windings are brought out through slip rings to external resistors or
other control devices, allowing for adjustable speed-torque characteristics.
 It offers better control over starting characteristics and speed regulation compared to
squirrel cage motors.

3. Single Phase Induction Motor:

 While not strictly a three-phase motor, single-phase induction motors are widely used for
smaller applications and in situations where only a single-phase power supply is
available.
 They are commonly found in household appliances like fans, pumps, and washing
machines.
 They operate on the same principles as three-phase motors but with modifications to
accommodate single-phase power.

4. Double Cage Induction Motor:

 This type of motor has two sets of rotor conductors: an outer high-resistance cage and an
inner low-resistance cage.
 It offers improved starting torque and efficiency compared to standard squirrel cage
motors, making it suitable for applications requiring high starting torque.
 3. COMPONENTS

Various components are used in three-phase asynchronous machines (induction motors) to facilitate
their operation and ensure efficiency. Here are the key components:

1. Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor and typically consists of laminated steel cores
with slots for accommodating stator windings. The stator windings are usually made of copper or
aluminum conductors and are arranged in a specific pattern to generate a rotating magnetic field
when energized by a three-phase AC power supply.

2. Squirrel Cage Rotor: The rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor consists of a cylindrical core
made of stacked laminations. Conductive bars (usually made of aluminum or copper) are placed in
slots parallel to the motor shaft and short-circuited at both ends by end rings, forming a closed loop.
This configuration resembles a squirrel cage and is why it's called a squirrel cage rotor.

3. Wound Rotor: The rotor of a wound rotor induction motor consists of windings made of insulated
wire wound around the rotor poles. The ends of these windings are brought out through slip rings to
external resistors or other control devices, allowing for adjustable speed-torque characteristics.

3.Bearings: Bearings are used to support the rotor shaft within the motor housing and allow it to
rotate smoothly. Common types of bearings used in induction motors include ball bearings and roller
bearings.

5.End Rings: In squirrel cage rotors, the conductive bars are short-circuited at both ends by end
rings, ensuring the closed-loop configuration necessary for the induction motor's operation.

6.Slip Rings and Brushes: In wound rotor induction motors, slip rings are mounted on the rotor shaft
to provide electrical connections to the rotor windings. Carbon brushes press against the slip rings to
establish electrical contact, allowing external resistance to be connected to the rotor circuit.

These are the primary components used in three-phase asynchronous machines, each playing a
crucial role in the motor's operation and performance.
4. SIMULATION AND GRAPH

Fig 1

3 Phase Asynchronous Machine using MATLAB

5.1 MATLAB Simulation & RESULT
Now using Simulink the 3 Phase Asynchronous Machine is implemented as shown in figure 2.

Fig 3

Resultant Graph
 5. WORKING PRINCIPLE
A three-phase asynchronous machine, commonly known as an induction motor, operates on the
principle of electromagnetic induction. Here's a simplified explanation of its working principle:

1. Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor and consists of three sets of windings (coils)
placed 120 degrees apart from each other. These windings are typically connected to a three-phase
AC power supply. When three-phase AC voltage is applied to these windings, a rotating magnetic
field is generated in the stator.

2. Rotating Magnetic Field: The three-phase AC currents in the stator windings create a rotating
magnetic field. The rotation direction of this magnetic field depends on the sequence of the phases
of the AC power supply. This rotating magnetic field induces currents in the rotor.

3. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor. It usually consists of either conducting bars
(squirrel cage rotor) or windings (wound rotor). When the rotating magnetic field from the stator
cuts across the rotor conductors, it induces an electromotive force (EMF) in them.

4. Induction: According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the EMF induced in the rotor
conductors causes currents to flow in the rotor circuits. These currents create their own magnetic
field. The interaction between the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator and the magnetic
field produced by the rotor currents generates a torque, causing the rotor to turn.

5. Slip: In an ideal scenario, the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator would be
synchronous with the rotor speed. However, due to the presence of slip, the rotor always turns at a
speed slightly lower than the synchronous speed of the magnetic field. This slip is necessary for the
induction motor to produce torque. The amount of slip depends on the mechanical load on the
motor.

6. Torque Production: The torque produced by the motor is proportional to the product of the
magnetic flux, the rotor current, and the sine of the angle between them. This torque allows the
motor to overcome the mechanical load and drive the connected machinery.

In summary, a three-phase asynchronous machine operates by creating a rotating magnetic field in

the stator, which induces currents in the rotor, generating a torque that drives the rotor and
connected machinery.
 7. CONCLUSION

Three-phase asynchronous machines are widely used in various industrial applications due to their
robustness, reliability, and simple construction. They are particularly well-suited for high-power
applications where constant speed operation is required.

In summary, three-phase asynchronous machines play a vital role in powering a wide range of
industrial equipment, from pumps and fans to conveyor belts and compressors, making them
indispensable in modern engineering and manufacturing processes.
 8. REFERENCES

[1].3 phase asynchronous machine: Principles and Applications, Fourth Edition by J. Lewis
Blackburn (Author), Thomas J. Domin (Author)
[2].Electrical machine by Dr.P S Bimbhra by Khanna publishers New Edition
[3].Asynchronous machine engineering, by Nagrath & Gopal, published by New Age
Internationalpublishers Fifth Edition