HEMINGFORD ACADEMY OF MALASIQUI, INC.

Malasiqui, Pangasinan

SCIENCE 5
February 13, 2025
SY 2024-2025

Lesson / Topic: Unit III: The Human Reproductive System Coverage: pp. 90-114
Name of Student: ___

LESSON 1: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The Structure of the Human Reproductive System

The human reproductive system is responsible for producing, nurturing, and facilitating the
union of reproductive cells for reproduction. It is divided into two main systems: the male
reproductive system and the female reproductive system. Each system has specific structures that
perform essential reproductive functions.

The Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is designed to produce, store, and deliver sperm for fertilization.
It consists of external and internal organs that work together to ensure reproductive function.

Main Parts of the Male Reproductive System:

* Testes (Testicles) – The primary reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone, the
male hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristics.

* Scrotum – A sac of skin that holds the testes and regulates their temperature for optimal sperm
production.

* Epididymis – A coiled tube located behind the testes where sperm matures and is stored before
being released.

* Vas Deferens – A duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

* Seminal Vesicles – Glands that produce a fluid rich in nutrients to nourish sperm and help them
move efficiently.

* Prostate Gland – Produces a fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen, which enhances sperm
mobility.

* Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) – Small glands that release a lubricating fluid that
neutralizes acidity in the urethra before ejaculation.

* Penis – The external organ responsible for delivering sperm into the female reproductive system. It
also serves as the passage for urine.

* Urethra – The tube that carries both semen and urine out of the body through the penis.

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The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is responsible for producing eggs (ova), facilitating
fertilization, and supporting pregnancy and childbirth. It consists of both internal and external organs.

Main Parts of the Female Reproductive System:

* Ovaries – The primary reproductive organs that produce eggs and female hormones such as
estrogen and progesterone.

* Fallopian Tubes – Tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization usually occurs here
when sperm meets an egg.

* Uterus (Womb) – A muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus
during pregnancy.

* Endometrium – The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle to prepare
for a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, it sheds during menstruation.

* Cervix – The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It allows the passage of sperm into
the uterus and serves as the birth canal during childbirth.

* Vagina – A muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external body. It serves as the passage
for menstruation, intercourse, and childbirth.

* Vulva – The external part of the female reproductive system, which includes the labia, clitoris, and
vaginal opening.

Egg Cell Structure and Function

In females, the reproductive cell is called an egg cell (ovum). Each egg also contains 23
chromosomes, which combine with the 23 chromosomes from a sperm during fertilization to create a
new life. The egg cell is:

Sperm Cell - is the male reproductive cell responsible for fertilizing the egg. It is small, motile, and has
a streamlined shape designed for movement. The sperm cell consists of:

 Head – contains the nucleus, which holds 23 chromosomes carrying genetic information. It
also has an enzyme called acrosome, which helps penetrate the egg.

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  Midpiece– contains mitochondria, which provide energy for movement.

 Tail (Flagellum) – a long, whip-like structure that propels the sperm forward, allowing it to
swim toward the egg.

Egg Cell (Ovum) - is the female reproductive cell and is larger and round in shape compared to a
sperm cell. It is designed to be fertilized and support early development. The egg cell features:

 Nucleus – contains 23 chromosomes that combine with the sperm's chromosomes during
fertilization.

 Cytoplasm – stores nutrients needed for the early growth of the embryo.

 Zona Pellucida – a protective outer layer that helps regulate sperm entry during fertilization.

A. Check ( ✅) the appropriate column if the reproductive belongs to a female, male or both.
Parts Female Male Both

Fallopian tube

Cervix

Vas deferens

Clitoris

Testis

Penis

Hormones

Epididymis

Uterus

Scrotum

Vagina

Seminal vesicle

Sperm

Ovaries

Vulva

Prostate gland

B. Answer briefly: What is the importance of knowing the differences between the male and female
reproductive systems?

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📒 Quick Quiz
In the space provided, write True if the statement is correct or false if is not.

_________ 1. The reproductive system is responsible for producing children.

_________ 2. The main organ of the male reproductive system is testes.

_________ 3. The ovaries are the organs that produce ova or eggs.

_________ 4. Testosterone is responsible for the development of female sex characteristics.

_________ 5. The baby develops in the uterus.

_________ 6. The sperm cell is the male reproductive cell.

_________ 7. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus.

_________ 8. The penis is an external organ of the male reproductive system.

_________ 9. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

_________ 10. Estrogen and progesterone are the primary female hormones.

The human reproductive system is responsible for producing and combining reproductive cells to
create new life. It is divided into the male reproductive system and the female reproductive system,
each with specialized organs and functions. The male reproductive system includes the testes,
which produce sperm cells and the hormone testosterone. Sperm travels through the epididymis, vas
deferens, and urethra, mixing with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral
glands to form semen. The penis helps deliver sperm into the female reproductive system.

The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, which produce egg cells (ova) and the
hormones estrogen and progesterone. The egg is released during ovulation and travels through the
.
fallopian tube, where fertilization may occur. If fertilized, the egg implants in the uterus, where the
baby develops. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which serves as the birth canal during
childbirth. Both sperm and egg cells contain 23 chromosomes that combine to form a new life. The
reproductive system plays a vital role in human growth, development, and continuation of life.

Lesson 2: Bodily Changes That Occur in Males and Females during Puberty

If you look at the pictures of a young boy and an older teenage boy, or a young
girl and an older teenage girl, you will notice many differences. Their height, voice, body
shape, and even their facial features change as they grow. These changes happen
because of puberty —a natural process where a child's body develops into an adult
body capable of reproduction.

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✅ Quick Check
Share your fellings about entering or going through puberty.

Challenge:

Is growing up easier or harder than you expected it to be? Are you in hurry to grow up?
Explain your answers to your partner or group.

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Puberty is the time when your body starts to change from that of a child to that
of an adult. During puberty, many changes occur in physical traits, personality, and
behavior. You may sometimes feel very conscious about these changes.

Changes That Occur during Puberty in Boys and Girls

There are changes in the body that occur during puberty in boys and girls. They are the
following:

* Growth Spurt - During puberty, you will notice a sudden increase in height, which is
referred to as a "growth spurt." This sudden increase in height usually lasts for two to
three years.

* Bone Growth - The growth of bones and muscles is also observed during puberty.

* Changes in Weight - Changes in weight and composition of the body happen in both
boys and girls. Adolescent girls develop a greater part of body fat than boys.

The growth of fat in girls is toward the upper and lower portions of the body, which
usually results in a curvier appearance. While boys also have an increase in the growth
of body fat, their muscle growth is faster. By the end of puberty, boys have muscle
mass about one and a half times greater than that of girls.

Describing Physical Body Changes in Boys and Girls

Changes in a Boy

When a boy reaches the age of puberty, the testes produce and secrete the hormone
called testosterone, which develops secondary sexual characteristics.

The changes that take place in the body of a boy are as follows:

 His voice becomes deeper due to the growth of the larynx; it usually starts with
his voice cracking. The cracking will stop as he keeps growing, and his voice
will stay at the lower range.

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  Hair starts to grow under his armpits and around his private parts.
 His chest and shoulders become broader; he grows fast in height and his
testes begin to produce more sperm cells.
 Some boys do experience slight breast development, but this is usually
temporary and disappears after a while.
Changes in a Girl

When a girl reaches puberty, changes also develop inside her body. The ovaries
produce and secrete the hormone called estrogen, which develops the female
secondary sexual characteristics.

The changes that take place in the body of a girl are as follows:

 Her breasts begin to develop. This is the time when she may want to start
wearing a bra.
 Hair begins to grow under her armpits and around her private parts.
 The tone of her voice becomes higher and her skin becomes finer.
 She grows fast in height and starts menstruating. Her hips will get wider and
her waist will get smaller. Her body starts to build up fat in her stomach and
legs. This is normal as it gives her body a curvier shape.
The reproductive system is a sensitive part of the body of a boy and a girl. It is as
important as the other systems of the body. Every boy and girl should take good care
of his/her reproductive system to help him/her maintain a healthy body.

Conditions or Concerns Associated with Puberty

Some conditions or concerns associated with puberty include the following:

 Acne - is an inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin
which is most pronounced on the face but may also occur on the neck, back,
chest, and other areas. The development of acne in many adolescent boys and
girls usually happens when they reach puberty. This is because, during puberty,
their skin gets oilier, and they may start to sweat more as their glands grow. It is
important to wash every day to keep the skin clean.

 Scoliosis - is referred to as the abnormal curvature of the spine. Because of rapid

growth during puberty, scoliosis can be worsened or may become apparent.

 Vision changes - nearsightedness (myopia) have a high incidence during puberty

because of growth in the axial diameter of the eye.

Proper Attitude Toward Changes

During puberty, both males and females experience physical changes such as
growth spurts, voice changes, body hair development, and hormonal shifts. These
changes are natural and necessary for maturity, but they can sometimes be confusing
or overwhelming.

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One common challenge during puberty is peer pressure, where friends or classmates
may influence a person’s decisions, including unhealthy habits like smoking. It is
important to develop ways to resist pressure to smoke, such as saying a firm "no",
avoiding situations where smoking happens, and surrounding yourself with supportive
friends. Knowing the risks of smoking, such as lung disease and addiction, can also
strengthen the decision to stay smoke-free.

To make good choices, always seek good advicebfrom trusted adults like parents,
teachers, or guidance counselors. They can provide valuable insights and help navigate
the changes and challenges of adolescence. Staying informed and making responsible
decisions, young individuals can go through puberty with confidence while maintaining
their well-being and future health.

A. Compare and contrast the physical changes that occur in males and females
during puberty, highlighting their similarities and differences.

Physical Changes Similarities Dufferences

B. Answer the following questions:

1. What was one fact that you learned today that surprised you?

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2. What are some healthy ways to cope with the changes experienced during puberty?

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 Lesson 3: The Menstrual Cycle

Menstruation is referred to as a woman's monthly bleeding, also known as the "menstrual

period." About once a month, females who have gone through puberty will experience menstrual
bleeding. When you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the woman's uterus. Menstrual blood is
partly blood and partly tissue. It flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix and
passes out of the body through the vagina. Most menstrual periods last from three to five days.

The menstrual cycle is the time from the first day of a woman's period to the first day of her next
period. It is the monthly series of changes a woman's body goes through in preparation for the
possibility of pregnancy. When you have regular menstrual cycles, it is a sign that important parts of
your body are working normally. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long. Cycles can range
anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults and 21 to 45 days in young teens.

The menstrual cycle is controlled by many different glands and the hormones that these glands
produce. The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Estrogen plays an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development of the female
which begins when a person reaches puberty. The hormone keeps you healthy and helps you to build
strong bones as you get older. Estrogen also makes the lining of the uterus grow and thicken. The
lining of the womb is a place that will nourish the embryo if a pregnancy occurs.

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

The entire duration of a menstrual cycle can be divided into four main phases. Take a look at the
diagram below.

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This material belongs to Hemingford. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
The Luteal Phase (Days 15-28)

After ovulation occurs, the follicle develops into a hormone-producing structure called the corpus
luteum. The corpus luteum is a yellow structure in the ovary that produces estrogen and large
amounts of progesterone. This hormone signals the uterus to thicken. The walls of the uterus thicken
with many blood vessels to provide nutrients for the coming baby if in case a sperm fertilizes the egg.

If the egg cell is not fertilized, the thickening of the uterus breaks down and comes out of the body
through menstruation. Then, the menstrual cycle repeats itself. For females who have normal periods,
the cycle is repeated every four weeks or 28 days. However, the cycle varies and is affected by a lot of
factors.

How Fertilization Takes Place

When a sperm cell unites with an ovum, the ovum becomes fertilized and a new life begins. This is
the process known as fertilization. After a sperm cell and an ovum unite to form a fertilized egg or
zygote, the fertilized egg will grow and develop inside the uterus for about nine months. Then, a new
baby is born.

Problems That Occur During Menstruation

Many women experience premenstrual pain and discomfort. Tenderness of the breasts and a
tendency to retain fluid and bloat commonly occurs about one to seven days before each period.

* Premenstrual Stress or PMS - Before each period, many women also experience different problems
like headache, irritability, nervousness, fatigue, crying spells, and depression with no apparent cause.

* Dysmenorrhea - During the first two days of the period, some women may also experience severe
menstrual cramps called dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is not a serious disease, although most teens
experience severe cramps. If the pain really interferes with schoolwork, you should see a doctor.

* Amenorrhea - Amenorrhea is a term used to describe the lack of a menstrual period. It is not
normal and healthy when you miss a menstrual period. The most common reason for a young woman
to miss a menstrual period is pregnancy. There are other reasons and they include emotional stress,
weight loss, and abnormal hormonal balance. A woman should consult a doctor if she frequently
misses her period or if it occurs less often than every 35 days.

Define the following terms:

1.Menstruation:
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2. Menstrual Cycle

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3. Menstural Phase

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4. Ovulation

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5. Fertilization

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✅ Quick Quiz
There are four phases of the menstrual cycle. Choose one and explain clearly what happens during
this phase.

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Lesson 4: Ways of Taking Care of the Reproductive System

The reproductive system is an essential part of the human body, responsible for growth,
development, and reproduction. Maintaining its health is important to ensure proper functioning and
to prevent infections and diseases. Taking care of the reproductive system involves practicing good
hygiene, eating a balanced diet, staying physically active, and avoiding harmful substances. It also
includes regular medical check-ups and making responsible lifestyle choices.

✅ Quick Check
How do you care of reproductive organs?

Challenge:

List some ways on how to take care of your reproductive organs to protect yourself from diseases
and other health problems.

Common Disorders of the Reproductive System

Some of the common disorders of the reproductive system include the following:

* Sterility, tumors, and cancer are caused by exposure to harmful radiation, hazardous chemicals,
exposure to pollution, cigarette smoking, and drugs.

* Gonorrhea and syphilis are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and are contagious. If not treated
early, they can cause severe damage to certain parts of the body.

* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is considered a serious case of sexually transmitted

disease. People with AIDS experience a weakening of the immune system, which is the body's
defense against diseases.

* Reproductive cancers are diseases that occur in the reproductive organs. Breast and cervical
cancers and prostate cancers are the most common reproductive cancers.

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 Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer which affects women. In fact, it
is the second most common type of cancer which affects women. There are various known
treatments for breast cancer that are available now when the cancer is in its early stage. According to
cancer specialists, early detection is the key to beating this serious disease and maintaining breast
health. Mastectomy is a procedure where breast tissues are removed to reduce the risk of developing
more cancer cells. Although, studies say it does not boost survival rates. Women who decide to
undergo this procedure may find that this procedure is more emotional for them than they anticipated.

Cervical cancer is cancer of the cells in the cervix of a female. Prostate cancer is a form of cancer
that is found only in males, but it is highly treatable in the early stages.

These are only some of the diseases or disorders of the reproductive system of the body. Cancer is
one of the serious diseases of the reproductive organs. Can making changes in what we eat help
prevent cancer? Some scientists think that people who follow an anti-cancer diet have less chance of
getting the disease. Here are some reminders they have suggested that will protect us from these
illnesses:

* Eat less fat found in red meat, butter, oil, and ice cream.

* Eat more foods high in fiber. Unpeeled fruits and vegetables and whole grain cereals have plenty of
fiber.

* Get more vitamins A and C. Yellow fruits and green vegetables contain these vitamins. Milk, liver,
and egg yolks are also good sources of vitamins A and C.

* Eat vegetables from the cabbage family. These include broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and
Brussels sprouts.

* Avoid soda.

* Eat less preserved foods. Fresh meats and fish are healthier than smoked and chemically treated
foods.

* Do not overeat. Staying at your ideal weight helps you stay healthy.

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 Ways to Take Care of the Reproductive Organs

Every boy and girl should take good care of his/her reproductive organs.

The main reproductive organs inside your body are well-protected. However, the external organs need
care and proper hygiene. Here are some ways to do it:

* Keep your genitals clean all the time. Wash them regularly with mild soap and clean water,
especially after using the toilet.

* Change your underwear every day or as often as necessary. Make sure your underwear is kept in a
clean place so it does not get any dirt or germs before you use them.

* Daily baths and showers are advisable to keep your reproductive organs and other parts of the
body clean and healthy.

* Avoid using dirty washrooms in dirty public places.

* Eat nutritious food and get adequate rest and sleep.

* Consult your parent and/or pediatrician for any irritation, discomfort, or infection in your
reproductive organ.

WHAT TO DO

Problem: How well do you take care of your reproductive parts?

Below are some of the health practices for your reproductive system. Check ( ✔) honestly the
column that corresponds to your answer.

Healthful Practices Always Sometimes Never

1. I wash my reproductive organ
with mild soap and clean water.
2. I wear clean and comfortable
underwear.
3. I take healthful food rich in
iron.
4. I change my underwear as
often as necessary.
5. I exercise care when I use
toilets in public places.
6. I go regularly to a doctor for a
physical checkup.
7. I get adequate sleep (8-10
hours).
8. I eat nutritious food.
9. I do regular exercise.
10. I practice safety precautions
during sports activities.

Prepared by:

Jerico F. Soriano

Science Teacher

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