9:00

NAME: Perez Eden Mae C SCHEDULE: am-10:30am

MODULE 2
UNIT 1 Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction

Hello everyone! The learner is the center of instruction. The

world of instruction revolves around the learner. This
module introduces you anatomy and physiology of
reproduction.

Text Text

At the end of the unit, the students will be able to:

1. Differentiate the female and the male reproductive
systems
2. Understand the basis for physiologic processes in
female and males.
 LET’S BEGIN

In your early years, you have been taught about the functions of different organ systems in
our body including the reproductive systems. If you remembered the lessons in your
science class, you would definitely understand the basics. So, let’s test if you still remember
it.

BELOW ARE SOME TERMS IN THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. I WANT
YOU TO PUT ALL THE TERMS IN ITS RIGHTFUL OWNER.
Testes ovaries cervix sperm seminal gland penis menstrual
cycle vagina
vas deferens uterus scrotum urethra fallopian tubes
 WE’RE ON OUR WAY

The reproductive system or genital system is a set of organs within an organism that work together to produce
offspring. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences.
Moreover, human reproduction is a complex and remarkable process. Male and female reproductive systems
complement one another, and each is essential for reproduction.

Hi! Can you please

answer the question?

Can you give at least three (3) explanation to why male and female
reproductive system are essential in reproduction.
 The reproductive system or genital system is a set of organs within an organism that work
together to produce offspring. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species
often have significant differences. Moreover, human reproduction is a complex and remarkable
process. Male and female reproductive systems complement one another, and each is essential
for reproduction.

Fertilization, union of a sperm nucleus, of paternal origin, with an egg

nucleus, of maternal origin, to form the primary nucleus of an embryo.
In all organisms the essence of fertilization is, in fact, the fusion of the
hereditary material of two different sex cells, or gametes, each of
which carries half the number of chromosomes typical of the species.
There are 2 types of sex cells involved in human reproduction: the
male’s sperm and the female’s egg. An egg that has been fertilized by a
sperm cell grows and divides in a woman’s uterus throughout
pregnancy until childbirth. The resulting child’s genetic makeup comes
from the sperm and egg cells produced by the father and mother.

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The female reproductive organs include the:

Vagina —a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the

external genitals

Cervix —the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina
Uterus —a hollow, muscular structure where the fertilized egg
implants and fetus grows during pregnancy
 Ovaries —2 glands that produce eggs, as well as the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian tubes —2 tubes that connect the ovaries with the

uterus

During a woman’s menstrual cycle, which usually lasts about 28 days, her body prepares
for the possibility of a pregnancy. If fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and
divides until it becomes a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells. The blastocyst moves
to the uterus, where it attaches itself to the lining, in a process called implantation. The
blastocyst is nourished and continues to grow and divide until it becomes an embryo,
which eventually becomes a fetus. Pregnancy lasts for an average of 280 days, or about 9
months, until the baby is ready for birth and moves from the uterus through the cervix and
out of the vagina.

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The male reproductive organ includes the:

Testicles (or testes) —2 oval-shaped organs that
produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells,
as well as male hormones, including
testosterone
Epididymis —2 coiled tubes that connect each
testicle to the vas deferens
Scrotum —a pouch of skin that hangs outside
the pelvis to hold and regulate the temperature
of the testicles
 Vas deferens —a muscular tube that transports sperm from the testicles to the
ejaculatory ducts
Seminal gland and prostate gland —glands that produce seminal fluid
Urethra —the tube that passes urine and semen out of the body
Penis —the organ in which muscular contractions force sperm-containing semen out
of the urethra

Unique for its role in human reproduction, a gamete is a specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes—
one half the number in body cells. At fertilization, the chromosomes in one male gamete, called a sperm
(or spermatozoon), combine with the chromosomes in one female gamete, called an oocyte. The
function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female
reproductive tract. The paired testes are a crucial component in this process, as they produce both
sperm and androgens, the hormones that support male reproductive physiology. In humans, the most
important male androgen is testosterone.

Sperm cells are divided into a head,

containing DNA; a mid-piece,
containing mitochondria; and a tail,
providing motility. The acrosome is
oval and somewhat flattened. To
fertilize an egg, sperm must be moved
from the seminiferous tubules in the testes, through the epididymis, and—later during
ejaculation—along the length of the penis and out into the female reproductive tract.
The centrally located prostate gland sits anterior to the rectum at the base of the
bladder surrounding the prostatic urethra (the portion of the urethra that runs within
the prostate). About the size of a walnut, the prostate is formed of both muscular
and glandular tissues. It excretes an alkaline, milky fluid to the passing seminal fluid—
now called semen—that is critical to first coagulate and then decoagulate the semen
following ejaculation. The temporary thickening of semen helps retain it within the
female reproductive tract, providing time for sperm to utilize the fructose provided
by seminal vesicle secretions. When the semen regains its fluid state, sperm can then
pass farther into the female reproductive tract.
The prostate normally doubles in size
during puberty. At approximately age
25, it gradually begins to enlarge again.
This enlargement does not usually
cause problems; however, abnormal
growth of the prostate, or benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), can cause
constriction of the urethra as it passes
through the middle of the prostate gland, leading to a number of lower urinary tract
symptoms, such as a frequent and intense urge to urinate, a weak stream, and a
sensation that the bladder has not emptied completely.

Another common disorder involving the

prostate is prostate cancer. According to
the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), prostate cancer is the
second most common cancer in men.
However, some forms of prostate cancer
grow very slowly and thus may not ever
require treatment. Aggressive forms of
prostate cancer, in contrast, involve metastasis to vulnerable organs like the lungs
and brain. In addition, Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition in which a man has
difficulty either initiating or maintaining an erection. The combined prevalence of
minimal, moderate, and complete ED is approximately 40 percent in men at age 40,
and reaches nearly 70 percent by 70 years of age. In addition to aging, ED is
associated with diabetes, vascular disease, psychiatric disorders, prostate disorders,
the use of some drugs such as certain antidepressants, and problems with the testes
resulting in low testosterone concentrations.
Testosterone, an androgen, is a steroid hormone
produced by Leydig cells. The alternate term for
Leydig cells, interstitial cells, reflects their
location between the seminiferous tubules in the
testes. In male embryos, testosterone is secreted
by Leydig cells. Declines in Leydig cell activity can
occur in men beginning at 40 to 50 years of age.
The resulting reduction in circulating testosterone
concentrations can lead to symptoms of andropause, also known as male menopause.
While the reduction in sex steroids in men is akin to female menopause, there is no clear
sign—such as a lack of a menstrual period—to denote the initiation of andropause.
 Some organisms are neither male nor female and these are known as
hermaphrodites. Hermaphroditism solves the problem of mate scarcity. The ability to
change sex from male to female (protandry) or from female to male (protogyny) also
mitigates this issue. Certain fish like wrasses may change from female to male as they
mature. These alternative approaches to sexual reproduction are successful—
fertilization does not need to be between a natural-born male and female to yield
healthy offspring. Maturation is the final step in the production of functional eggs
(oogenesis) that can associate with a spermatozoon and develop a reaction that
prevents the entry of more than one spermatozoon. In addition, the cytoplasm of a
mature egg can support the changes that lead to fusion of spermatozoal and egg
nuclei and initiate embryonic development.

Identification. Provide the correct answers without alterations.

Reproductive System
______________1. This refers to a system with a set of organs within an organism
that work together to produce offspring.
Fertilization
______________2. The union of a sperm nucleus, of paternal origin, with an egg
nucleus, of maternal origin, to form the primary nucleus of an embryo.
Fertilization
______________3. The fusion of the hereditary material of two different sex cells,
or gametes, each of which carries half the number of chromosomes typical of the
species.
______________4. This is a hollow, muscular structure where the fertilized egg
implants and fetus grows during pregnancy.
______________5. 2 tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus.
______________6. 2 oval-shaped organs that produce and store millions of tiny
sperm cells, as well as male hormones, including testosterone.
______________7. It is a specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes—one half
the number in body cells.
______________8. The chromosomes in one female gamete.
______________9. The chromosomes in one male gamete.
______________10. A mid-piece, containing mitochondria; and a tail, providing
motility.
 Essay. Discuss squarely.

What do you think are the relevance of understanding the anatomy and physiology of
human reproduction? Write at least ten (10) sentences.