Direct Current

1. In an oscillator circuit, 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑯, 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 𝝁𝑭, find the maximum value of

resistance so that the circuit may oscillate. (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. −Here 𝐿 = 0.1 𝐻, 𝐶 = 0.047 𝜇𝐹
Let 𝑅 be the maximum value of the resistance for which the circuit may oscillate.
Then

𝑅2 1 𝐿 0.1
= 𝑂𝑟, 𝑅 = 2√ = 2 √ Ω = 2917Ω = 2.917Ω
4𝐿2 𝐿𝐶 𝐶 0.047 × 10−6

∴ The required maximum value of the resistance is 2.917 𝑘Ω.

2. An inductive coil of inductance 𝑳 and resistance 𝑹 is joined to a cell 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝑬. Prove that
after a time 𝒕 seconds, the current is given by 𝑬(𝟏 − 𝜶)/𝑹 where 𝑳 𝐥𝐧 𝜶 + 𝑹𝒕 = 𝟎. Also
show that if the contact with the cell is now broken, then current in 𝒕 seconds after the
break will be 𝑬𝜶/𝑹. (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. −According to KVL,
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝑂𝑟, 𝐿 = 𝐸 − 𝑖𝑅
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑂𝑟, =
𝐸 − 𝑖𝑅 𝐿
𝑖 𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑂𝑟, ∫ =∫
𝐸 − 𝑖𝑅 𝐿
0 𝑜
1 𝑡
𝑂𝑟, − [ln 𝐸 − 𝑖𝑅 ]𝑖0 = +
𝑅 2
𝐸 − 𝑖𝑅 𝑅𝑡
𝑂𝑟, ln =−
𝐸 𝐿
𝑅 𝑅𝑡
𝑂𝑟, 1 − 𝑖 = 𝑒 − 𝐿
𝐸
𝐸 −
𝑅𝑡
𝑂𝑟, 𝑖 = [1 − 𝑒 𝐿 ]
𝐾
𝐸
𝑖 = [1 − 𝛼 ]
𝑘
As given
 𝐿𝑛𝛼 + 𝑅𝑡 = 0
𝑅𝑡
𝑂𝑟, 𝑛𝛼 = −
𝐿
𝑅𝑡
𝑂𝑟, 𝛼 = 𝑒 − 𝐿
When the circuit is brocker, the current canbe obtained from the relation,
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑎𝑠,
𝑑𝑡

𝐸 −𝑅𝑡 𝐸
𝑖= 𝑒 𝐿 = 𝛼
𝑅 𝑅

3. Which of the following 𝑳𝑪𝑹 series combinations connected to a D.C. source will be
oscillatory in nature? (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒))
(𝑖)𝐶 = 2 𝜇𝐹, 𝐿 = 0.15 𝐻, 𝑅 = 150 Ω
(𝑖)𝐶 = 1𝜇𝐹, 𝐿 = 0.1 𝐻, 𝑅 = 106 Ω
4. Find the frequency of oscillation if the circuit is oscillatory.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. − For the 𝐿𝐶𝑅 circuit to be oscillatory the condition is

𝑅2 1 𝐿
< 𝑜𝑟, 𝑅 < 2√
4𝐿2 𝐿𝐶 𝑐

𝐿 0.15
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑖)2√ = 2√ Ω = 547.7 Ω
𝑐 2 × 10−6

𝐿
∴ 𝑅 = 150 Ω < 2√
𝐶

∴ The following circuit will be oscillatory & the frequency of oscillation is

1 1 𝑅2
𝑓= √ −
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2

1 1 (150)2
= √ −
2𝜋 0.15 × 2 × 10−6 4(0.15)2
1
= √3.33 × 106 − 2.5 × 105
2𝜋
= 279 𝐻𝑧
For (𝑖𝑖)

𝐿 0.1
2√ = 2√ = 632.4 Ω
𝐶 1 × 10−6

𝐿
∴ 𝑅 (106 Ω) ≮ 2√ (632.4 Ω)
𝐶

Hence the circuit will not be oscillatory.

5. The current in a 𝑳 − 𝑹 circuit is 5 mA a long time after the potential was first applied;
the time taken for it to reach 1 mA is 0.06 seconds. Find the initial rate of growth of the
current in this circuit. What time is taken for the current to reach 4 mA? (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. −We know that after time 𝑡 the current in 𝐿 − 𝑅 circuit is
𝑉 𝑅
𝑖= (1 − 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 ) … … … . (𝑖)
𝑅
Now after a very long time the current will be
𝑉
𝑖0 = = 5 𝑚𝐴 (𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚)
𝑅
Now after 0.06 seconds 𝑖 = 1 𝑚𝐴
𝑅
∴ 1 = 5 (1 − 𝑒 −0.06𝐿 )

𝑅 1
𝑂𝑟, 1 − 𝑒 −0.06𝐿 =
5
−0.06
𝑅 4
𝑂𝑟, 𝑒 𝐿 =
5
𝑅 1 5
𝑂𝑟, = ln = 3.72
𝐿 0.06 4
∴ Initial rate of growth
𝑑𝑖 𝑅
( ) = 5 × = 3.72 × 5 = 16.6 𝑚𝐴/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=𝑜 𝐿
𝑅
▪ Now 𝑖 = 4𝑚𝐴; = 3.72 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1; 𝐼0 = 5 𝑚𝐴; 𝑡 =?
𝐿

∴ 4 = 5(1 − 𝑒 −3.72𝑡 )
1
𝑂𝑟, 𝑒 −3.72𝑡 =
5
 1
𝑂𝑟, 𝑡 = ln 5 = 0.43 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
3.72
∴ After 0.43 seconds the current will be 4 mA.
6. A coil of inductance 5 H and resistance 𝟓𝟎𝛀 is connected in series with a resistance
30𝛀. What is the time constant of the circuit. (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. − Time constant
𝐿 5
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐. = 0.0625 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑅 50 + 30
7. In a series 𝑳𝑪𝑹 circuit 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑯 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = 𝟏 𝝁𝑭. Calculate the value of 𝑹 for which
the capacitor discharge is critically damped. (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. − For the capacitor discharge to be critically damped we here to
𝑅2 1
=
4𝐿2 𝐿𝐶

𝐿 10 × 10−3
𝑂𝑟, 𝑅 = 2 √ = 2√ Ω = 200 Ω
𝐶 10−6

∴ Resistance will be 200 Ω.

8. A battery of voltage 𝒗𝟎 is switched on to a series combination of a resistor R and
initially capacitor 𝑪 at time 𝒕 = 𝟎, Calculate supplied by the battery in charging the
capacitor.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. − When the battery is fully charged, the voltage across it 𝑉0 , the battery voltage.
1
∴ Energy stored in capacitor 𝐸𝑐 = 𝐶𝑉02
2

During charging there will be energy loss also, across resistance which is
∞

𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑠 = ∫ 𝑖 2 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑉0 − 𝑡
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑅
𝑅
∞
𝑉02 2𝑡
−𝑐𝑅
∴ 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
0
𝑉02 𝐶𝑅
= . .1
𝑅 2
 1 2
= 𝐶𝑣
2 0
∴ Net energy supplied 𝑐𝑣02
9. Prove that the amount of energy stared in a 𝑳 − 𝑹 circuit is equal to the energy
dissipated in 𝑹 when 𝒄𝒌𝒕 is broken.
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛. − Let 𝐼0 be the initial current in the circuit.
∴Energy stared in inductor
1 2
𝐸= 𝐿𝐼
2 0
Now after breaking the circuit the current at any time,
𝑅
𝐼 (𝑡) = 𝐼0𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡
∴ Energy dissipated across 𝑅,
∞ ∞
2𝑅 𝐿 1
= ∫ 𝐼 2(𝑡)𝑅 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼02 𝑅 ∫ 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼02 𝑅. . 1 = 𝐿𝐼02
2𝑅 2
0 0

10. Suppose the circuit shown in the adiacent figure has been switched ′𝒐𝒏′ for a long time,
when suddenly, at time 𝒕 = 𝟎, the switch 𝑺 is thrown to the point ‘2’
(𝒊) Derive the expression for the current at any subsequent time ′𝒕′
(𝒊𝒊) What is the total energy delivered to the resistor?
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) Show that this is equal to the energy originally stored in the inductor.
(𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. −Current at any time
𝐸0 −𝑅𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
Power dissipated in 𝑑𝑡 will be = 𝑖 2 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
𝐸02 −2𝑅𝑡
= ( 2 𝑒 𝐿 ) . 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
𝐸02 −2𝑅𝑡
= ( 𝑒 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
Total power dissipated in ′𝑑𝑡′ will be
 ∞
𝐸02 2𝑅
𝑃= ∫ 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
0

𝐸02 𝐿 2𝑅 ∞
−𝐿𝑡
= . [−𝑒 ]
𝑅 2𝑅 0

1 𝐸02
= ( 2) 𝐿
2 𝑅
1
= 𝐿𝐼 2
2
1
∴ 𝑃 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Total energy stored by the Inductor
1
𝜔 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2

11. A 𝒅. 𝒄. 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝑬 is suddenly applied to a circuit consisting of a resistor 𝑹 and a capacitor

𝑪 in series. Write down the 𝒆𝒎𝒇equation of the circuit and hence determine the variation
of 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒔 as function of time both across 𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪. Plot them on same graph and explain
the graph. (𝑪. 𝑼. −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑛. − Here 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are connected in series.
So, according to Kirchhoff law, We can write

𝑞
+ 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑉
𝑐
𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑂𝑟, + 𝑅 =𝑉
𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞 𝑉 𝑞
𝑂𝑟, = −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑐𝑅
𝑄 𝑡
𝑑𝑞 1
𝑂𝑟, ∫ 𝑞 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(𝑉 − ) 0 𝑅
0 𝑐
𝑉 − 𝑄/𝑐 𝑡
𝑂𝑟, −𝑐 ln ( )=
𝑉 𝑅
𝑉 − 𝑄/𝑐 𝑡
𝑂𝑟, ln ( )=−
𝑉 𝑐𝑅
 𝑄 𝑡
𝑂𝑟, (1 − ) = 𝑒 −𝑐𝑅
𝑐𝑣
𝑡
𝑂𝑟, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 [1 − 𝑒 −𝑐𝑅 ] … … (1)
𝑑𝑄 𝑉 − 𝑡
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑖 = = 𝑒 𝑐𝑅 … … . (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
Now voltage drop across resister,
𝑡
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖𝑘 = 𝑉𝑒 −𝑐𝑅 … … . . (3)
And, voltage drop across the capacitance
𝑡
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑐𝑅 ) … … (4)

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