LEC-9: SQL in 1-Video

1. SQL: Structured Query Language, used to access and manipulate data.

2. SQL used CRUD operations to communicate with DB.
1. CREATE - execute INSERT statements to insert new tuple into the relation.
2. READ - Read data already in the relations.
3. UPDATE - Modify already inserted data in the relation.
4. DELETE - Delete speci󿬁c data point/tuple/row or multiple rows.
3. SQL is not DB, is a query language.
4. What is RDBMS? (Relational Database Management System)
1. Sofware that enable us to implement designed relational model.
2. e.g., MySQL, MS SQL, Oracle, IBM etc.
3. Table/Relation is the simplest form of data storage object in R-DB.
4. MySQL is open-source RDBMS, and it uses SQL for all CRUD operations
5. MySQL used client-server model, where client is CLI or frontend that used services provided by MySQL server.
6. Difference between SQL and MySQL
1. SQL is Structured Query language used to perform CRUD operations in R-DB, while MySQL is a RDBMS used to
store, manage and administrate DB (provided by itself) using SQL.

SQL DATA TYPES (Ref: htps://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_datatypes.asp)

1. In SQL DB, data is stored in the form of tables.
2. Data can be of different types, like INT, CHAR etc.
DATATYPE Description

CHAR string(0-255), string with size = (0, 255], e.g.,

CHAR(251)

VARCHAR string(0-255)

TINYTEXT String(0-255)

TEXT string(0-65535)

BLOB string(0-65535)

MEDIUMTEXT string(0-16777215)

MEDIUMBLOB string(0-16777215)

LONGTEXT string(0-4294967295)

LONGBLOB string(0-4294967295)

TINYINT integer(-128 to 127)

SMALLINT integer(-32768 to 32767)

MEDIUMINT integer(-8388608 to 8388607)

INT integer(-2147483648 to 2147483647)

BIGINT integer (-9223372036854775808 to

9223372036854775807)

FLOAT Decimal with precision to 23 digits

DOUBLE Decimal with 24 to 53 digits

 DATATYPE Description

DECIMAL Double stored as string

DATE YYYY-MM-DD

DATETIME YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS

TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDDHHMMSS

TIME HH:MM:SS

ENUM One of the preset values

SET One or many of the preset values

BOOLEAN 0/1

BIT e.g., BIT(n), n upto 64, store values in bits.

3. Size: TINY < SMALL < MEDIUM < INT < BIGINT.
4. Variable length Data types e.g., VARCHAR, are be ter to use as they occupy space equal to the actual data size.
5. Values can also be unsigned e.g., INT UNSIGNED.
6. Types of SQL commands:
1. DDL (data de󿬁nition language): de󿬁ning relation schema.
1. CREATE: create table, DB, view.
2. ALTER TABLE: modi󿬁cation in table structure. e.g, change column datatype or add/remove columns.
3. DROP: delete table, DB, view.
4. TRUNCATE: remove all the tuples from the table.
5. RENAME: rename DB name, table name, column name etc.
2. DRL/DQL (data retrieval language / data query language): retrieve data from the tables.
1. SELECT
3. DML (data modi󿬁cation language): use to perform modi󿬁cations in the DB
1. INSERT: insert data into a relation
2. UPDATE : update relation data.
3. DELETE: delete row(s) from the relation.
4. DCL (Data Control language): grant or revoke authorities from user.
1. GRANT: access privileges to the DB
2. REVOKE: revoke user access privileges.
5. TCL (Transaction control language): to manage transactions done in the DB
1. START TRANSACTION: begin a transaction
2. COMMIT: apply all the changes and end transaction
3. ROLLBACK: discard changes and end transaction
4. SAVEPOINT: checkout within the group of transactions in which to rollback.

MANAGING DB (DDL)
1. Creation of DB
1. CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS db-name;
2. USE db-name; //need to execute to choose on which DB CREATE TABLE etc commands will be executed.
//make switching between DBs possible.
3. DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS db-name; //dropping database.
4. SHOW DATABASES; //list all the DBs in the server.
5. SHOW TABLES; //list tables in the selected DB.
DATA RETRIEVAL L ANGUAGE (DRL)
1. Syntax: SELECT <set of column names> FROM <table_name>;
2. Order of execution from RIGHT to LEFT.
3. Q. Can we use SELECT keyword without using FROM clause?
1. Yes, using DUAL Tables.
2. Dual tables are dummy tables created by MySQL, help users to do certain obvious actions without referring to user
de󿬁ned tables.
3. e.g., SELECT 55 + 11;
SELECT now();
SELECT ucase(); etc.
4. WHERE
1. Reduce rows based on given conditions.
2. E.g., SELECT * FROM customer WHERE age > 18;
5. BETWEEN
1. SELECT * FROM customer WHERE age between 0 AND 100;
2. In the above e.g., 0 and 100 are inclusive.
6. IN
1. Reduces OR conditions;
2. e.g., SELECT * FROM officers WHERE officer_name IN ('Lakshay', ‘Maharana Pratap', ‘Deepika’);
7. AND/OR/NOT
1. AND: WHERE cond1 AND cond2
2. OR: WHERE cond1 OR cond2
3. NOT: WHERE col_name NOT IN (1,2,3,4);
8. IS NULL
1. e.g., SELECT * FROM customer WHERE prime_status is NULL;
9. Patern Searching / Wildcard (‘%’, ‘_’)
1. ‘%’, any number of character from 0 to n. Similar to ‘*’ asterisk in regex.
2. ‘_’, only one character.
3. SELECT * FROM customer WHERE name LIKE ‘%p_’;
10. ORDER BY
1. Sorting the data retrieved using WHERE clause.
2. ORDER BY <column-name> DESC;
3. DESC = Descending and ASC = Ascending
4. e.g., SELECT * FROM customer ORDER BY name DESC;
11. GROUP BY
1. GROUP BY Clause is used to collect data from multiple records and group the result by one or more column. It is
generally used in a SELECT statement.
2. Groups into category based on column given.
3. SELECT c1, c2, c3 FROM sample_table WHERE cond GROUP BY c1, c2, c3.
4. All the column names mentioned afer SELECT statement shall be repeated in GROUP BY, in order to successfully
execute the query.
5. Used with aggregation functions to perform various actions.
1. COUNT()
2. SUM()
3. AVG()
4. MIN()
5. MAX()
12. DISTINCT
1. Find distinct values in the table.
2. SELECT DISTINCT(col_name) FROM table_name;
3. GROUP BY can also be used for the same
1. “Select col_name from table GROUP BY col_name;” same output as above DISTINCT query.
 2. SQL is smart enough to realise that if you are using GROUP BY and not using any aggregation function, then
you mean “DISTINCT”.
13. GROUP BY HAVING
1. Out of the categories made by GROUP BY, we would like to know only particular thing (cond).
2. Similar to WHERE.
3. Select COUNT(cust_id), country from customer GROUP BY country HAVING COUNT(cust_id) > 50;
4. WHERE vs HAVING
1. Both have same function of 󿬁ltering the row base on certain conditions.
2. WHERE clause is used to 󿬁lter the rows from the table based on speci󿬁ed condition
3. HAVING clause is used to 󿬁lter the rows from the groups based on the speci󿬁ed condition.
4. HAVING is used afer GROUP BY while WHERE is used before GROUP BY clause.
5. If you are using HAVING, GROUP BY is necessary.
6. WHERE can be used with SELECT, UPDATE & DELETE keywords while GROUP BY used with SELECT.

CONSTRAINTS (DDL)
1. Primary Key

1. PK is not null, unique and only one per table.

2. Foreign Key
1. FK refers to PK of other table.
2. Each relation can having any number of FK.
3. CREATE TABLE ORDER (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
delivery_date DATE,
order_placed_date DATE,
cust_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (cust_id) REFERENCES customer(id)
);
3. UNIQUE
1. Unique, can be null, table can have multiple unique a tributes.
2. CREATE TABLE customer (
…
email VARCHAR(1024) UNIQUE,
…
);
4. CHECK
1. CREATE TABLE customer (
…
CONSTRAINT age_check CHECK (age > 12),
…
);
2. “age_check”, can also avoid this, MySQL generates name of constraint automatically.
5. DEFAULT
1. Set default value of the column.
2. CREATE TABLE account (
…
saving-rate DOUBLE NOT NULL DEFAULT 4.25,
…
);
6. An atribute can be PK and FK both in a table.
7. ALTER OPERATIONS
1. Changes schema
2. ADD
1. Add new column.
2. ALTER TABLE table_name ADD new_col_name datatype ADD new_col_name_2 datatype;
3. e.g., ALTER TABLE customer ADD age INT NOT NULL;
3. MODIFY
1. Change datatype of an atribute.
2. ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY col-name col-datatype;
3. E.g., VARCHAR TO CHAR
ALTER TABLE customer MODIFY name CHAR(1024);
4. CHANGE COLUMN
1. Rename column name.
2. ALTER TABLE table-name CHANGE COLUMN old-col-name new-col-name new-col-datatype;
3. e.g., ALTER TABLE customer CHANGE COLUMN name customer-name VARCHAR(1024);
5. DROP COLUMN
1. Drop a column completely.
2. ALTER TABLE table-name DROP COLUMN col-name;
3. e.g., ALTER TABLE customer DROP COLUMN middle-name;
6. RENAME
1. Rename table name itself.
2. ALTER TABLE table-name RENAME TO new-table-name;
3. e.g., ALTER TABLE customer RENAME TO customer-details;

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

1. INSERT
1. INSERT INTO table-name(col1, col2, col3) VALUES (v1, v2, v3), (val1, val2, val3);
2. UPDATE
1. UPDATE table-name SET col1 = 1, col2 = ‘abc’ WHERE id = 1;
2. Update multiple rows e.g.,
1. UPDATE student SET standard = standard + 1;
3. ON UPDATE CASCADE
1. Can be added to the table while creating constraints. Suppose there is a situation where we have two tables
such that primary key of one table is the foreign key for another table. if we update the primary key of the 󿬁rst
table then using the ON UPDATE CASCADE foreign key of the second table automatically get updated.
3. DELETE
1. DELETE FROM table-name WHERE id = 1;
2. DELETE FROM table-name; //all rows will be deleted.
3. DELETE CASCADE - (to overcome DELETE constraint of Referential constraints )
1. What would happen to child entry if parent table’s entry is deleted?
2. CREATE TABLE ORDER (
order_id int PRIMARY KEY,
delivery_date DATE,
cust_id INT,
 FOREIGN KEY(cust_id) REFERENCES customer(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
3. ON DELETE NULL - (can FK have null values?)
1. CREATE TABLE ORDER (
order_id int PRIMARY KEY,
delivery_date DATE,
cust_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY(cust_id) REFERENCES customer(id) ON DELETE SET NULL
);
4. REPLACE
1. Primarily used for already present tuple in a table.
2. As UPDATE, using REPLACE with the help of WHERE clause in PK, then that row will be replaced.
3. As INSERT, if there is no duplicate data new tuple will be inserted.
4. REPLACE INTO student (id, class) VALUES(4, 3);
5. REPLACE INTO table SET col1 = val1, col2 = val2;

JOINING TABLES
1. All RDBMS are relational in nature, we refer to other tables to get meaningful outcomes.
2. FK are used to do reference to other table.
3. INNER JOIN
1. Returns a resultant table that has matching values from both the tables or all the tables.
2. SELECT column-list FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON condition1
INNER JOIN table3 ON condition2
…;
3. Alias in MySQL (AS)
1. Aliases in MySQL is used to give a temporary name to a table or a column in a table for the purpose of
a particular query. It works as a nickname for expressing the tables or column names. It makes the query short
and neat.
2. SELECT col_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
3. SELECT col_name1, col_name2,... FROM table_name AS alias_name;
4. OUTER JOIN
1. LEFT JOIN
1. Tis returns a resulting table that all the data from lef table and the matched data from the right table.
2. SELECT columns FROM table LEFT JOIN table2 ON Join_Condition;
2. RIGHT JOIN
1. Tis returns a resulting table that all the data from right table and the matched data from the lef table.
2. SELECT columns FROM table RIGHT JOIN table2 ON join_cond;
3. FULL JOIN
1. Tis returns a resulting table that contains all data when there is a match on lef or right table data.
2. Emulated in MySQL using LEFT and RIGHT JOIN.
3. LEFT JOIN UNION RIGHT JOIN.
4. SELECT columns FROM table1 as t1 LEFT JOIN table2 as t2 ONt1.id = t2.id
UNION
SELECT columns FROM table1 as t1 RIGHT JOIN table2 as t2 ON t1.id = t2.id;
5. UNION ALL, can also be used this will duplicate values as well while UNION gives unique values.
5. CROSS JOIN
1. Tis returns all the cartesian products of the data present in both tables. Hence, all possible variations
are re󿬂ected in the output.
2. Used rarely in practical purpose.
3. Table-1 has 10 rows and table-2 has 5, then resultant would have 50 rows.
4. SELECT column-lists FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
6. SELF JOIN