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State working principle of a transformer. Explain the difference between A.C and D.C Explain with diagram the working principle of A.C. Generator
**Alternating Current (AC):**1. **Direction of Current Flow:** - AC periodically changes its direction in a cyclic manner,
completing a full cycle.2. **Voltage Polarity:** - AC reverses its polarity as the current direction shifts.3. **Source Type:**
- Generated by alternating voltage sources like generators and power grids.4. **Waveform:** - Typically sinusoidal, An AC generator, commonly known as an alternator, operates based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The
though other waveforms are possible in specific applications.5. **Transmission and Distribution:** - Well-suited for long- fundamental components of an AC generator include a coil of wire (armature), a magnetic field, and a means of rotating the
A transformer is an essential electrical device that operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction to transfer
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, formulated by the English scientist Michael Faraday in the early 19th century, distance transmission due to efficient voltage level transformation using transformers.6. **Energy Storage:** - Challenging coil within the magnetic field. Here's a detailed explanation with a diagram:1. **Coil and Magnetic Field:** - The coil, often
electrical energy between two or more circuits through a varying magnetic field. The basic working principle involves two
describes the relationship between a changing magnetic field and the induction of an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage t store directly, often converted to DC for storage purposes.7. **Ripple Factor:** - May exhibit a ripple effect depending wound on a rotor, consists of multiple turns of wire. A magnetic field, typically produced by a set of stationary magnets
coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary winding, which are electrically isolated but magnetically coupled through
in a closed loop of wire. The law is a fundamental principle underlying the functioning of generators and transformers. on waveform characteristics.8. **Power Losses:** - Higher power losses during transmission, especially over long (stator), surrounds the coil.
a common iron core.
In essence, Faraday's law states that the induced EMF in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic distances.9. **Devices and Applications:** - Commonly used in household appliances, motors, and most electronic 2. **Rotation of Coil:** - As the coil rotates within the magnetic field, the magnetic flux through the coil changes. This
When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it produces a changing magnetic field around it.
flux through the circuit. Mathematically, it is expressed as EMF = -dΦ/dt, where EMF is the induced electromotive force, devices.10. **Conversion:** - Easily converted to different voltage levels using transformers, facilitating diverse rotation can be achieved by mechanically turning the coil.3. **Electromagnetic Induction:**
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary
dΦ/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux, and the negative sign indicates the direction of the induced current according applications.**Direct Current (DC):**1. **Direction of Current Flow:** - Maintains a constant flow in one direction - According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF)
winding. The amount of voltage induced in the secondary winding is determined by the turns ratio of the primary and
to Lenz's law. without periodic reversal.2. **Voltage Polarity:** - Maintains a constant polarity throughout its flow.3. **Source Type:** or voltage in the coil. The induced voltage alternates as the coil rotates.
secondary coils. Consequently, a step-up transformer increases the voltage when the secondary coil has more turns than
This law has profound implications for various technologies, particularly in the generation of electric power. Generators - Produced by sources like batteries, fuel cells, and rectifiers.4. **Waveform:** - Has a constant voltage with no 4. **Slip Rings and Brushes:** - To allow continuous electrical connection despite the coil's rotation, slip rings and brushes
the primary, while a step-down transformer reduces the voltage when the primary has more turns.
harness Faraday's principle by rotating a coil within a magnetic field, causing the magnetic flux to change and inducing a oscillation.5. **Transmission and Distribution:** - Typically used for shorter-distance transmission and local distribution are employed. The slip rings maintain contact with the coil, while brushes provide a path for the generated current.5. **AC
The iron core enhances the magnetic coupling between the windings and provides a low reluctance path for the magnetic
voltage. Transformers, which rely on electromagnetic induction, play a crucial role in voltage regulation and power with lower power losses.6. **Energy Storage:** - Easily stored in batteries, providing stable power output with low or zero Output:** - The alternating voltage produced in the coil corresponds to the changing magnetic flux. This results in an AC
flux, facilitating efficient energy transfer. As a result, transformers play a crucial role in power distribution, voltage
transmission. Faraday's law is a cornerstone in the understanding of electromagnetism and has paved the way for ripple.7. **Ripple Factor:** - Generally low or zero ripple, resulting in a stable output.8. **Power Losses:** - Lower output waveform.**Diagram:**
regulation, and impedance matching within electrical systems, enabling the efficient transmission of electricity across
numerous innovations in electrical engineering and technology. power losses in transmission, especially over shorter distances.9. **Devices and Applications:** - Commonly operates - A diagram typically illustrates a rotor with a coil winding, a stator with stationary magnets, and the arrangement of slip
various applications.
electronic devices, batteries, and certain types of motors. rings and brushes. Arrows depict the rotation of the coil within the magnetic field, emphasizing the changing flux and
induced AC voltage.
10. **Conversion:**
- Requires electronic devices like inverters for voltage conversion.
difference between jfet, mosfet and bjt State working principle of a transformer Explain the construction of Bipolar transistors. Explain in detail Lead Acid Battery.
explain conduction and admittance Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits Explain in detail series RLC ckt in detail Explain the construction and operation of FET.
**Conduction:** Electric and magnetic circuits exhibit analogous behaviors, leading to a useful analogy in understanding their
characteristics: A Field-Effect Transistor (FET) is a three-terminal semiconductor device widely used in electronic circuits for amplification,
A series RLC circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C) connected in
Conduction refers to the process of heat or electricity transfer within a material due to the movement of charged particles, 1. **Ohm's Law and Ampere's Law:** - In electric circuits, Ohm's Law (V = I * R) relates voltage, current, and resistance. In switching, and signal processing. The two main types are Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) and Junction Field-Effect
series. In such a configuration, the components share a common current, and the total impedance of the circuit is the sum
such as electrons or ions. In electrical conduction, the flow of electrons through a conductor occurs in response to an magnetic circuits, Ampere's Law (H = I * N / l) connects magnetic field intensity (H), current (I), the number of turns (N), and Transistors (JFETs).
of the individual impedances of the resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C). The impedance (Z) is given by:
electric field. In thermal conduction, heat moves from regions of higher temperature to lower temperature. Metals, with magnetic path length (l).2. **Resistance and Reluctance:**
their free electron structure, are excellent conductors of both heat and electricity. Insulators, on the other hand, resist the - Electrical resistance (R) opposes the flow of electric current, analogous to reluctance (S) in magnetic circuits, which **Construction:**
Z = R + j(wL-1/wc)
flow of electrons, exhibiting minimal electrical conduction but potentially allowing thermal conduction. resists the establishment of a magnetic flux.3. **Voltage and Magnetic Flux:** In a MOSFET, there's a metal gate separated from the semiconductor by a thin oxide layer. JFETs consist of a semiconductor bar
- Voltage in electric circuits corresponds to magnetic flux in magnetic circuits, representing the driving force for the flow of with two heavily doped regions forming PN junctions. The gate in JFET is made of a metal and is directly in contact with the
Here, \( j \) is the imaginary unit, \( \omega \) is the angular frequency, \( L \) is the inductance, and \( C \) is the semiconductor.
**Admittance:** current or magnetic field.4. **Current and Magnetomotive Force (MMF):**
capacitance.
- Electric current (I) in circuits is similar to magnetomotive force (MMF) in magnetic circuits, both serving to establish the
Admittance is a measure of how easily an alternating current (AC) can flow through an electrical circuit. It is the reciprocal associated field (electric or magnetic). **Operation:**
In a series RLC circuit, the behavior is influenced by the interaction between the resistive, inductive, and capacitive In MOSFETs, applying a voltage to the gate creates an electric field, controlling the flow of current between the source and drain
of impedance and comprises two components: conductance (real part) and susceptance (imaginary part). Admittance is 5. **Series and Parallel Elements:** - Components in series in electric circuits share the same current, mirroring elements
elements. At resonance, where the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other, the impedance is minimized. The terminals. In JFETs, the voltage applied between the gate and source controls the current flow through the channel. FETs are
expressed as the sum of these components and is represented in complex numbers. A higher admittance indicates a greater in series in magnetic circuits. Components in parallel in electric circuits share the same voltage, analogous to parallel
circuit exhibits different characteristics in terms of impedance and phase angle at various frequencies, making it suitable for voltage-controlled devices, offering high input impedance and low power consumption, making them suitable for various
ease of AC flow, while a lower value implies increased impedance. Admittance finds application in analyzing AC circuits, magnetic elements sharing the same magnetic flux.
filtering applications and resonance phenomena in AC circuits. applications in electronic circuits.
providing a comprehensive understanding of the ease with which current can pass through a system, incorporating both This analogy aids in the analysis and design of electrical and magnetic circuits, providing a unified understanding of the
resistive and reactive elements. relationships between key parameters and their effects on the respective circuits' behavior.
Draw the circuit diagram of a transistor of CE configuration. Explain its working Define Form Factor and Peak Factor of an A.C. . Write a short note on working of Solar Cells. Explain the power in pure resistance, inductance and capacitance.
In a CE transistor configuration, the emitter is connected to the negative supply, the base is connected to the positive
through a resistor (RB), and the collector is connected to the positive through a load resistor (RC). The input signal at the
base controls the transistor's conductivity. When the base-emitter junction is forward-biased, it allows current to flow from
emitter to collector, amplifying the input signal. This configuration provides voltage gain and is commonly used in amplifier
circuits due to its high voltage and current gain characteristics.
In an AC circuit, the Form Factor represents the ratio of the RMS (Root Mean Square) value of the waveform to its average
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. When
value. It provides a measure of the waveform's shape, indicating how closely it resembles a pure sine wave. A higher form In a pure resistance (R), power is actively consumed and dissipated as heat (P = I^2R). In a pure inductance (L) or
photons from sunlight strike the semiconductor material within the solar cell, they excite electrons, creating an electron-
factor indicates a waveform that deviates more from a sine wave. capacitance (C), power oscillates between the source and the element without net consumption (average power is zero).
hole pair. The semiconductor's built-in electric field then drives these charge carriers, generating a direct current (DC) flow.
Inductors and capacitors store and release energy, contributing to reactive power but not actively consuming power. In
Metal contacts on the cell's surface collect this generated electricity. The efficiency of solar cells has improved with
On the other hand, Peak Factor refers to the ratio of the peak value of the waveform to its RMS value. It characterizes the summary, resistance dissipates power as heat, while inductance and capacitance involve energy exchange without actual
advancements in materials and technology, contributing to the widespread use of solar panels for clean and sustainable
waveform's peakiness and helps assess its crest or sharpness. A higher peak factor implies a waveform with sharper peaks, power consumption over a complete AC cycle.
energy production in various applications, from residential installations to large-scale solar farms.
which can impact the design and performance of electrical components.