CHARACTER FORMATION 1

Nationalism and Patriotism

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER

The term was derived from the Greek word "charassein," referring to an engraving instrument: originally used of a mark
impressed upon a coin or the mark cut by it. Then it was applied to a distinctive mark of the personality; and gradually, to
the sum total of such marks, each individual one is being called characteristics (Bartemeier, 2009). Basically, character is
defined as a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling and reacting of a person that distinguish
one individual from another. It is the trademark of being a person. Character as defined by the American Psychiatric
Association, signifies the relatively fixed or continuing group of an individual personality attributes of a person or the
characteristic pattern of behaviour of an individual. The social, emotional and intellectual manifestations of a character
are called personality, and character is roughly equivalent to personality. Harbans (2011) noted that character is the index
of the state of mind of a person. It is a sum total of motivation one gives to the persons around him and also does course
correction whenever there is a dire need for same. It may differ as an individual differs but one thing is certain the special
characteristics form the solid basis of his stability in the society of which he is a part. Character, thus is an index of a
person's standing in the society.

WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?

Character formation as defined by Donald (2006), is the process by which the individual, through interaction of biologically
transmitted predispositions with the environment, develops stable pattern of functioning. thinking and feeling. It is also
known as Character Building. It is that deeply internalized patterns of values and attitudes and the consequent actions
that are often established in precognitive times of life through the natural and normal educational patterns that are
appropriate for young children. Nursing, weaning, toilet training, birth of siblings and the early relationship to the parents
(especially to the mother) are some of the examples of character formation. Character traits are usually formed through
the identification with parents and other important adults in the child's environment.

Everyone is partly responsible for one's character. Aristotle noted that character develops over time as one acquires habits
from parents and the environment either through reward and punishment. Developing a good character is much learning
to play a musical instrument. Initially, an individual may be under some pressure to practice, but eventually, enjoys playing
with skill and understanding (Hartman, 2013).

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION

1. Parental Influence

Parental influence is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality development. The way parents
behave with the child, how much he is allowed to socialize, the kind of culture he is subjected to by them, and the
emotional make-up of his parents, all these have a great bearing on the child's mental growth. In early stage of their
human existence, children adapt their parent's mannerisms. Thus, parents should be careful in their ways for they
establish a great influence to their children's character.

2. Home Environment

Home as cradle of human character and personality largely contribute to the character formation of a child. It is said that
the parents are the first educators of the children. It is their parental guidance and discipline that creates the kind of
character, personality and attitude the child has
Parents should make sure that the child incorporates the positive emotions in his personality and stays away from the
negative ones. A child needs both his parents, to develop his personality. An absentee father can be a negative influence
on the child. To make a child a confident. positive person, parents should avoid being too authoritative, trying to discipline
excessively, criticizing the child, discouraging him, comparing him with others, and being partial

3. School Environment

To perfect the total development of a child's character and attitude, besides the home environment, a child's school
environment too plays a major role in shaping a child's personality. Once a child starts going to school, he learns how to
interact and deal with his peers. He comes to know how to engage in "playing" according to the rules and regulations. He
gets educated, learns how to read, write and communicate effectively. A child's personality is greatly influenced by the
way he is treated at school, both by his teachers as well as his peers. The school reinforce the education that the child
needs that home fails to provide.

4. Culture

Everyone has different character and values because of the different cultures where everyone is exposed. Sociologists
found out that different cultures have different values and a child grows up with them, sub-consciously absorbing the
same, Influence of culture in personality and social development cannot be ignored. Those who were born and grown up
in western countries are influenced to be individualistic and competitive, while those children brought up in Asian, African
and South American countries are taught to be cooperative.

Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool and school age are the various phases that a child passes through and each of these
stages has its own share of problems and challenges, which a child has to overcome, with his parent's assistance, to turn
out to be a well-developed personality.

GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS

1. Positive Character / Good Character / Positive Trait These are attributes such as integrity. honesty, courage, loyalty,
fortitude, and other important virtues that promote good behaviour and habits. Further, it is said that:

a. Being honest and taking responsibility for your actions are admirable qualities.
b. Adaptability and compatibility are great traits that can help you get along with others.
c. Drive and determination will help you keep going no matter what.
d. Compassion and understanding mean you relate well to others.
e. Patience is a virtue and also a good personality.
f. Courage will help you do what's right in tough situations.
g. Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making others trust you.

2. Negative Character / Negative Trait- A person's predisposition to commit evil acts.

a. A propensity for lying, in order to avoid responsibility for our actions, is a deplorable quality.
b. Being rigid and selfish, unyielding to the needs of others are not endearing qualities.
c. Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to drive others away, too.
d. A hot temper and an inability to empathize with others will also alienate us from others.
e. Being quick to anger will turn people away.
f. Being disloyal, quick to talk about others behind their backs or, worse, stab them in the back for personal gain also falls
high on the scale of negative personality traits.

3. Neutral Character / Neutral Trait -Commonly used to describe a person who doesn't pick sides in disputes, neutral also
pegs anything that refuses to be bold.

a Judges, for example, must remain totally neutral when hearing a case
b Manners mavens say that it's best to remain neutral when topics like politics and religion come up during a party
c. Boxers can look to the neutral corners in the ring to escape a punch.

TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Self-realized Character. A person with this type of character is ever enthusiastic for he knows his potentialities and
limitations. This sort of a character is an asset not only to the family but also the society in which person lives,

2. Covetous Character. This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character. It is held that, persons with greed will endeavour
to go all out in collecting worldly possessions and fulfilling his personal petty ambitions by adopting any means open to
him even crossing all the limits of moral and ethical limits.

In effect the person will become most arrogant, repulsive, slanderer and fully bereft of any moral feelings for the humans.
He is the burden not only on the family but also the society in which he lives.

3. Superstitious Character. In a way all are superstitious but when we're over superstitious then problem starts. It is not
merely bad for the individual concerned but also for those who come in contact with this unpredictable person, who may
change his tag any moment thus leaving everybody around in the lurch. Too much reliance on superstitions also robs us
of scientific temper and forward looking approach in our life But we should not compare superstitious and traditionalists.

4. Egoistic /Overbearing / Bossy / Tall-Talker. The person who thinks that world runs due to him and everything and
everybody should respect him as such. His overbearing and bossy disposition puts him in the category of hard-to-please
(fastidious) This person learns his lesson after sometimes. This fellow with 1-DAMN-CARE- ATTITUDE hardly cares for
others. This sort of egocentric character is the bane of any society, irrespective of their status in the society.

5. Anti-social Character. A person who neither cares for the norms set by the society nor cares for the moral or ethical
values is an anti-social character. This character is both a sinner and a criminal. He could also be termed as an offensive
character. This like character resorts to offense besides being abusive on even a pettiest pretext This anti-social behaviour
cuts him off from the community in which he is living and has to fend for himself ultimately for his acts of omissions and
commissions.

6. Insincere Character. When a person does something good for us, we express our sincere thanks and go extra mile in
being sincere to that person in whatever way it is possible for us. Contrarily, a person who thinks others is there for serving
him and is without any warmth in the feeling for others. This like person is not only a insincere to his own family, society
and even to the Creator who had created him!

7. Complacent Character. We all should have confidence on ourselves. It is good for day to day functioning of our society.
But when we cross the threshold of confidence and step into the realm of complacency then problem starts. A person
who imbibes this trait finally faces ignoble defeat for being so and learns a lesson.

THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER (Source: Josephson Institute -charactercounts.org)

1. TRUSTWORTHINESS

This is the pillar of good character that is considered the most complicated of the six core ethical values and concerns a
variety of qualities like honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty.

When a person is trusted he is given a greater leeway and no need to be monitored just to assure that they meet their
obligations. When they are trusted, we develop in them higher esteem which may be satisfying to them. They must
constantly live up to the expectations of others and refrain from even small lies or self-serving behaviour that can quickly
destroy relationship.

a. Honesty
There is no more fundamental ethical value than honesty. Honesty is associated with honor. Thus, a person of honesty is
a person of honor and he is admired and trusted because of his being straightforward.

A person of good character must be a person of honesty in both communications and conduct.. is expressing the truth as
best we know it and Honesty in communications not conveying it in a way likely to mislead or deceive.

THREE DIMENSIONS OF HONESTY

1. Truthfulness. Presenting the facts to the best of our knowledge. Take note that, intent is the crucial distinction between
truthfulness and truth itself. Being wrong is not the same thing as lying, although honest mistakes can still damage trust
insofar as they may show sloppy judgment.

2. Sincerity. One must observe genuineness, being without trickery or duplicity for it precludes all acts, including half-
truths, out-of-context statements, and even silence, that are intended to create beliefs or leave impressions that are
untrue or misleading.

3. Candor. In relationships involving legitimate expectations of trust, honesty may also require candour, forthrightness
and frankness, imposing the obligation to volunteer information that another person needs to know.

4. Integrity. Persons of integrity are those who acts according to his beliefs, not according to expediency. He is also
consistent. There is no difference in the way he makes decisions from situation to situation; his principles don't vary at
work or at home, in public or alone.

5. Reliability (Promise Keeping). Reliable persons are those who keep their promises for he believe that doing so create
legitimate basis for another person to rely on him, and that he undertake special moral duties. They accept the
responsibility of making all reasonable efforts to fulfil their commitments. Because promise keeping is such an important
aspect of trustworthiness.

CONSIDERATIONS TO MAINTAIN RELIABILITY

1. Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses

Interpret your promises fairly and honestly.

Don't try to rationalize non-compliance.

2. Avoid Unwise Commitments

Before making a promise consider carefully whether you are willing and likely to keep it. Think about unknown or future
events that could make it difficult, undesirable or impossible. Sometimes, all we can promise is to do our best.

3. Avoid Unclear Commitments

Be sure that when you make a promise, the other person understands what you are committing to do.

b. Loyalty
To be trusted one must be loyal to his or husband or wife, friends, employer, employee, organization, citizen, and country.
Our relationships with other people creates an expectation of allegiance, fidelity and devotion. Hence, loyalty is a
responsibility that each one should develop and maintain to promote the interests of certain people, organizations or
affiliations.

2. RESPECT

The Golden Rule in Human Relation, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, perfectly illustrates "respect."
When respect is observed we would prevent and pre-empt violence, humiliation, manipulation and exploitation. It reflects
notions such as civility, courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and acceptance.

Everyone has a right to be treated with dignity. We certainly have no ethical duty to hold all people in high esteem, but
we should treat everyone with respect, regardless of who they are and what they have done. We have a responsibility to
be the best we can be in all situations, even when dealing with unpleasant people.

QUALITIES OF A RESPECTFUL PERSON

1. Ability to Listen When somebody is talking he is attentively listening.

Treats Others With Consideration

- Respectful person doesn't resort to intimidation, coercion or violence except in extraordinary and limited situations to
defend others, teach discipline, maintain order or achieve social justice. They allow all individuals, including maturing
children, to have a say in the decisions that affect them.
3. Capable of Accepting Individual and Beliefs- Respectful accepts principles and ideologies of others. They judge others
only on their negative character, abilities and conduct. differences individuals without prejudice openly

3. RESPONSIBILITY

It is understood that life is full of choices and everyone has its own judgement and decisions to take in life. However, we
are expected to be responsible for our actions and behaviours as rational being. Being responsible means to take charge
and be accountable of the consequences of what we think and do. Our capacity our freedom to choose make us morally
autonomous reason and and, therefore, answerable for whether we honor or degrade the ethical principles that give life
meaning and purpose. Thus, an individual must be responsible and accountable, pursue excellence and exercise self-
restraint. They exhibit the ability to respond to expectations.

QUALITIES OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. Sense of Accountability

An accountable person leads by example and doesn't shift blame or claim credit for the work of others. He considers the
likely consequences of his behaviour and associations. He recognizes the common complicity in the triumph of evil when
nothing is done to stop it.

b. Pursuit of Excellence

Responsible person shows diligence what he is doing, careful in his actions, prepared and informed. They finish what they
started, overcoming rather than surrendering to obstacles. They avoid excuses such as, "That's just the way I am," or "It's
not my job," or "It was legal," and always look for ways to do their work better.

c. Self-Restraint

Responsible people exercise self-control, restraining passions and appetites (such as hust, hatred, gluttony, greed and
fear) for the sake of longer-term vision and better judgment. They delay gratification if necessary and never feel it's
necessary to "win at any cost" They realize they are as they choose to be, every day.
4. FAIRNESS
This pillar of good character involves issues of equality, impartiality, proportionality, openness and due process. It is unfair
to handle similar matters inconsistently, and to impose punishment that is not commensurate with the offense.

The basic concept seems simple, even intuitive, yet applying it in daily life can be surprisingly difficult. Fairness is another
tricky concept, probably more subject legitimate

debate and interpretation than any other ethical value. Disagreeing parties tend to maintain that there is only one fair
position (their own, naturally). But essentially fairness implies adherence to a balanced standard of justice without
relevance to one's own feelings or inclinations.

Unfair person do not scrupulously employ open and impartial processes for gathering and evaluating information
necessary to make decisions. In contrast, fair people do not wait for the truth to come to them; they seek out relevant
information and conflicting perspectives before making important judgments. They make decisions objectively without
favouritism or prejudice. They don't take advantage of the weakness or ignorance of others.

5. CARING
Caring is the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-making. It is scarcely possible to be truly ethical and yet unconcerned
with the welfare of others. That is because ethics is ultimately about good relations with other people.

It is easier to love "humanity" than to love people. People who consider themselves ethical and yet lack a caring attitude
toward individuals tend to treat others as instruments of their will. They rarely feel an obligation to be honest, loyal. fair
or respectful except insofar as it prudent for them to do so, a disposition which itself hints at duplicity and a lack of
integrity. A person who really cares feels an emotional response to both the pain and pleasure of others.
The highest form of caring is the honest expression of benevolence, or altruism. This is not to be confused with strategic
charity. Gifts to charities to advance personal interests are a fraud That is, they aren't gifts at all. They're investments or
tax write-offs.
6. CITIZENSHIP
This pillar of good character includes civic virtues and duties that prescribe how we ought to behave as part of a
community. The good citizen knows the laws and obeys them. He volunteers and stays informed on the issues of the day,
the better to execute his duties and privileges as a member of a self-governing democratic society.

CHARACTER TRAITS

1. Alertness - Being aware of what is taking place around.

2. Attentiveness-Showing the worth of a person or task by giving undivided concentration.
3. Availability - Making own schedule and priorities secondary to the wishes of those being served.
4. Benevolence - Giving to others basic needs without the motivation for acquiring personal rewards.
5. Boldness Confidence that what is say or do is true, right, and just.
6. Cautiousness Knowing how important right timing is in accomplishing right actions.
7. Compassion-Investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of others.
8. Contentment Realizing that true happiness does not depend on material conditions.
9. Creativity - Approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a new perspective.
10. Decisiveness-The ability to recognize key factors and finalize difficult decisions.
11. Deference -Limiting freedom so not to offend the tastes of others.
12. Dependability - Fulfilling what is consented to do, even if it means unexpected sacrifice.
13. Determination Purposing to accomplish right goals at the right time, regardless of the opposition.
14. Diligence - Investing time and energy to complete each task assigned.
15. Discernment-Understanding the deeper reasons why things happen.
16. Discretion - Recognizing and avoiding words, actions, and attitudes that could bring undesirable consequences.
17. Endurance - The inward strength to withstand stress and do the best.
18. Enthusiasm - Expressing joy in doing and accomplishing each tasks.
19. Faith Confidence that actions rooted in good character will yield the best outcome, even when it's not personally
observed.
20. Flexibility - Willingness to change plans or ideas according to the direction of the authorities.
21. Forgiveness - Clearing the record of those who have wronged and not holding a grudge.
22. Generosity - Carefully managing resources to be capable of freely giving to those in need.
23. Gentleness-Showing consideration and personal concern for others.
24. Gratefulness - Letting others know by one's words and actions how they have benefited one's life.
25. Honor-Respecting those in leadership because of the higher authorities they represent.
26. Hospitality Cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or conversation to benefit others.
27. Humility - Acknowledging that achievement results from the investment of others one's life
28. Initiative Recognizing and doing what needs to be done before being asked to do it.
29. Joyfulness- Maintaining a good attitude, even when faced with unpleasant conditions.
30. Justice Taking personal responsibility to uphold what is pure, right, and true.
31. Loyalty Using difficult times to demonstrate commitment to those being served.
32. Meekness Yielding personal rights and expectations with a desire to serve.
33. Obedience - Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the direction of the superior.
34. Orderliness- Arranging self and surroundings to achieve greater efficiency.
35. Patience - Accepting a difficult situation without giving a deadline to remove it.
36. Persuasiveness Guiding vital truths around another's mental roadblocks.
37. Punctuality-Showing esteem for others by doing the right thing at the right time.
38. Resourcefulness Finding practical uses for that which others would overlook or discard.
39. Responsibility - Knowing and doing what is expected.
40. Security Structuring one's life around that which cannot be destroyed or taken away
41. Self-Control Rejecting wrong desires and doing
42. Sensitivity - Perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others
43. Sincerity - Eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives.
44. Thoroughness Knowing what factors will diminish the effectiveness of one's work or if neglected.
45. Thriftiness Allowing oneself and others to spend only what is necessary.
46. Tolerance - Realizing that everyone is at varying levels of character development.
47. Truthfulness-Earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts,
48. Virtue-The moral excellence evident in one's life as consistently doing what is right.
49. Wisdom-Seeing and responding to life situations from a perspective that transcends current circumstances.
 CHAPTER I
FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS

THE MOST WELL KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO

POSITIVE TRAITS

1. Hospitality

Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity and friendliness exhibited to
foreigners and locals alike.

Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Most foreigners who
have gone to the Philippines fell in love with the warm hospitality they have experienced while staying in the country. This
is a kind of value system which has existed in the country thousand of years ago. Good thing is that the hospitality of the
Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to its fellow Filipino as well.

Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:

a. When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome. The host will immediately
let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend
not leave the house with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time visiting them.

b. People offer their guest room to visitors if they're going to spend the night. c. Meals offered to guests are very special.
A host always finds a way to prepare great tasting food that her visitor wants to eat.
2. Respect

This is often observed-not just by younger people but also by people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one's elders
is a tradition.

a Po and Opo These words are spoken by the Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order to show respect to persons in
authority. These Filipino words mean "yes," when answering or talking to the elders.

b. Pagmamano- Another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting them. This is done by putting their elders'
hands on their foreheads c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.

3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the generations. Families go to church
and pray together because their religion is important and creates a strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives.
Filipinos believe in only one God and majority of the population are Catholics. It is a value system of the Filipinos to pray
before eating, going to bed, before the start of the meeting, conferences of program, gathering, etc.

On weekends, most Filipino families make sure to have quality time together by watching television or eating a family
meal, watch movies or going to beach resorts.

4. Generosity and Helpfulness

Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for being generous. They share what they have to the people
around them even when they only have little.
These could be felt during birthdays, weddings or fiesta (party). When visitors came to celebrate great tasting special foods
are specially prepared for everyone. It is shared by friends, families or even strangers.

When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help you. They are always willing to assist you or lend a hand.

5. Strong Work Ethics

Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are always willing to work almost the whole
day to provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers though earning so little but they work harder with not much
compensation.

Aside from their regular work. Filipinos always find creative ways to look for other sources of income like creating a small
business from their home where they sell foods and other items for the convenience of their neighbours.

6. Loving and Caring Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and
most loving people in the world.

It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that most Filipino men are so sweet and romantic when it comes to
love. They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place text her sweet quotes and tell often how
special she is to them. Filipino women are also romantic and very caring, which often makes some foreigners want to
marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner before their husband comes home. They love, and value the relationship,
always staying faithful to their husbands They love deeply and sincerely.

NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS

1. Fatalism ("Bahala Na" or "Come What May" Attitude)

When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it up to God to sort things out.
An attitude of "What Goes Around Comes Around" Filipinos have a tendency to surrender the future to luck. They have
that strong confidence that everything will work out in his interest without doing anything Filipinos often accepts bad
news or circumstances without trying to stop or change them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can also
keep us from finding ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty depressing.

2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination)

True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing things or making transactions. When not
interested or not in the mood, they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next day to finish what they are doing or meeting
their transactions. However, there are some Filipinos nowadays who take their time in doing things or in making decisions
promptly. There are some who are habitually late or not showing up at all. There are few Filipinos who are punctual for
social meetings. In fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time especially at a party.

The "bahala na" attitude is the outcome of the "mañana habit" when the tasks are left undone. This is usually shown and
even expressed by people who do not care much of what lies ahead and just leave everything in fate.

3. Crab Mentality

This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear the way for their own gain. Filipino
people with this kind of mentality or attitude try their best to ruin each other, either by making issues against the other
for him to turn out bad to the public or to the company or organization so that people will gradually put distance and loss
their confidence and trust that eventually result to their replacement.

4. Hypocrisy

This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others' failure to live with the moral standards of the society are inevitable.
In the Philippines morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the standards set by the traditional society. However,
as no one is perfect, many of us are not actually able to sustain these standards.

The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a double standard life. To hide our failure in following a
norm, we tend to be condemning those who are caught red handed. A perfect example could be the criticisms faced by
those who become pregnant outside marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario is that some of these critics could have
actually engaged in premarital sex too-only that no proof is visible.

5. Ningas Cogon
Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or days, that excitement
to do or accomplish something is lost we and become too lazy to finish what were have started.

6. Tardiness (Filipino time)

Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called "Filipino time but not exactly referring to the Philippine standard time,
but then again we use it to refer to the "tardiness" of the persons that we are waiting or who keeps on coming late to the
set time schedule of events. Instead of being something to be proud of, 'Filipino time' brings a negative impression to our
people. When the invitation says the program will start at 7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This has not only caused
conflicts in relationships, it also discourages others. including foreigners from getting involved in supposedly productive
activities as too much time can be wasted on waiting.

7. Gossiping
Filipinos are fond of talking about others business. It is not true that only women are into gossiping Even men can also be
nosy on other people's lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are emphasized. and relationships are destroyed.
Worse, as gossips are passed around, they tend to be twisted until the final story becomes too far from the original-thus,
causing more damage.

8. Blaming
Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the blame, we lack humility
to accept our failures, and instead we point at others. This shows how irresponsible we are on our actions. This attitude
destroys teamwork, and reliability becomes an issue.

9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)

Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others. This could be an outcome of having too many problems
that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own needs first before others.

10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding of the purpose of laws
and ordinances have inability to observe and follow them. Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in the
Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant and lifestyle development is relaxed.

11. Attention Taker

Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different thing
to be an "epal" or "kapalmuks simply, being an attention grabber.
Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center of attention, we do things that are already embarrassing like butting
in conversations as a know-it-all or by being scandalous. This habit is also common to our politicians. Instead of prioritizing
their duty to give the best service to the people, they rather prioritize their thick faces to grab attention that will bring
them more chance of winning in the next election. But thanks to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politicians earns more
shame than fame.

12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud which usually results to being oversensitive. If
we think highly of ourselves, then we have the tendency to put a wall around us and that a signboard on our forehead
saying, "I must be respected." Therefore, when someone makes a joke or a not so positive comment about us, we feel like
we are not respected and we get offended. If all people in the country do not know how to accept constructive criticism,
then we can never expect unity.

13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)

One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is because of overspending. Since most people want to live an elite
lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond their means. Sometimes, some of us think that as long as we wear
designer clothes and shoes, and we send our children to the most expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming in credits
and loans.

14. Passivity (lack of leadership)

Filipinos' lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not progress. We keep on complaining
against the government and other societal issues. However, we do not do anything about them. One of our excuses is the
lack of faith that our small actions can bring change. However, the worse reason for this could be our lack of care for what
is happening around us Common Filipinos also lack courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms, churches,
or conference rooms, most of us don't like to sit in the front seat.

15. Other Negative Traits

Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don't mind their own business. Some
have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers engage in prostitution. There are many broken
families. A lot of bad words to choose from which Filipinos just can't avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to be with
friends most of the time than to be with their parents.

FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION - Is the approach that may influence work or social relationships by persons relating to
objects, events, and ideas.

The relational or face-to-face interactions and their resulting responsibilities are called interpersonal obligations. This is in
relation to the value in Filipino cultural orientation, the personalism. Pakikiramay, pakikisama, bayanihan, and galang are
the nature of interpersonal relationships that are inherent to the pure-blooded Filipino people.

1. Pakikiramay
It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, without being asked. i.e., unsolicited help.

2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)

Regardless whether someone's views are agreeable or not, Filipinos are capable of getting along with it. Camaraderie,
trust, confidence, and loyalty are enhanced and developed by this Filipino value.

3. Bayanihan
As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and generous enough to extend help without
compensation. -Somebody can request help in time of need from those to whom it is extended.

4. Galang (Respect)
Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the opinions of elders, peers, or those in authority, during important
discussions during social encounters. Verbal clash or any sign of extreme familiarity in public meetings is a sign of
disrespect to elders or persons in authority.

CHAPTER II
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation, in particular with the
aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its country of origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that
each nation should regulate itself, free from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and
that the nation is the only legitimate source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).

It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language,
religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote national unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012).
Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and encourage a nation's traditional culture, and cultural revivals have been
connected to nationalist movements. It also fosters pride in domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with
patriotism (Triandafyllidou, 1998). Nationalism is often paired with other ideologies, for instance conservatism or socialism
(Finlayson2014).

Types of Nationalism

Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self definitions of countries
are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist
movements combine to differing degrees some or all of these components.
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism) The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and
descent. It also involves the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.

The nation's membership is her editary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the ethnic group's
homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group to promote its family and social
life.

In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the
word 'ethnic nationalism' for non Western notions of nationalism.

The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit ideology along these
lines; the more generic word is "ethnic nationalism and is used by nationalists who hold such views in an informal,
instinctive, or unsystematic manner. The pejorative type of both is "ethnocentric nationalism or "tribal nationalism,"
although "tribal nationalism" may have a non-pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other
nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.

2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)

The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens active involvement and the extent to which it reflects the "will of the
individuals." Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic
nationalism as a type of nationalism.

Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative democracy in nations such as the
United States and France was affected by civil-national values.

State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It means that the country is a
community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength, and that there is the person to contribute
to that objective.

The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength, and where
the person exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This often results in fascism - generally
characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political ideology.

3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in expansionism, generally through
military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as European powers indulged in the Scramble for Africa
in the name of domestic glory, but was most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th century,
including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great Albania), Bulgaria
(Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia), Hungary Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-
determination; some countries are believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore,
expansionist nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the cost of its neighbours.

4. Romantic Nationalism It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic
nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation's natural. It is based on
the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal.

It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical ethnic culture that meets
the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.

5. Cultural Nationalism

The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an instance of cultural
nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities. Membership in the nation is neither completely voluntary
nor hereditary. However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person, particularly if
the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi, 2008). Cultural nationalism
has been defined as a variety of non-civil or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).

6. Liberal Nationalism

Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic form of nationalism
compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can exist (Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995,
Miller, 1995). It is asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity and those
liberal democracies need domestic identity to work correctly.

Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people need a domestic identity to
lead meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka, 1995) and that liberal democratic politics need domestic identity to work
correctly (David, 1995, Arash, 2002). Ernest Renan, author of "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?" and John Stuart Mill are often
thought to be carly liberal nationalists.

7. Religious Nationalism

Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a shared religion contributes
to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation's people. This connection can be divided into two
dimensions; religion's politicization and religion's converse effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity: a common bond between the nation's people. The support of a
national identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or culture, is another political element of religion. More
ideological is the impact of religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts inspire political activism
and action; for instance, legislation are enacted to encourage stricter religious adherence (Juergensmeyer, 1996).

8. Pan Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural communities (such
as Turkish peoples).

9. Diaspora Nationalism
Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism, there is a
nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States and elsewhere, etc.

PATRIOTISM

Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an alliance with other people
who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many distinct emotions, including ethnic, cultural,
political or historical elements, related to one's own country. It is a predominant virtue linked to a nation's love, with
greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He'll never
live alone egotistically. For example, for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no
other reason than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one's nation. In essence, patriotism is a sense
of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country love.

The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th century) patriota via Middle
French, meaning "countryman," finally from Greek (patriötés), meaning from the same nation' (patria), meaning
"fatherland" (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.

By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of the church-state separation
requested by the Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism and religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael
Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism and faith and
depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the label (Billig 1995).

Kinds of Patriotism
1. Patriotism of Duty
This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism and other selfless sacrifice
types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-being. The patriotism of affection
can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one can truly love his country and yet be a
coward, just as one can theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel apathetic about the country's welfare.

3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one's hand over the heart during
the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually needing affection or duty patriotism. While the
above types of patriotism show. at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the patriotism of manners
establishes mostly a set of protocols

Types of Patriotism

1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such as respect for the
flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include enlisting in the army, public service, and
participation in the political process through voting or other forms of activism.

2. Official Patriotism-Promoted by the government. which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content. It is a logical
consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the common good of the political
community.

National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples. Often official patriotism
is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance.

Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the national anthem, saying a pledge,
participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one's vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming
allegiance to the state.

3. Symbolic Patriotism In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort.

4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot does not see it as
inferior. Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. Typically, patriotic intensity is higher
when the state is under external threat.

CHAPTER III
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word "Filipino" referred to the Philippines "Spanish criollos." The Spanish leaders described the natives as
Indians during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known
as insulars, criollos, or creoles, were also called "Filipinos" during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards or
Philippine-based continental Spaniards were referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been called
Mestizos. Despite being considered inferior by the Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed numerous roles of state and
church, and composed most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of domestic awareness originated from the
Creoles, who now consider themselves "Filipino." Three significant factors, economy, education, and parish secularization
brought it to its emergence.
These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism's birth. The Philippines opening to global or world trade, the increase of the
upper class, and the influx of Europe's liberal thoughts were just a few instances of how the Philippines became a stable
nation. "The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a reform or propaganda
movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of "propagandizing" the circumstances of the
Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of the Philippines would be changed by peaceful means
(History of the Philippine Revolution", 2015).

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES (self-reliance)

a. Pagsasarili (self-reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa - Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation)
g. Pagkakapantay - Pantay (equality and equity).
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are related to a sense of
nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:

1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces of the country.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original provinces in the
Philippines.
3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National anthem -
4. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is
small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong, sturdy, and durable - a
common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to be severely endangered.
The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there is extreme punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal - The National Hero of the Philippines.
8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard work due to its use on
many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many ways in which it can be
cooked.
11. Mango The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men -(untucked shirt of thin fabric displaying Chinese,
Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro't Saya (skirt and blouse with no collar)
13. "Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal" are the Philippine national songs.
14. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as hat, umbrella, or fan
symbolizing the Filipino's resourcefulness.
16. Nipa Hut - The Philippine national house: typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.

IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different economic policies 1834 1873. This is
the period of the development of agriculture in the country because foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various
ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.

Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the lives of the Filipinos prosperous.
Modern farming techniques were introduced and the means of transportation and communication were that boost
financial advancement, boost tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.

How Some Filipino Become Illustrados?

The middle class or the "Illustrados" were the educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles, novels or publication in
news journal called "La Solidaridad, campaigned for reform in the colony in a peaceful way. They were made up of the
"principalia" or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their families
were "inquilinos" who leased property to the friars. Agricultural production evolved during Philippine's opening to world
trade, which led them to become rich. They were able to improve their social status and send their children to European
schools. They later clamored for reforms and equality, and their children became propaganda movement members.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal's opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain. This paved the way for liberalism to enter
the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as equality, freedom and brotherhood and the establishment of the
Spanish Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation and imparted liberal thoughts to the Philippines. They carried liberal
books and magazines with them. Not only in Manila, but also in the provinces that occupied positions in municipal
government, the amount of Spaniards is increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social
prestige by gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the Filipinos tightly protected.
Secularization Movement

The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the effects of Europe's spreading of liberal
ideas.

There Are Two Types of Priests:

1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians,
Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests-These priests were not religious orders and were under the archbishop's oversight.

1565

Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the Augustinian, Recollects, Dominican, and
Franciscan.

Council of Trent

It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons and priests who are not monastics or
members of a religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible because some of them have been sent to America.

Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the racial and national conflict with the
Friars.

19th Century Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests. Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava
Cerrada He was the one who boost and inspired the Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain

Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)

A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and oppressive ruler; replaced Gov. Dela Torre. He
boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other. He decide to restor old order and repealed the
exemption of the Filipino's from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and tribute (tax) that the Cavite
workers had been enjoying.

January 20, 1872

Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the Spanish arsenal in
Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench the rebellion. The ring leaders were
murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the Rebellion's mastermind.

Francisco Zaldua- A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA

February 17, 1872- The day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:

Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior position of the three as Archbishop's
Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the eath penalty calmly as though it were his penance for being
pro-Filipinos.

Father Jose Burgos, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and
had been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at the time and was active
and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the seculars and was known to weep like
a child.

Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to
be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain.
He once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.

Issues On The Three Priests

1. Fr. Gomez - Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more than 80 years old.
2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.

3. Fr. Zamora - Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain Jose Zamora, a known
critic of Spanish Government at that time.

GomBurZa Execution

The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular priests in the 19th century. The Spaniards
wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed in
February 17, 1872 by Garrote after being implicated as master minds in Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests
the crowd paid respect when they removed their hats and knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the order of
Archbishop Melito Martinez.

Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or break
a convicted person's neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed to the three priests.

The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine
history because the three priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.

Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement

Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was founded in 19th century by the
illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr.
Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who laid the foundation of the movement in Madrid.

Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and tongue; literally means
the propagation of a given opinion.

Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in 1872. They didn't have the intention of
achieving social changes through armed struggle and revolution rather they campaign for reform or change by way of
writing. They advocated reform by writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were popularly known as Illustrados
(Intellectuals) in Spain, England and France.

The Goals of Propaganda Movement

1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain

2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.

Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement

The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Emergence of Middle Class

2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY

1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal

2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the Propagandists. His pen names are
Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known and acclaimed as the "Father of Philippine Nationalism due to his intellectual
and idealistic support for Philippine Independence. For him Spanish colonial system itself should be blamed for the
unfortunate state of the Filipinos and the colony.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned his alphabet, at the age of 8, he
wrote a poem entitled" Sa Aking mga Kabata (To My Fellow children) a poem that talks about love for one's language. At
the age of 9, he was sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from Mercado to
Rizal because Mercado was closely identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he
graduated Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine while taking
up agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal's poem A la juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) won the first prize in
literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario Artisticio.

The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge learned that it was written by Filipino. In 1882, he sailed for
Spain without the knowledge of his parents and finished medicine in Universidad Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas
Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippine Century Hence) his written essay, where he showed how the ancient civilization of
Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young women of Malolos) He commended the
20 women of Malolos who bravely disobeyed their parish priest by establishing a night school where they could learn the
Spanish language.

He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the Philippines in 19th century. On February
1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US and England causing him to learned
numerous language. On July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo Manila, to foster cooperation among Filipinos,
to help each other in times of needs, to promote education and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an
exiled in Dapitan. He became a teacher to little boys, he built artesian well for more effective irrigation system, and he
served as a doctor, and met Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to serve as military doctor, but he was
arrested for allegedly being connected with revolution which broke out in the Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at
Fort Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal association. On December 30, 1896, he was executed in Bagumbayan
(Luneta). His last poem given to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the cocinilla de alcohol (cooking lamp).

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform Movement. Born on August 30, 1850 in San Nicolas,
Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his grandmother's surname based on Gov. General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- "Filipinos
should adopt a Spanish Surname."

He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de San Jose. He took up law
at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it because he was suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal
fee. He was also imprisoned for 30 days for this offense. He married his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have
7 children but only 2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered
speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and the injustices his family
experienced from them.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to
expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical
issues). He was shift the co-founder of the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines "Diariong Tagalog" where he
published his nationalistic article including the Tagalog translation of Jose Rizal's "El Amor Patrio. His other writings were:
a. Caingat Cayo - He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan - Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed nature of the friars. the true
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas ( Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina (The Frailocracy in the Philippines)

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and first president of the Katipunan. He
organized the 1st political group in the Philippines known as the "Junta de propaganda." His pseudonyms are, Dolores
Manapat, Piping dilat, V. Garcia and Plaridel.

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourages him to become a priest. However, Graciano wanted to
become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in the School of Medicine in University of Sto. Tomas but due to
financial difficulties he wasn't able to finish his medical degree and forced to go back in Ilollo. The poor people of Ilollo
consulted him for medical problems. He started the campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing "Fray Botod" (La hija de
fraile) means "Big - Bellied Friar." In his work he revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as represented
by Fray Botod.

He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and then he went to Valencia Spain and continues his medical
degree but later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff of LOS DOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo
and was acclaimed as the "Prince of the Filipino Orators" and the great orator of the Reform Movement. His pen name
was Diego Laura and he founded the La Solidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes the mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In
Madrid, he wrote articles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. He became a member of the freemasonry and
founded masonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889.

For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the root cause of impoverishment of the Filipinos
under Spanish colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still
wear it the next day without being laundry.

OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS DR. PEDRO PATERNO

A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled "Ninay," the 1st Filipino Novel that shows the Filipino's developed culture.

ANTONIO LUNA
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the Philippines. La Maestra de mi
pueblo Describe defects of the educational system for women. His pen name was Taga-ilog.

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Known to be "Supremo of Katipunan" was one of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem, letters, essays and dialogue
while his writing are:

.Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving motherland. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa
Inang Espanya.
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of darkness under the Spaniards

He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to particular ethnic group but to all inhabitants
who lived near bodies of water (tags-ilog). Everybody should be rightfully called Tagalog.

His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide for Katipuneros Katungkulang
Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan" but later adopted the "Kartilla ng Katipunan" of Emilio Jacinto.

EMILIO JACINTO

Regarded as the "Brain of the Katipunan." Born on Dec. 15, 1875 in Trozo, Manila. He took up Bachelor of Arts from the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took up law from University of Sto. Tomas but he was not able to finish it because of
revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan that served as moral
and ethical guide for Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilim and La Patria.

He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to rescue Rizal while waiting
the ship going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with cazaderos or spanish riflemen in Maimpis,
Magdalena Laguna, where he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria on April 6, 1899 in Sta Cruz Laguna.

THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

The reform movement's failure paves the way for a movement that advocates armed struggle to achieve liberty.

KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).

This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal's exile to Dapitan. Deodato Arellano was the first
President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The KKK members were divided when it
increased more than one hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own password and members undergo
blood compact.

Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle method to recruit members, where every member should
recruit two new members who would only know each other after passing the initiation rites.

CHAPTER IV
FILIPINO CORE VALUES

BASIC CONCEPT OF VALUES

Core values are a person's or organization's fundamental beliefs. These guiding principles dictate conduct and can assist
individuals to know the distinction between right and wrong. It also assists organizations by establishing an unwavering
guide to determine if they are on the correct track and fulfil their objectives. Values are essential because they assist us
to grow. They assist us build the future that we want to experience.

Hundreds of choices are made every day by every person and every organization. The choices we make reflect our values
and beliefs and are always aimed at a particular purpose. That aim is our person or collective organizational) needs to be
satisfied. When we make choices using our values, we create a conscious decision to concentrate on what matters to us.
They create inner cohesion within a group when values are shared.

MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES

1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model

A "legal and formal" model is defined as the international model. Filipinos from Western cultures, particularly from the
Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the foreign model. An example of foreign or exogenous impact is the bureaucracy
displayed in the Philippine government.
2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model
Described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide, the indigenous model is deeply integrated in the Filipinos
subconscious.

THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES

Based on Dr. Ramirez's study "The Filipino Worldview and Values" and her perspectives as a phenomenological sociologist
from centuries of practice, here are the Five Core Filipino Values based on a Filipino's Basic Aspirations.

Mapagpasalamat

This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Pamumuhay" (Life) and "Pananalig sa Diyos at Kapwa" (God and People
Faith). Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed. We have plenty of vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings.
Filipinos are cheerful and sociable, of course. Even in depressing circumstances, we wear smiles on our faces. That's
because we're always looking at life's bright side.

We always have a positive outlook because, even in the smallest things, we always find things to be grateful for. We would
always say "Salamat sa Diyos" (Thank God) whenever excellent things occur because Filipinos would attribute the blessings
of life to the Higher Being from whatever religion. We also recognize other people's excellent acts towards us and do our
utmost to return the favor.

Matatag

Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters, have adjusted and learned to be powerful in moments of need
and in difficult circumstances that life throws at us. This power is derived from our love for our family and our belief in the
greater being. This is based on Filipino's "Kaayusan" (Order) aspiration.
In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines is "Ayos Na." When we are able to overcome problems, we say "Ayos Na."
We Filipinos are longing for "Kaayusan," and we will endure all and be powerful in the midst of hardships and challenges
until we overcome the barriers.

Masigasig

We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of something. We're doing it for our loved ones and relatives. This
is based on the "Kasaganaan" (Abundance) and "Ginhawa" (Relief) aspiration of Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family,
a Filipino aspires to abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon (Bountiful New Year) is the Filipino translation for Happy New
Year because we match happiness and celebration with abundance.

"Ginhawa" in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath flow is the soft life flow we call "Ginhawa." "Ginhawa" is the
feeling of well-being in a Filipino. according to lay theologian Dr. Jose de Mesa. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would
be an instance of enduring being away from home to offer their families a healthy life-abundance and relief from
hardships.

Mapagmalasakit

It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors and others that naturally sympathetic Filipinos. This
compassion allows us to assist others without in exchange asking for anything. This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos
to "Loob at Damdamin" and "Kapwa" (Other People). "Loob" is the seat of the dignity of the Philippines. Filipino's
personality is expressed in his "kalooban." Filipinos tune in the "kalooban" of each other by checking the situation of each
other and talking about the life of each other.

Filipinos use "kapwa" to refer not only to a stranger, but to a relative, a neighbor next door, a distant relative, or a friend
because of our family culture. Our characteristic of "Mapagmalasakit" makes it simple for us to promote the spirit of
Bayanihan-to unite and assist one another during calamities and to celebrate together on unique occasions.

Magalang

The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are separate methods of regard for Filipino people. We say these
phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate our respect and love to elderly. The Filipinos' respect is not just limited to
the elderly but also to other people's properties, emotions, and ideas. We are polite people. Our language is also respectful
because it has no sex bias. For example, the phrases "kapatid" (brother/ sister) or asawa (husband/wife) or "biyenan"
(father in-law/mother-in-law) or "anak" (son/daughter) do not show gender differences. These words are certainly sex
friendly Filipino uniquely. Our respect for other people is an integral part of our culture and our language. This is based on
our "Lakas ng Loob" or "Kagandahang Loob" aspiration.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CORE VALUES

Being a noble profession the police service demands from its members specialized understanding and abilities, as well as
great standard of ethics and morality..

The members of the Philippine National Police must therefore conform to and internalize the key principles of:

Love of God
Respect for authority.
Respect for women
Respect for sanctity of marriage.
Stewardship over material things .
Responsible dominion
Truthfulness

The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE stands for:

SERVANT HOOD

As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the nation and individuals, Police value a supportive and professional
role serves and protects its clientele and community with honesty, utmost devotion and commitment above private
concern.
EXCELLENCE

Police are committed in doing and making things occur effectively and efficiently in all of their efforts as they strive to
accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with tangible outcomes and far beyond their best.

RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY

Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as their moral duty is to serve the public with due diligence
and always bearing in mind that they are accountable and duty bound to promote the public interest.

VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

Police always maintain their fellow human beings' dignity whenever they cater their needs and are delicate and cautious
in serving and protecting them with compassion and utmost regard for their human rights.

INTEGRITY

Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the fulfillment of their obligation to live an honest, upright and
dignified life according to the highest ethical and moral norms where their advocacy, values and convictions are
compatible with their words and actions.

COURAGE

From their moral strength police draw their collective and individual power of approach to always accept difficult duties,
and they are courageous enough to speak out against temptation, anomalies, corruption and exploitation and stand firm.

EMPOWERMENT

Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture volunteerism and operate in harmony with their clientele by
training individuals for a better and safer society in the process.