Chemistry HandBook CHAPTER
ALLEN
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Proton (mP) Neutron (mn) Electron(me)
/anode rays / cathode rays
mass =1.67 × 10–27 kg mass = 1.67 × 10–27 kg mass = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
mass = 1.67 × 10–24 g mass = 1.67 × 10–24 g mass = 9.1 × 10–28 g
mass = 1.00750 amu mass = 1.00850 amu mass = 0.000549 amu
e/m value is dependent e/m of electron is found to
on the nature of gas be independent of nature of
taken in discharge tube. gas & electrode used.
REPRESENTATION OF AN ELEMENTS ATOMIC MODELS
5 Thomson : An atom considered to be positively
M ass num ber A charged sphere where e– is embedded inside it.
S ym bol
of the 5 Drawback : Cannot explain stability of an atom.
X elem ent 5 Rutherford Model of an atoms :
Atom ic num ber Z
Electron is revolving around the nucleus in circular path.
RN = R0(A)1/3, R0 = 1.33 × 10–13 cm
Terms associated with elements : [A mass number, RN = Radius of nucleus]
5 Atomic Number (Z) : = No. of protons SIZE OF NUCLEUS
Electron = Z – C (charge on atom) 5 The volume of the nucleus is very small and is only a
5 Mass number (A) =Total number of neutron and minute fraction of the total volume of the atom.
proton present Nucleus has a diameter of the order of 10 –13 cm and
the atom has a diameter of the order of 10–8 cm.
A = Number of proton + Number of Neutrons
5 Thus, diameter of the atom is 105 times to the diameter
5 Isotopes : Same atomic number but different mass of the nucleus and volume of atom is 1015 times to
number volume of nucleus.
Ex. : 6C12, 6C13, 6C14
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
5 Isobars : Same mass number but different atomic
5 RW ®MW ®IR ®Visible ®UV ®X-rays ®CR
number
(Radiowaves ®Microwaves ®Infrared rays ®Visible rays
Ex. 1H3, 2He3 ®Ultraviolet rays ®X-rays ®Cosmic rays)
Isodiaphers : Same difference in the number of 5 Wavelength decreases ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
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5
5 Frequency and energy increases ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
neutrons & protons
c 1 n
Ex. 5B11, 6C13 5 • c=nl • l= •n = =
n l c
5 Isotones : Having same number of neutrons
1 hc
Ex. 1H3, 2He4 •T = •E = = hn , h = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
n l
5 Isosters: They are the molecules which have the same
12400
number of atoms & electrons •E = l eV
(Å)
Ex. CO2, N2O nhc
•Total amount of energy transmitted E = nhn =
5 Isoelectronic:Species having same no. of electrons l
n = number of photons
Ex. Cl–, Ar, S2–
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CH APTER
Chemistry HandBook
ALLEN
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL HYDROGEN SPECTRUM
Theory based on quantum theory of radiation and the
classical laws of physics 1 é1 1ù
• Rydberg’s Equation : = n = RH ê 2 - 2 ú ´ Z2
K ( Ze) ( e) mv2 l ë n1 n2 û
• =
r2 r
nh R H @ 109700 cm-1 = Rydberg constant
• mvr = or mvr = nh
2p • For first line of a series n2 = n1 +1
• Electron remains in stationary orbit where it does not • Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n2 = ¥
radiate its energy. • Ha line means n2 =n+1; also known as line of longest
n2 l, shortest n, least energy
• Radius : r = 0.529 ´ Å
• Similarly Hb line means n2 = n1 +2
Z
• When electrons de-excite from higher energy level (n)
Z -1
• Velocity : v = 2.188 ´ 106 ms to ground state in atomic sample, then number of
n
n ( n - 1)
Z2 spectral lines observed in the spectrum =
2
•Total energy (KE + PE) = –13.6 × 2 eV/atom
n • When electrons de-excite from higher energy level (n2)
KZe2 - KZe2 KZe2 to lower energy level (n1) in atomic sample, then
• TE = - , PE = , KE = number of spectral line observed in the spectrum
2r r 2r
PE = –2KE, KE = –TE, PE = 2TE ( n2 - n1 )( n2 - n1 + 1)
v =
• Revolutions per sec = 2
2pr • No. of spectral lines in a particular series = n2 – n1
2pr
• Time for one revolution =
v
• Energy difference between n1 and n2 energy level Hydrogen
Spectrum (n2) (n1)
æ 1 1 ö eV æ 1 1 ö
DE = E n2 - E n1 = 13.6 ´ Z2 ç 2 - 2 ÷ = IE ´ ç 2 - 2 ÷ Lyman ® Any higher orbit ® 1 [Found in U.V. region]
è n1 n2 ø atom è n1 n2 ø
Balmer ® Any higher orbit ® 2 [Found in Visible region]
where IE = ionization energy of single electron species.
Paschen ® Any higher orbit ® 3 [Found in I.R. region]
• Ionization energy = E¥ - EG.S. = 0 - EG.S. Brackett ® Any higher orbit ® 4 [Found in I.R. region]
EG.S.= Energy of electron in ground state Pfund ® Any higher orbit ® 5 [Found in I.R. region]
n=1 2 3 4 5
K L M N O
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E1 < E2 < E3 < E4 <E5
–13.6 –3.4 –1.51 –0.85 –0.54 eV
E2–E1 > E3–E2 > E4–E3 > E5–E4 >
Å
10.2 1.89 0.66 0.31 eV
12.1
12.75
13.06
KEÅ At n = ¥ is 0
PEQ At n = ¥ is 0
TEQ At n = ¥ is 0
Ground st
I E.S 2ndE.S 3rdE.S 4thE.S
State (Excited State)
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Chemistry HandBook CHAPTER
ALLEN
de-BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS HEISENBERG UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE
• All material particles posses wave character as • According to this principle, “ it is impossible to measure
well as particle character. simultaneously the position and momentum of a
h h microscopic particle with absolute accuracy”
• l= = If one of them is measured with greater accuracy, the
mn p
other becomes less accurate.
• The circumference of the nth orbit is equal to n
times of wavelength of electron i.e., 2prn = nl h h
• Dx.Dp ³ or ( Dx ) ( Dv ) ³
Number of waves = n = principal quantum 4p 4pm
number where Dx =Uncertainity in position
150 Dp = Uncertainity in momentum
• Wavelength of electron ( l ) @ Å Dv = Uncertainity in velocity
V ( volts )
h m = mass of microscopic particle
• l=
2mKE • Heisenberg replaced the concept of orbit by that of orbital.
QUANTUM NUMBER
In an atom each shell, subshell, orbital and electron are designated by a set of 4 quantum numbers.
5 Principal quantum number (By Bohr) Þ
For H & H- like species all the subshells of a shell
Þ Indicates = Size and energy of the shell, distance have same energy.
of e– from nucleus i.e. 2s = 2p 3s = 3p = 3d
Þ Values n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..................... 5 Magnetic quantum number (m)
h Þ Given by Linde
Þ Angular momentum = n ´
2p Þ Indicates orientation of orbitals i.e. direction of
Þ Total number of e–s in a shell = 2n2 electron density.
Þ Total number of orbitals in a shell = n2 Þ Value of m = –l .........0.........+l
Þ Total number of subshell in a shell = n Þ Maximum no of e's in an orbital = 2
5 Azimuthal/Secondary/Subsidiary/Angular (with opposite spin)
momentum quantum number (l) m for p sub shell = p x py pz
Þ Given by = Sommerfeld –1 +1 0
Þ Indicates = Sub shells
Þ Values Þ 0, 1..............(n–1)
Þ Indicates shape of Sub shell m for d sub shell = dx y dyz d z2 dxz d x 2– y 2
Value Values of l Initial from –2 –1 0 +1 +2
of n [Shape] word
eg. l = 0 (s) [Spherical] Sharp
If n = 4 l=1 [p] [Dumb bell] Principal 5 Spin quantum number (ms or s)
l=2 [d] [Double dumb bell] Diffused
Given by Uhlenback & Goudsmit
l=3 [f] [Complex] Fundamental
Values of s = ±½
Þ Total no. of e–s in a sub shell = 2(2l + 1)
Total value of spin in an atom = ±½ ×number of
Þ Total no. of orbitals in a sub shell = (2l + 1)
unpaired electrons
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Þ Orbital angular momentum
h
= l ( l + 1)
h
= h l ( l + 1) Spin angular momentum = s ( s + 1)
2p 2p
h = Planck's constant
5 Aufbau principle : The electrons are filled up in increasing order of the energy in subshells.
RULES 1s22s 22p 63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
FOR 5 (n + l) rule : The subshell with lowest (n + l) value is filled up first, but when two or more
FILLING subshells have same (n + l) value then the subshell with lowest value of n is filled up first.
OF 5 Pauli exclusion principle : Pauli stated that no two electrons in an atom can have same
ORBITALS values of all four quantum numbers.
5 Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity : Electrons are distributed among the orbitals of subshell
in such a way as to give maximum number of unpaired electrons with parallel spin.
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ALLEN
IMPORTANT NOTES
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Chemistry HandBook
