Realism disagreement.

R2P: when a state is unable or unwilling to protect its citizens, wider intl
Origins: Hobbes's Leviathan: its someone who we choose to protect us and keep us from community steps in and save them, through the UN, from shocking acts of inhumanity –
chaos which would ensue if we were alone. “Life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, inconsistent and ineffective as interventions are often vetoed by UNSC
nasty, brutish and short.” Key Ideas: anarchy in the intl. system, will to survive, self-help Economic dependency in global trade – oil, Chinese manufacturing – leads to other kinds
system, states are main actors, power=survival. Classical Realism: human nature is the of war??? Is it peace or US Imperialism through capitalist enforcement, military
reason politics that way, down-up approach, statesman main actor, Historypaglus – how advancements in “peace keeping” The Global Democratic Deficit: equal rights, respect
history shapes today’s leaders. Morgenthau - political realism, moral standards are specific and solidarity rarely extend to intl politics, inequality is the basis of the system; powerful
to nations, history, prudence coz no universal principles can apply. Ethics & morality are states opt out of IOs; domestic analogy isnt always seen in intl order. Criticisms:
subordinates to national interest. Neorealism: take domestic out of politics, imperialism often followed the liberalist notions of modernity civilization and all, saving
Structurepaglus, rational actors, Waltz - made it a science, if we learn from history then strangers from who and what? Corporate interests pushed to become national interests and
why war again?? Top-down approach. 2 types: Offensive– max power, getting more power capitalism is the new guiding force.
and hegemony is good, Defensive – sufficient power, maintain current power & playing Constructivism:
safe is good. Polarity: Bipolarity - 2 states hegemonic, keep e/o in check, lesser wars? Origins: question roots of knowledge and linear modernity, meaning is situated not
Multipolarity - many states have great power, Unipolarity – one state, currently USA after definite, Foucault, Derrida, etc. social constructivism is more empirical and less critical
Cold War, neorealists prefer bipolar. Critique of neorealism: domestic policies not than poststructuralism. Key concepts: norms – collective expectations, meanings –
considered, ideological aspect, personality of statesperson, non-state hierarchies like race significance attributed to objects, Culture – shared beliefs and practices that sustain
gender class, IOs effect. Security Dilemma: no state will rescue other state, can’t be sure of identity, Identity – impacts collective understanding of statehood and purpose. No Oustide
intentions, neighbours can attack, increasing your security is threat to other nations & they Observer: cannot exist as outsiders to the world because knowledge is always set with
increase theirs too – intl. plane now less safe coz you want to protect yourself. Nuclear social relations and intentions, identities are not exogenous or pregiven rather endogenous
weapon theory. Neoclassical realism: bridges gap b/w domestic and intl politics, no fixed or formed through interactions. Weldes, “The concept of national interest can be used to
understanding however, reflects complexity of the new IR world. mean whatever the user wishes.” Wendt – Anarchy is what the states make of it– criticism
Liberalism of neorealism. Challenges of liberalism – whose universality? Whos norms? Western
Origins: John Locke- life, liberty and property, Immanuel Kant: republic govt, economic centric. Intersubjectivity: wendt” collective meaning constitutes the structures which
interdependence and international law work together to solve the problems of the world organize our actions,” reclaiming agency – agents have creative powers through
and bring order - perpetual peace, high emphasis on capitalism. Individual is the primary interaction, if politics is constructed then can be changed also. Securitisation by
unit, humans are inherently good and the state of nature would be stable without leviathan constructing threats and risks: threats and risks are not subjective but created by social
but we give up some autonomy willingly so the leviathan is in our power and can construction, speaking of security allows it to be performative – to utter security is to do it,
overthrow him, humans are rational and can make own decisions, rights need to be most military threats are just threats dont convert to actual attacks. The War on Terror:
protected and expanded. Fukuyama: The End of History – says that this is the end of how can you fight an abstract notion of terror? Islamic terrorism after 9/11, Baghdadi and
history coz there is nothing better that can be done, liberal democracy has no competition ISIS is very performative? State of Exception: normal rules and norms are suspended in
in intl. system, facism ended with WWII and communism with the end of Soviet Union. the name of exceptional threat which later become the new normal once the threat passes
Economic Cooperation in Liberalism: Kant, Adam Smith and David Ricardo – adding an extra layer of “security” to the society – eg: CCTV cameras.
comparative advantages, effects of anarchy mitigated, invisible hand of the market takes Structure v/s Agency based theories:
the lead, IOs promote transparency and freedom. GLOBALISATION YAY! - fits all the
liberal standards - market lib, exchange of culture, individual powers through
specialisation rather than collectivism, common institute, Western ideologies. Soft power:
ability to coerce through development and culture rather than brute power, identity and
cooperation, Kpop, Yoga, Hollywood, American Dream etc. Human rights: creation of IOs
like UN to give rights to all individuals, but how can you give rights separate from culture
and identity? But allowed shift to more human centric focus rather than state focused.
Humanitarian Interventions: intervene outside the jurisdiction of the state sovereignty,
home state doesnt consent, by force not aid, concern for citizens, illegal in most -
Marxism: Liberal v/s Marxist feminism: lib say – women should have the same change to develop
Origins: Hegelian dialectics – objective status of ideas defines laws of history, which is rational capacities as men, deprived of equal rights to pursue rational self interests but men
idealism, ideological tension can be solved by history, hegel says democratic state perfect are also judged by their achievements, women are judged as a group, we should remove all
as it combines individual and political, Marx challenges idealism by materialism, Marx – the legal barriers that they have. Marxist say – patriarchy means that men exert control
says material products drive society, materiality gets us through development, practical over the women in labour, womens role of household workers and reproducers has made
and political activity, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class them financially dependent, linked to production, reproduction class and economic
struggle” – master/slave conflict in various scenarios like feudalism, capitalism, late global position. Feminism and Morgenthau: objectivity is defined for men, national interest is
capitalism. Final stage of history is where there is no class struggle or communism where multidimensional and not just power, power is masculine and ignore collective
everyone is a proletariat. Structure, exploitation and class: capitalism shapes society and empowerment which is more feministic, says no difference between the moral and
so shapes us, sell yourself as labour, but ones with capital can be the ones buying or political field, feminists can deescalate the conflict, there is no essential human nature we
creating new means to be a part of that chain. Marxism v/s realism: rooted in communities are pluralistic. “THE PERSONAL IS INTERNATIONAL.” Enloe: paying attention to
and nations as is, talk about power and the use for it but in different contexts about where women can tell how much effort it takes to maintain the current power balance, looking at
it is located, not states but global capitalists are the main actors. Marxism v/s Liberalism: ordinary women shows the effects of politics on women but their absence from the
liberal values are bourgeois norms, serves to legitimize the interests of the ruling class by representation, if present then no agency. Rape is often used as a weapon of war. Violence
promoting capitalist trade, as a mask for the global capital and the exploitation it against men becomes an assault on the men’s national honour. Often women in positions
generates. Marxism v/s constructivism: identity construction is not just any of power adopt more masculine behaviours to be more accepted into the society. Military
intersubjectivity but deeply imbedded in class struggle and relations, alienation of the one wives serving the nation by raising kids and going around with their husbands.
without capital is something that shapes our humanity and ability to relate to each other, Post-colonialism:
false consciousness is just taking the deconstructed meanings at face value. Otherness is a mirror to the West and provides a way for the west to define itself. Franzt
Gramsci and Hegemony: it is not only economic or power based but also supported by the Fanon: “ decolonisation which sets out to change the order of the world is obviously a
people who support capitalism and say its the best way to organise social relations, goes program of complete disorder”.
beyond realist understanding of power, hegemony politically impacts the ideological Colonial hierarchies and their social impact is mostly overlooked in Marxism
superstructure through education culture and values. Dependency theory: poverty and lack Orientalism is fiction v/s the Occidentalism – created by art discourse and stories of that
of development in global south can be explained by the division of labour in the intl time, making them exotic. Orientalist women are the key part of the western orietnatlists
market, rich countries get richer and poor get more poor coz of the exploitation of the gaze – muslim veil attracts western fantasies. Present in hollywood, in tourism, mapping
resources available in the global south. World Systems Theory: periphery is the poor Necroplotics – admin and governing over the politics of death. To subdue coerce and make
developing countries w low salaries raw materials and low tax base, semi-periphery is the bodies docile through a spectacle of pain – mbembe. Has race at its centre. Others are not
periphery to the core countries regional powers which exploit the peripheral countries and directly killed but kept injured and dehumanised. Seen in refugee camps across the world.
are exploited by the core, Core tech advanced w high income & high HDI while exporting Gaza, refugee camps in europe.
high cost consumer goods and services back to the periphery. Marxist critique of SEZ:
lower wages and corporate taxes, free trade zones are essentially exploitary of the workers,
attract investment without the rules which will create a spillover effect emphasizing the
neoliberal customs of enforcing capitalism, promotes underdevelopment and stagnation in
peripheral countries to increase returns.marxist Critique of Outsourcing: displacing the
production for cheap labour exploitation on the world, creates dependency on the core
economies to invest into the developing countries to reduce their costs, but in the end even
the periphery does not develop, limits class consciousness in the core and semi peripheral
coz the workers are all in the peripheral, proletariat in developed countries?
Feminism:
Critical theory of IR, many forms of feminism developed. The personal is political is used
to describe the way the patriarchal society on the personal level is imitated in the intl
forum - making ideas like power and domination the basis of a lot of the political thought.