Bataan Heroes College

Bataan Heroes College

Study Guide No. 2:

STRAIN

Prepared by:
ENGR. RUEL B. CABAHUG

Department of Engineering and Architecture

This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduce, copied, transmitted or distributed
without the express written permission of the college or author to this source.
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 1
Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
Study Guide No. 2: Strain

Learning Objectives:

After studying this module, students should be able to:

1. Recognize that engineers use their understanding of forces, stress, strain and material
properties to create safe designs for structures, equipment and products.

2. Determine and analyze the strains caused by stresses using the stress-strain diagram.

3. Analyze how materials react to applied tensile load using standardized testing.

4. Evaluate and apply the necessary method of computation for a structure that is considered
statically indeterminate.

2.1 Normal Stress and Strain

The words “stress” and “strain” are used interchangeably in popular culture in a
psychological sense: “I’m feeling stressed” or “I’m under a lot of strain.” In engineering, these
words have specific, technical meanings. If you tie a steel wire to a hook in the ceiling and hang
a weight on the lower end, the wire will stretch. Divide the change in length by the original
length, and you have the strain in the wire. Divide the weight hanging from the wire by the
wire’s cross sectional area, and you have the tensile stress in the wire. Stress and strain are ratios.

The symbol for strain is ε, the lower case Greek letter

epsilon. If the original length of the wire L = 40 in. and the
change in length ΔL = 0.017 in. (also written δ = 0.017 in.), then
strain ε = ΔL/L = δ/L = 0.017 in./40 in. = 0.000425. This is a
small number, so sometimes the strain number is multiplied by
100 and reported as a percent: 0.000425 = 0.0425%.

2.1.1 Simple Strain

Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the
applied force, to the original length.

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 Bataan Heroes College

𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿

Where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.

Stress-Strain Diagram

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. As the

axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is
measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes
place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ
and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis
and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram
differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon
structural steel.

Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A

ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like
structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the
point of rupture like cast iron and concrete.

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 Bataan Heroes College
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a
straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed
by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the
stress is directly proportional to strain or

𝜎∝𝜀 𝑜𝑟 𝜎 = 𝑘𝜀

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and
is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

Elastic Limit. The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to
its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed
such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges. The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to R is called the plastic range.

Yield Point. Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.

Ultimate Strength. The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or
tensile strength.

Rapture Strength. Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known
as the breaking strength.

Modulus of Resilience. Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as
the force is gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under
the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the
figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent
distortion.

Modulus of Toughness. Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
the force is gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under

the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb
energy without causing it to break.

Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety. Working stress is defined as the actual
stress of a material under a given loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is
termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the
proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the
allowable tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety.
The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of
safety.

2.1.2 Axial Deformation

In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is
given by

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

𝑃 𝛿 𝑃 𝐸𝛿
since 𝜎 = 𝐴 and 𝜀 = 𝐿 , then 𝐴 = . Solving for 𝛿,
𝐿

𝑃𝐿 𝜎𝐿
𝛿= =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸

To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional
area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross-sectional area is
not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and
applying integration.

If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be
determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College

𝑃 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝛿= ∫
𝐸 0 𝐴

Where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.

For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own
weight is

𝜌𝑔𝐿2 𝑀𝑔𝐿
𝛿= =
2𝐸 2𝐴𝐸

Where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is
the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.

Stiffness, k

Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.

𝑃
𝑘=
𝛿

2.1.3 Tensile Test

Most of the material properties are determined by conducting standardized tensile tests.
For example, the yield and ultimate tensile strength are measured in this test. Poisson’s ratio is
also measured by conducting a tensile test. To begin, prepare the tensile specimens fabricated
from the material under investigation. The standard size tensile specimen is shown in the figure.

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 Bataan Heroes College

Figure 1 Standard tensile test specimen (dimensions in inches).

The tensile specimen is mounted in a universal testing machine similar to the one
illustrated in the figure. The testing machine may be a mechanical type with one head fixed and
the other driven by screws, or it may be a hydraulic machine where the movable head is driven
by a hydraulic cylinder. In either instance, the testing machine applies a load F along the axis of
the tensile specimen. A monotonic load is applied slowly until the specimen yields and/or fails
by fracturing.

Figure 2 A mechanical type universal testing machine with a screw driven cross head.

The tensile specimen is placed in the load train of the universal testing machine, using
wedge grips to hold the specimen, as shown in the figure.

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 Bataan Heroes College

Figure 3 Tensile specimen, wedge-grips, flex-joints and load cell in a testing machine.

During the tension test, the applied load P and the elongation δ over the gage length Lo of
the specimen are measured. A load cell on the universal testing machine measures the applied
load and an extensometer mounted on the specimen, shown in the figure, measures the
elongation δ. The electrical signals from the load cell and the extensometer are recorded together
on an x-y chart to provide a load-deflection (P - δ) curve that is proportional to the stress-strain
(σ - ε) curve.
The load-deflection curves recorded during the tension tests are converted into stress-
strain curves that characterize the tensile behavior of the metallic material by utilizing:

𝛿 𝑃
𝜀= ; 𝜎=
𝐿𝑜 𝐴𝑜

Figure 4 A tension specimen with an extensometer for measuring the elongation δ

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
This procedure gives the engineering stress and the engineering strain, which differ from
the true stress and the true strain. In measuring the true stress and the true strain, the initial values
of specimen length and area are replaced with their true values at the instant of the measurement.

For brittle materials, which do not exhibit significant plastic deformation before fracture,
the stress-strain curve is nearly linear until failure, as indicated in the figure (a). A photograph of
a tension specimen that failed in a brittle manner is depicted in the figure (b). Note the absence of
any necking or extensive plastic deformation in the uniform section of the specimen. Brittle
failure is dangerous, because it is sudden and catastrophic. The fracture initiates without warning
and the cracks propagate across the specimen (structure) in microseconds. Of course, in the
selection of materials for our designs, we avoid the use of brittle materials in structures to
preclude the possibility of a catastrophic failure.

(a) (b)
Figure 5 (a) Stress-strain curve for a brittle metallic material. (b) Failure of a brittle material occurs suddenly
with little plastic deformation.

Structures are designed with ductile materials, which yield and undergo extensive plastic
deformation prior to rupture. A typical stress-strain curve for a ductile material (mild steel) is
presented in figure (a). An inspection of this stress-strain diagram shows that it exhibits four
different regions (elastic, yielding, strain hardening, and necking); each region is related to a
different material behavior. In the fourth and final region, the tensile specimen undergoes a
dramatic change in appearance; it begins to neck. The deformation becomes localized to a small
area near the center of the bar. The neck decreases in diameter with increasing deformation until
the specimen fails by rupturing.

The axial deformation, which occurs as the tensile specimen necks, does not require an
increase in the applied load. Indeed, the load may actually decrease significantly during the

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
necking phase of the deformation processes. The appearance of a ruptured tension specimen
fabricated from low carbon steel is illustrated in figure (b).

(a) (b)
Figure 6 (a) Stress-strain diagram for low carbon steel. (b) Ductile failure of a tensile specimen.

Sample Problems

Problem No. 1: A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the
lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2,
find the total elongation of the rod.

Given:

𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2

𝐿 = 150 𝑚

𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = 7850
𝑚3

𝑀𝑁
𝐸 = 200 × 103
𝑚2

𝛿 =?

Solution:

𝛿 = total elongation

𝛿1 = elongation due to its own weight

𝛿2 = elongation due to applied load

𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2

PL
𝛿1 =
AE

Where:

W go
γ= → W = γV = ρ ( ) (AL)
V gc

m
kg m 1 m3 9.81 2 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑊 = (7850 3 × )( 𝑠 ) [300 𝑚𝑚2 (150 𝑚 ) ( )]
𝑚 3
1000 𝑚𝑚 3 kg m ∙ m 1𝑚
1
N ∙ 𝑠2

𝑃 = 3465.3825 𝑁

1000 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = 75 𝑚 ( ) = 75000 𝑚𝑚
1𝑚

𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2

𝑁
𝐸 = 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 200000 𝑚𝑚2

3465.3825 𝑁(75000 𝑚𝑚)

𝛿1 =
𝑁
300 𝑚𝑚2 (200000 )
𝑚𝑚2

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 11

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
𝛿1 = 4.33 mm

PL
𝛿2 =
AE

Where:

𝑃 = 20 kN = 20000 N

1000 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = 150 𝑚 ( ) = 150000 𝑚𝑚
1𝑚

𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2

𝑁
𝐸 = 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 200000 𝑚𝑚2

20000 N(150000 𝑚𝑚)

𝛿2 =
𝑁
300 𝑚𝑚2 (200000 )
𝑚𝑚2

𝛿2 = 50 mm

Total Elongation:

𝛿 = 4.33 𝑚𝑚 + 50 𝑚𝑚

𝛿 = 54.33 𝑚𝑚

Problem No. 2: A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb.
Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress
is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in.
Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College

Given:

𝐿 = 30 ft

𝑃 = 500 𝑙𝑏

𝜎 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝛿 = 0.20 𝑖𝑛

𝐸 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑑=?

Solution:

Based on maximum allowable stress:

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

𝑙𝑏𝑠 500 𝑙𝑏𝑠

20000 =
𝑖𝑛2 1 2
4 𝜋𝑑

𝑑 = 0.1784 𝑖𝑛

Based on maximum allowable deformation:

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

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 Bataan Heroes College
12 𝑖𝑛
500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (30 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 )
0.20 𝑖𝑛 =
1 2 6
( )
4 𝜋𝑑 29 × 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑑 = 0.1988 𝑖𝑛

Use the bigger diameter, 𝑑 = 0.1988 𝑖𝑛

Problem No. 3: An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads
applied at the positions shown in the figure. Compute the total change in length
of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent
lateral buckling.

Given:

𝐴 = 0.5 𝑖𝑛2

𝐸 = 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝛿 =?

Solution:

𝑃1 = 6000 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃2 = 1000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃3 = 4000 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

𝛿 = 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3

12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (3 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 ) 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (5 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 ) 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (4 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 )
𝛿= − +
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 )

𝛿 = 0.0696 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 )

Problem No. 4: Solve the sample problem no. 3 if the points of application of the 6000 lbs and
the 4000 lbs forces are interchanged.
Given:

𝐴 = 0.5 𝑖𝑛2

𝐸 = 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝛿 =?

Solution:

𝑃1 = 4000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃2 = 11000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃3 = 6000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝛿 = − 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 − 𝛿3

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Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (3 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 ) 11000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (5 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 ) 6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 (4 𝑓𝑡 × 1 𝑓𝑡 )
𝛿=− − −
0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ) 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 (10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 )

𝛿 = −0.19248 𝑖𝑛 = 0.19248 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔)

Problem No. 5: A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in
the figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest
value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the
following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze and 80 MPa in
the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Ebr = 83 GPa, and Eal = 70 GPa.

Given:

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝛿 = 3.0 𝑚𝑚

𝑃 =?

Solution:

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 16

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
Based on allowable stresses:

Steel:

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑁
𝑃 = 140 (480 𝑚𝑚2 ) = 67200 𝑁
𝑚𝑚2

𝑃 = 67.2 𝑘𝑁

Bronze:

𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟

𝑁
2𝑃 = 120 2
(650 𝑚𝑚2 ) = 78000 𝑁
𝑚𝑚

𝑃 = 39000 𝑁 = 39 𝑘𝑁

Aluminum:

𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙

𝑁
2𝑃 = 80 (320 𝑚𝑚2 ) = 25600 𝑁
𝑚𝑚2

𝑃 = 12800 𝑁 = 12.8 𝑘𝑁

Based on allowable deformation:

(steel and aluminum lengthens, bronze shortens)

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 − 𝛿𝑏𝑟 + 𝛿𝑎𝑙

𝑃 (1000 𝑚𝑚) 2𝑃(2000 𝑚𝑚) 2𝑃(1500 𝑚𝑚)

3 𝑚𝑚 = − +
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
480 𝑚𝑚2 (200000 ) 650 𝑚𝑚2 (70000 ) 320 𝑚𝑚2 (83000 )
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2

1 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑚𝑚 3 𝑚𝑚
3 𝑚𝑚 = ( − + )𝑃
96000 𝑁 26975 𝑁 22400 𝑁

𝑃 = 42733.52 𝑁 = 42.73 𝑘𝑁
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 17
Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
Use the smallest value of P, 𝑃 = 12.8 𝑘𝑁

Problem No. 6: The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel
rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in
the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not
exceed 0.10 in.

Given:

𝐿 = 4 𝑓𝑡

𝐴 = 0.5 𝑖𝑛2

𝐸 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑃 =?

Solution:

Free body and deformation diagrams:

Based on maximum stress of steel rod:

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 Bataan Heroes College
𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0

5𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 0.4𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 0.4[30 ksi(0.50 𝑖𝑛2 )]

𝑃 = 6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Based on movement at C:

𝛿𝑠𝑡 0.1
=
2 5

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 0.04 𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿
= 0.04 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝐸

12 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑠𝑡 (4 𝑓𝑡 × 1 ft )
= 0.04 𝑖𝑛
0.50 𝑖𝑛2 (29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 )

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 12083.33 𝑙𝑏𝑠

Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0

5𝑃 = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 0.4 (12083.33 𝑙𝑏𝑠)

𝑃 = 4833.33 𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 4.83 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Use the smaller value, 𝑃 = 4.83 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

2.2 Statically Indeterminate Members

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 19

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
Structures are considered to be statically determinate when the unknown forces, either
internal forces or external reactions, can be determined using only the equilibrium relations.
However, in some structures the number of unknown forces exceeds the number of applicable
equilibrium equations, and a solution is not possible without the introduction of additional
equations. When the number of unknown forces exceeds the number of applicable equilibrium
equations, the structure is statically indeterminate.

The approach for solving for the unknown forces in statically indeterminate structures is to
use the equilibrium relations and then to introduce additional equations based on the deformation
of the structure. The solution involves two separate but compatible parts:

1. Prepare the traditional FBD and write the applicable equations of equilibrium.

2. Prepare displacement diagrams and write the deformation equations, which are consistent
with the forces shown on the FBD.

Statically indeterminate problems arise in structural elements subjected to axial, torsion and
transverse (bending) loads.

Sample Problems

Problem No. 1: A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast
iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total
of 0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E =
100 GPa.

Given:

𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 100 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.8 𝑚𝑚

𝐿 = 2𝑚

𝑃 =?

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 20

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
Solution:

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

For cast iron:

𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

𝛿𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 =
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 (2000 𝑚𝑚)

0.8 𝑚𝑚 =
1 𝑁
{ 𝜋 [(60𝑚𝑚)2 − (50𝑚𝑚)2 ]} (100000 )
4 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 11000𝜋 𝑁

For steel:

𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝛿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (2000 𝑚𝑚)

0.8 𝑚𝑚 =
1 𝑁
[ 𝜋(50 𝑚𝑚)2 ] (200000 )
4 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 50000𝜋 𝑁

Σ𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 21
Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
𝑃 = 11000𝜋 𝑁 + 50000𝜋 𝑁

𝑃 = 61000𝜋 𝑁

𝑃 = 191.64 𝑘𝑁

Problem No. 2: A timber column, 8 in. x 8 in. in cross section, is reinforced on each side by a
steel plate 8 in. wide and t in. thick. Determine the thickness t so that the
column will support an axial load of 300 kips without exceeding a maximum
timber stress of 1200 psi or a maximum steel stress of 20 ksi. The moduli of
elasticity are 1.5 × 106 psi for timber, and 29 × 106 psi for steel.

Given:

𝐴 = 8 𝑖𝑛 × 8 𝑖𝑛

𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ; 𝐸𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1.5 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ; 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 =?

Solution:

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 22

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
( ) =( )
𝐸 𝑠𝑡 𝐸 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐿 𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿
6
=
29 × 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖 1.5 × 106 psi

1.5𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 29𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

When: 𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖

1.5𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 29(1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 23200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 23.2 𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!)

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖

1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1.5 (20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 × ) = 29𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
1𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 1034.48 𝑝𝑠𝑖 < 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (𝑜𝑘!)

Σ𝐹𝑉 = 0

𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝐹𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝜎𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 [4(8𝑡)] + 1.03 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠(8 𝑖𝑛)2 = 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑡 = 0.365 𝑖𝑛

Problem No. 3: The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in the figure are identical
except for length. Before the load W was attached, the bar was horizontal and
the rods were stress-free. Determine the load in each rod if W = 6600 lb.

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 23

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College

Given:

𝑊 = 6600 𝑙𝑏

𝑃𝐴 = ?

𝑃𝐵 = ?

Solution:

Σ𝑀𝑝𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 0

4𝑃𝐴 + 8𝑃𝐵 = 10 𝑓𝑡(6600 𝑙𝑏𝑠)

𝑃𝐴 + 2𝑃𝐵 = 16500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 → 𝐸𝑞. 1

𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐵
=
4 8

𝛿𝐴 = 0.5𝛿𝐵

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 24

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
 Bataan Heroes College
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
( ) = 0.5 ( )
𝐴𝐸 𝐴 𝐴𝐸 𝐵

𝑃𝐴 (4 𝑖𝑛) 0.5𝑃𝐵 (6 𝑖𝑛)

=
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

𝑃𝐴 = 0.75𝑃𝐵

0.75𝑃𝐵 + 2𝑃𝐵 = 16500 𝑙𝑏𝑠 ∙ 𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝐵 = 6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑃𝐴 = 0.75(6000 𝑙𝑏𝑠)

𝑃𝐴 = 4500 lbs

References

Pytel, A. & Singer, F. Strength of Materials (4th ed.). Busy Book Distributors.

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies/ Study Guide No. 2 Page | 25

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug