HEAT

1
CHAPTER

CONTENTS Measurement of temperature

The instrument used for the measurement of
 Introduction
temperature is called thermometer.
 Different Scales of Temperature
DIFFERENT SCALES OF TEMPERATURE
 Role of Temperature in Transfer
of Heat Energy (A) Celsius or centigrade scale :

 Unit of Heat Energy As the name suggests, this scale has 100 divisions

 Effects of Heat
between the upper and lower standard points. This
scale was introduced by a Swedish astronomer
 Transfer of Heat
Celsius and is known after his name. On this scale
0°C represent melting point of ice & 100°C
represent steam point. Each division on this scale
 INTRODUCTION is called one degree centigrade or one degree
Celsius and is written as °C.
Heat : It is a form of energy which causes the
sensation of hotness or coldness. (B) Fahrenheit Scale :

For example, if we dip our finger in hot water we The scale was introduced by Fahrenheit. On this
have a sensation of hotness. Similarly, If we touch scale 32°F represents the melting point of ice and
a block of ice the sensation is that of coldness. In 212°F the steam point . Zero is marked 32°F
the former case the heat energy has moved into below the ice point. The length in between the
the finger while in the later case it has moved out standard points is divided into 180 equal parts.
of the finger. Thus hotness or coldness basically Each division on this scale is called 1°F. This
indicates whether heat energy is flowing into our scale is widely used for meteorological and
body or out of it. clinical purposes.
Temperature : It is the effect of heat energy 212°F 100°C
Upper fixed
which determines the thermal state of a given point
substance. In other words it determines the degree (Boiling point 180° 100°
of water)
of hotness or coldness of a substance. If a body is
32°F 0°C
at a higher temperature than its surroundings, it Lower fixed
point
means that heat energy will flow out of the body. (melting point
Similarly, if a body is at a lower temperature than of ice)

its surroundings, it means that heat energy will

flow into the body.
 (C) Kelvin Scale in the activity in which you measured the
The scale of measurement of temperature, in temperature of boiling water. The converse is also
true. When you cool something, its temperature
which lowest temperature is zero Kelvin (– falls. Cooling something is the same as taking
273°C) is called Kelvin scale. Thus is also called away heat from it.
S.I. scale of temperature.
 Heat causes expansion
All substances, whether solid, liquid or gaseous,
expand when they are heated and contract when
100° 373
they are cooled. However, the extent to which
100 division 100 division
they expand is different. Expansion is the
0° 273 greatest in gases, less in liquids, and the least in
solid.
Ex. Fit a balloon to the mouth of a glass bottle.
Place the bottle in a pan of water and heat it. The
balloon will get inflated as the air inside the bottle
temp. in °C temp. in K becomes warm and expands. Take the bottle out
of the pan and allow it to cool. The balloon will
Characteristics of Kelvin scale get deflated as the air inside the bottle contracts.
(i) There cannot be any temperature below zero  Heat causes change of state
Kelvin When you heat a solid, it melts. And when you
(ii) Rise in temperature in Kelvin = Rise in heat a liquid, it ultimately boils and changes into
temperature in degree Celsius. vapour. Conversely, when you cool a vapour, or
take away heat from it, it changes into a liquid.
 ROLE OF TEMPERATURE IN And when you cool a liquid, or take away heat
TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY from it, it changes into a solid.
When two bodies at different temperature are Supply X Supply Y
brought in contact with each other, the heat amount amount
energy always flows from a body at higher or heat or heat
temperature to a body at lower temperature, till
the temperature equalise. Thus, it is the
temperature of body which determines the
Take Take
direction of flow of heat energy.
away Water away Water
Ice
X Y Vapour
 UNIT OF HEAT ENERGY amount amount
of heat of heat
Heat energy is measured in calories.
Heat causes change of state
The quantity of heat energy required to raise the 
temperature of 1 g of pure water through 1°C
(14.5 °C to 15.5°C) is called one calories .  TRANSFER OF HEAT

 EFFECTS OF HEAT Heat can be transferred by three methods-


(a) conduction
 Temperature rises with heat (b) Convection
When you heat something, or supply it with heat, (c) Radiation
its temperature rises. You would have notice this
(a) Conduction ;  Cooking vessels are made out of metals, so
that they can readily absorb heat energy and
Heat is transferred by the process of conduction
transfer it to the food.
when bodies at different temperatures are in direct
or indirect physical contact Mercury is used as a thermometric liquid, as
it is a good conductor of heat
Conduction is a process of transfer of heat from
 Cooling coils of an air conditioner and the
the hotter end to the colder end from particle to
refrigerator are made of copper as they
particle of the medium. Conduction is the process
readily conduct heat.
of transmission of heat in solids, in which the 

molecules of the solid do not move from their

 Practical Application of bad conductors
position (only oscillate back and forth about their
fixed positions) but merely transfer the heat  
 We wear woolen clothes in the winter,
energy in the form of kinetic energy from one because the woolen clothes contains a large
molecule to the next. amount of the trapped air. Since air is a bad
conductor of heat, it does not allow the body
Thus, medium is required for the transfer of heat heat to flow outward, As our body stops
by conduction, therefore, conduction is not losing heat, we feel warm.
possible in vacuum. In solids heat is transferred
mainly by the process of conduction. (b) Convection :
Types of conductors Convection is a process of transfer of heat by
the actual movement of the medium particles.
(i) Good conductors
Liquids and gases are the bad conductor of
The substances through which heat energy can heat. they are heated mainly by the process of
easily flow by conduction are called good convection. In a solid, the atoms cannot
conductors. move, leaving their positions, So solids are
Ex. Metals in general are good conductors. not heated by convection. A medium is
Amongst the metals, silver is considered best required for the transfer of heat by
conductors. Amongst non-metal graphite is a convection. Heat cannot be transferred by
good conductor. Metals are good conductor of convection in vacuum.
heat
(ii) Bad conductors   Consequence of convection :
The substances which do not allow the heat Land and sea breeze
energy to flow through them easily are called poor
In the coastal regions, during summer it is
conductors or bad conductors.
noticed that a breeze generally blows from
Ex. Amongst the solid, glass, wood, clay, land towards the sea during the night (or early
asbestos, rubber, plastics, wax etc, are poor
morning) which is called the land breeze.
conductors, All liquids except mercury are poor
conductors. All gases without any exception are Land is a better absorber of heat than water.
poor conductors. During the day, the land gets hotter, the air
above it rises and cooler air from over the sea
 Practical Application of good conductors flows in to take its place. This gives rise to a
 Cooper tubing is used in the automobile sea breeze that cools the land.
radiators, as it readily takes up heat from the
hot water coming from the side of engine
  Nature of radiant heat : Heat energy is
transferred by radiation in the form of
Hot air rises electromagnetic waves. These waves can
travel even in vacuum. They travel in all
Cold air from sea direction in straight line with a speed equal to
the speed of light (= 3 × 108 ms–1). They do
not heat the medium through which they pass.
They are reflected by a polished and white
sea Land
surface. When radiant heat falls on an object,
it is partially absorbed and partially reflected.
Land breeze Dull, black or coloured surfaces are good
absorber and good radiators of heat.
 Properties of heat radiations
(A) Heat radiations travel with the speed of
Hot air rises light.
cold air
(B) Heat radiations can travel through
from land
vacuum

Land (C) Heat radiations travels in straight lines

sea

Sea breeze  POINTS TO REMEMBER


During night, the land radiates the heat it had

Heat is a form of energy. We use this energy
absorbed during the day cools down faster
to generate electricity, among other things.
than the sea. Above the sea, the air is warmer.

The hotness or coldness of a body is relative.
It rises and cooler air from the land moves
towards the sea to take its place. This gives 
The temperature of a body is a measure of the
rise to a land breeze. Thus, we have a sea degree of hotness of the body. We measure it
breeze during day time and a land breeze at by comparing it with a universal standard.
night. 
The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are
commonly used to measure temperature. Ice
(c) Radiation : melts at 0ºC or 32ºF. and water boils at 100ºC
Radiation is the process of heat transfer in or 212ºF.
which heat directly passes from one body to Heat causes a rise in temperature. It also
the other body without affecting the medium. causes expansion and change in the state of
Thus, no medium is required for the heat matter.
transfer by the process of radiation. In

Heat flows or travels in three ways –
vacuum, heat transfer takes place only by the
conduction, convection and radiation.
process of radiation.

Conduction is the process by which heat
The heat energy transferred by the process of
flows through a substance without the
radiation is called the radiant heat or the
movement of the substance itself.
thermal radiation.

Convection is the process of transfer of heat

in a liquid or gas by the movement of the
 liquid or gas.

Radiation s the process by which heat travels
without the help of a material medium.
Radiant heat travels in straight lines, in all
direction from a hot body.

Every body emits (gives out) radiant heat.
The emission of radiant heat from a body
depends upon its temperature and colour.

When radiant heat falls on a body, a part of it
is absorbed and the rest is reflected. How
much radiant heat a body absorbs and how
much it reflects depend on its colour and the
nature of its surface. Shiny white bodies are
the best reflectors, while rough black bodies
are the best absorbers of radiant heat. Black
bodies absorb and emit radiant heat the best.
 EXERCISE-1
Q.14 (a) Mention one difference between the
A.  Very Short Answer Type Questions transfer of heat by conduction and that by
radiation.
Q.1 Give one example to show that heat is a form
of energy. (b) Mention one difference between the
transfer of heat by conduction and that by
Q.2 What is temperature? Name the scales used to convection.
measure it.
C. Long Answer Type Questions
Q.3 If the hotness or coldness of a body is
relative, how do we measure its degree of
Q.15 Explain how land and sea breezes originate.
hotness?
Q.16 How would you demonstrate to a friend that
Q.4 Mention three changes that heat causes in
gases expand when heated?
substances.

Q.5 A steel spoon dipped in a pot of boiling soup Q.17 Explain why -
for a few minutes becomes too hot to touch. (a) It is better to wear lighter shades in
How does heat travel through the spoon? summer.
(b) Two thin sweaters feel warmer than one
Q.6 How is it that we can hold a match while it is thick sweater.
burning? (c) Utensils are made of metal, while their
Q.7 How does turning on a heater in a room make handles are made of plastic.
the whole room warm? D. True / False Types Questions
Q.8 How does heat from the sun reach the earth? Q.18 Water boils at 212°F.
Q.9 Mention one similarity between heat and
Q.19 A laboratory thermometer has a kink in the
light.
capillary tube.
Q.10 When two bodies are in contact, heat flows
Q.20 Liquids expand more than solids do when
from the hotter to the colder body. When does
heated.
heat stop flowing?
Q.21 The heat from the sun reaches us by radiation.
B. Short Answer Type Question
Q.22 Liquids conduct heat better than metals do.

Q.11 Distinguish between the Celsius and Q.23 Transfer of heat in a substance by convection
Fahrenheit scales. happens by the movement of the substance.

Q.12 When a pan of water is heated on a gas stove, Q.24 Transfer of heat by radiation needs contact
all the water turns hot in a while. How does between a hot and a cold body.
heat travel through the water ?
Q.25 Air is a bad conductor of heat.
Q.13 What happens to radiant heat when it falls on
a body? What does the absorption of radiant
heat by a body depend on?
 EXERCISE-2

Single Correct Answer Type Questions Q.6 Sweating causes cooling by

(A) conduction (B) radiation
Q.1 Radiation (C) convection (D) evaporation
(A) does not require a material medium
(B) is the process of the transfer of heat in Q.7 Air conditioners are placed high up the walls
liquids so that-
(C) is the process of the transfer of heat in (A) they create less noise
which heat travels in one direction (B) cold air from them comes down and cools
(D) occurs in solids the room while hot air rises up
(C) They are out of the way
Q.2 Which of the following statements is correct?
(D) all of the above
(A) Metals are bad conductors.
(B) Some metals conduct heat better than Q.8 It is easier to drink hot tea from a porcelain
others. mug than from a steel tumbler as
(C) Heat can be conducted from one metal to (A) the porcelain mug has a handle
another even if they are not in contact (B) porcelain is a heat insulator
with each other. (C) the tea will cool faster in the steel tumbler
(D) When two metal rods are placed in (D) all of the above
contact with each other. heat can flow
from one to the other even if they are at Q.9 The heat energy emitted by sun reaches the
the same temperature. earth through-
Q.3 The capillary tube of a clinical thermometer (A) conduction (B) convection
has a kink (C) radiation (D) None of these
(A) to increase the expansion of mercury
(B) so that the level of mercury does not fall Q.10 Ice blocks are covered with sawdust because-
as soon as the thermometer is taken out (A) sawdust lowers the temperature of the ice
of the mouth (B) the sawdust, together with the air trapped
(C) to use less mercury within it, acts as heat insulator and
(D) to help us see it better prevents the heat outside from getting to
the ice and melting it
Q.4 A polished. silvery surface is a (C) the sawdust absorbs excess water from
(A) good absorber and good reflector of heat the ice
(B) good absorber and bad radiator of heat (D) None of these
(C) poor absorber and good reflector of heat
(D) poor reflector and good radiator of heat
Q.11 Land and sea breezes are based on-
Q.5 A black body with a rough surface is a good (A) the phenomenon of conduction of heat
(A) reflector and poor absorber of heat (B) the phenomenon of convection of heat
(B) good absorber and good radiator of heat (C) the phenomenon of absorption and
(C) absorber and poor radiator of heat radiation of heat
(D) reflector and poor radiator of heat (D) all of the above
Q.12 1 calorie equals to- Q.20 It is warmer to have two thin blankets than to
(A) 4.2 J (B) 0.42 J have a single thick blanket because-
(C) 420 J (D) 4200 J (A) thick blanket cannot give more warmth
(B) two blankets allow more heat to pass
Q.13 Fahrenheit scale divides two fixed point into- through them
(A) 180 parts (B) 212 parts (C) air between the two blankets is a good
(C) 100 parts (D) 32 parts
conductor of heat
(D) air between the thin blankets does not
Q.14 The normal temperature of human body is-
allow heat to pass through it since it is a
(A) 37°C (B) 38°C
(C) 35°C (D) 98.4°C bad conductor

Q.15 Convert 293 K into Celsius scale-

(A) 566°C (B) 293°C
(C) 20°C (D) 496°C

Q.16 When in thermal contact, the quantity of heat

lost by the hotter body is -------- the amount
of heat gained by the colder body.
(A) equal to (B) greater than
(C) less than (D) cannot say

Q.17 Conduction cannot takes place in

(A) copper (B) iron
(C) aluminium (D) vacuum

Q.18 The snow on the mountains does not melt all

the at once when it is heated by the sun
because it-
(A) becomes very hard
(B) reflects most of the heat from the sun
(C) has a low specific heat capacity
(D) has a high latent heat of fusion

Q.19 Conduction is possible-

(A) When the bodies are apart from each
other
(B) When the bodies have some temperature
and in thermal contact
(C) When they have different temperature
maintaining distance between them
(D) bodies should be in contact and should
have different temperatures
 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1
18. True 19. True 20. True 21. True 22. False
23. True 24. False 25. True

EXERCISE-2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A B B C B D B B C B B A A A C
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A D D D D