Syllabus:
1.1-History of Computers, Basic organization of a computer: ALU, input-output
units, memory, program counter, Introduction to Programming Languages, Basics of a
Computer Program- Algorithms, flowcharts (Using Dia Tool), pseudo code.
Introduction to Compilation and Execution, Primitive Data Types, Variables, and
Constants, Basic Input and Output, Operations, Type Conversion, and Casting.
1.2-Problem solving techniques: Algorithmic approach, characteristics of algorithm,
Problem solving strategies: Top-down approach, Bottom-up approach, Time and space
complexities of algorithms.
1.1-History of Computers, Basic organization of a computer:
Definition: “Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input
from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called programs),
produces a result (output), and saves it for future use”
Functionalities of a Computer:
Step 1 − Takes data as input.
Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Step 4 − Generates the output.
Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.
Advantages of Computers:
Following are certain advantages of computers.
1. High Speed
Computer is a very fast device.
It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even
the picoseconds.
It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to
man who will spend many months to perform the same task.
2. Accuracy
In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
The calculations are 100% error free.
Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input
is correct.
3. Storage Capability
Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
It can store large amount of data.
It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.
4. Diligence
Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and
lack of concentration.
It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.
5. Versatility
A computer is a very versatile machine.
A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and
the very next moment it may be playing a card game.
6. Reliability
A computer is a reliable machine.
Modern electronic components have long lives.
Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
7. Automation
Computer is an automatic machine.
Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the
computer receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer
memory, then the program and instruction can control the program
execution without human interaction.
8. Reduction in Paper Work and Cost
The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in paper work and results in speeding up the process.
As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the
problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high,
it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages of Computers:
Following are certain disadvantages of computers.
1. No I.Q.
A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
2. Dependency
It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on
humans.
3. Environment
The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.
4. No Feeling
Computers have no feelings or emotions.
It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and
knowledge unlike humans.
S. No. Operation Description
The process of entering data and instructions into the computer
1 Take Input system.
2 Store Data Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing
as and when required.
Processing Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to
3 Data convert them into useful information.
Output The process of producing useful information or results for the user,
4 Information such as a printed report or visual display.
Control the Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above
5 workflow operations are performed.
