Physics Formulas - Compact Reference

1
|
Page
ELECT RIC C HARG ES AND FIEL D
S
1. Total char ge pos sess ed by a bod y Q =
ne
L
5
8
€
«
,
o
-
o
.
p
.
3. i) Surface densit y of charge
P
L
o
E
ii) Linear ch arge de n sit y
I
L
o
P
iii) Volum e char ge den sity
O
L
o
Z
4. Dielectric constan t K = F
a
/F
m
Also
,
K=
Ð
p
=
Ð
Ð
,
5. Electric In tensity: E = F/q
6. Electric i ntensity at a point: E =
5
8
€
«
,
o
p
.
7. Electric fl ux:
= E. dS.cos
= q/
0
9. Electric i ntensity on the axial lin e due to dip ole is E =
5
8
€
«
,
6
o
p
/
10. Electric intensit y al ong the equ atorial li ne due to dipo le is E =
5
8
€
«

Page 1
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
,
o
p
/
1
1
. Torque,
= pE s
in
1
2
. Work d one in movi ng a dipole throug h an angle
i n a unifo rm el ectric field i s W =
pE cos
1
3
. Work d one in r otati ng the dipo le from angl e
1
to
2
in a unif orm electric field is W =
pE
(cos
1
cos
2
)
1
4
. Electric intensit y o utside a sp heric
al ch arg ed conducto r is E =
5
8
€
«
,
o
p
.
1
5
. Electric intensit y at a point on the surf ace of spherical charged c o nductor is
L
¢
«
,
1
6
. Electric intensit y at a point near the uni for mly charged i
nfinite ly l ong straigh t condu ctor is
L
ł
6
€
«
,
p
1
7
. Electric intensit y at a point near the uni for mly charged infinite pl ane sheet is
L
¢
6
«
,
ELECT ROST ATIC POTENT IAL A ND C APACIT ORS
1
. Electric
p otential: V = W/q
2
. W = q (V
A
V
B
) whe re V
A

Page 2
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
>V
B
3
.E=
F
b
Z
b
j
(relation bet wee n electric int ensity a nd potential)
4
.
Electric p otential at point due t o isolate d po int charge, V=
5
8
€
«
,
@
o
p
A
5
. Electric p otential at point due t o an elect ric dipole,
L
5
8
€
«
,
n
a
m
q
Ÿ
p
.
6
. Potentia l energy of s ystem of ch arges in the absence of e xternal e le ctric field
i) System of two c harg es:
L
5
8
€
«
,
o
-
o
.
p
2
|
Page
ii) System of three char ges:
L
5
8
€
«
,
D
o
-
o
.
p
-
.
E
o
.
o
/
p
.

Page 3
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
/
E
o
/
o
-
p
/
-
E
7
. Potentia l energy of s ystem of ch arges in the presence of external e l ectric field
i) Single ch arge:
U = Vq
ii) Two cha r ges:
U = V(r
1
)q
1
+ V(r
2
)q
2
+
5
8
€
«
,
o
-
o
.
p
-
.
iii) Electric dipole:
U =
pE (cos
0
cos
1
)
8
. C = Q/V
9
. Capacitan ce of par al lel plate capa citor: C =
«
,
«
h
E
p
1
0
. Energy stored i n ca pacitor, E = ½ CV
2
1
1
. Series c ombina tion of capacitors ,
5
G
O
L
5
G
-
E
5
G
.
E
5
G
/
i) For two capacito r s c onnected in series,

Page 4
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
q
L
G
-
G
.
G
-
>
G
.
ii) For n id entical c a pa citors conn e cted in seri es,
l
L
G
l
1
2
. Parallel combin atio n of capacito rs, C
p
=C
1
+C
2
+C
3
i) For two Capacit ors c onnected in parallel, C
p
=C
1
+C
2
ii) For n id entical c a pa citors conn e cted in par allel, C
p
= nC
1
3
CURREN T EL ECTR ICITY
1. I = q/t
2. I = nAev
d
3. V = IR
4.
L
¡
P
E
5. J = I/A
6. J =
E
7.
L
F
c
I
k
8.
b
L
F
c
I
¤
k
9.
O
L
k
l
c
.
¤
10.
J
L
t

Page 5
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
Z
I
L
c
¤
k
11.
O
L
O
4
>
s
E
=
:
F
4
;
?
and
L
4
>
s
E
=
:
F
4
;
?
12.
L
L
6
L
Z
.
V
13.
Resista nces in
serie s: Rs = R
1
+R
2
+R
3
14. Resista nces in paral lel:
5
V
L
L
5
V
-
E
5
V
.
E
5
V
/
E
®
1
5
.V=
Ir ( Cell dis charging)
1
6
.
L
Ł
V

Page 6
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
V
>
p
and
L
Ł
V
>
p
1
7
. Cells i n series: i)
B
c
d
d
L
B
5
E
B
6
ii)
c
d
d
L
5
E
6
1
8
. Cells i n parallel : i)
Ł
[
\
\
p
[
\
\
L
Ł
-
p
-
E
Ł
.
p
.
ii)
5
p
[
\
\
L
5
p
-
E
5
p
.
19
. KCL:
-
L
r
3
|
Page
2
0
. KVL:

Page 7
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
-
L
r
(
OR)
-B
L
-
2
1
.
V
-
V
.
L
V
/
V
0
2
2
.
L
W
P
5
4
4
?
P
2
3
.
Ł
-
Ł
.
L
P
-
P
.
2
4
.
L
@
P
-
P
.
F
s
A
MOVING CHA RGE S AND M AGNE TIS M
1.
Force ex perienced b y a charged particle mo ving in a magnetic f iel d:
F = qvB sin
2. Force ex perienced b y a current ca rrying c o nductor plac ed in m agn etic field:
F = ILB
s in
3. 1 gauss = 10
-
4
T
4. For a cha rged part icl e undergoin g circula r motion in an extern al magnetic fie ld,
k
t
.
p
L
and
angular freq uency is
X
L

Page 8
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
tN
L
o
F
k
5. For a cha rged
part icl e undergoin g helical m otion in an external ma gnetic field, pitch =
æ
L
6
€
k
t
æ
o
F
6. Velocity selector, v = E/B
7. Cyclotro n:
5
6
6
L
o
.
F
.
V
.
6
k
8.
Biot
-
d
B=
œ
,
8
€
M
b
j
q
g
l
Ÿ
p
.
9
. Magnetic field at a p oint on the axis of circ ula
r coil carr ying cur re nt:
L
œ
,
8
€
6
R
€
M
p
.
:
p
.
>
v
.
;
/
.
W
10
. Magnet ic field a t th e centre of th e circular coil carrying current:
L
œ

Page 9
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
,
R
M
6
p
1
1
J
4
I
e
1
2
. Magnet ic field a t a point due t o long straig ht conducto r:
L
œ
,
M
6
€
p
1
3
. Magnet ic field a t th e centre insi de a lon g s olenoid and magnet ic f ield inside the toroi d is
L
J
4
where n = N /L = n
u mb er of turns per unit leng th.
1
4
.
Force b etween t wo straight para llel con duc tors carryin g current :
P
L
J
P
L
œ
,
M
-
M
.
6
€
b
1
5
. Torque on a recta
n gular current loop i n a uniform ma gnetic fi eld is
= mB
sin
and
ma x
=
NIAB wher e m = N IA
1
6
. Magnet ic dipol e m oment of re volving ele ctron is
L
l
f
c
8
€
k
[
. For n = 1 , m i s minimu m.
Therefore
k
g
l
L
f
c

Page 10
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
8
€
k
[
= 9.27 x 1 0
-
24
Am
2
.
1
7
. Gyrom agnetic r atio =
k
P
L
c
6
k
[
= 8.8 x 1 0
10
Ckg
-
1
(For electron )
1
8
. Movin g coil g alvan ometer:
L
@
i
R
F
E
A
E
19
. Conver sion of G
A: Shunt res istance,
L
M
]
K
M
?
M
]
4
|
Page
2
0
.
Conver sion of G
V:
L
Z
M
]
F
2
1
. Current sensiti vity:
Ÿ
M
L
R
F
E
i
2
2
. Voltage sensiti vity:
Ÿ
Z

Page 11
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
L
R
F
E
O
p
MAGNE TISM AND MATTE R
1
. Magnetic dipole in a uniform m agnetic f iel d:
L
tN
§
g
k
F
(OR)
L
8
€
.
g
k
X
.
where i is mo ment of
inertia.
2
. Magnetic potenti al e nergy U = mB (cos
1
cos
2
) (OR) U =
m B cos
3
. Most st a
ble pos ition (
=0
0
), magne tic pote ntial energy is mini mu m. U
mi n
=
mB
4
. Most u nstable positi on (
= 1 80
0
), magneti c potential e nergy is m aximum. U
ma x
= + mB
5
. Magnetic field o n th e equatorial line of b ar magnet is
L
F
œ
,
8
€
k
p
/
6
. Magnetic field o n th
e axial line of bar ma g net is
L
œ
,
8
€
6
k
p
/
7
. Gauss la w in ma gnet ism:
=0
8

Page 12
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
I
L
I
E
and vertical c o mponent of
I
L
I
E
9
6
L
L
6
E
Z
6
and
E
L
?
5
@
F
R
F
D
A
10
. Magnet ization:
L
k
d
[
j
Z
an d Magnetic intensit y: H =
F
,
œ
,
where B
0
is extern al magnetic field.
11
.M=
H whe re
i s magnetic p ermeabil ity .
12
.
r
=1+
13
. Diamag netic ma teri al:
is n egative a nd
lo w
14
. Superc onductor s:
r
= 0 and
=
1
15
. Parama gnetic m ate rial:
is positiv e and l ow
16
. Ferrom agnetic mat erial:
is positi ve and high
17
L
F
,
X
(OR)
V
L

Page 13
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
œ
,
X
18
. Curie o r transit ion t emperature:
V
L
G
X
?
X
?
(For ferr o magnetic m aterial)
ELECT RO MA GNE TIC IND UCTI ON
1.
= NBA co s
2.
B
L
F
b
®
b
r
3. Motiona l emf
B
= Blv ;
Also
L
Ł
V
L
F
j
t
V
4.
B
L
F
b
M
b
r
5. Self
-
ind uctance
o f a long solen oid is
L
J
4
6
6. Energy s tored in the self
-
inducta nce coil; E = ½ LI
2
5
|
Page
7.
B
L
F
b
M
b
r
8.
Mutual i nductan ce b etween two co
-
axial so lenoids is
L
J
4
5
6

Page 14
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
N
5
6
9. Induced e mf due to r otating coil in mag neti c field V = V
0
sin
t
10. V
0
= NAB
;V
0
maximum emf ind uced
11.
L
Z
V
L
Z
,
q
g
l
:
©
r
;
V
L
4
:
X
;
where
4
L
Z
,
V
L
R
E
F
©
V
ALTER NATIN G CU RRENT
1. V
r ms
=V
m
/
and I
r ms
=I
m
/
2
. Inductive reactance : X
L
=
L= 2
fL
=
Z
h
c
i
M
h
c
i
3
. Capaciti ve reactanc e : X
c
=
=

Page 15
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
=
Z
h
c
i
M
h
c
i
4
. Impedanc e of serie s LCR circui t:
Z=
=
Z
h
c
i
M
h
c
i
5
. Phase di fference
= ta n
-
1
or
= tan
-
1
6
. Conditi on for re sona nce X
L
=X
C
or
L=
.
7
. Resonan t frequen cy, f
o
=
8. Band wi dth =
2
f=f
2
f
1
9. Sharpne ss =
d
,
6
¿
d
L
d
,
d
.
?
d
-
10. Q
fact or
=
©
,
P
V
L
5
©
,
G
V
L

Page 16
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
5
V
§
P
G
11
. Power in AC c ircui t, P = V
r ms
I
r ms
cos
1
2
. Power factor = c os
= R/Z
1
3
.
Z
i
Z
f
=
R
O
R
L
=
transforme r rat io or turns ratio
14.
For ide al transf orm er, V
s
I
s
=V
p
I
p
(OR)
Z
i
Z
f
=
M
L
M
O
RAY OP TICS
AND OPTICA L INS TRU MENTS
1
.
Spherical mirror: f = R/2
2
.
Mirror f ormula:
5
s
E
5
t
L
5
d
3
.
Magnific ation in mir ror:
L
F
t
s
L
f
_
f
,

Page 17
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
4
.
6
5
L
q
g
l
g
q
g
l
p
5
.
n
21
=
t
-
t
.
L
ł
-
ł
.
6
.
n = c/v
6
|
Page
7.
Relation between ab solute RI a nd critica l a ngle; n = 1/ sin C
8
.
d=i
1
+i
2
A and A = r
1
+r
2
At minim um devia tion position; d = D, i
1
=i
2
and r
1
=r
2
and n =
q
g
l
@
=
6
@
.
A
q
g
l
@
=
.
A
9.
Refractio n formu la:
?
l
-
s

Page 18
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
E
l
.
t
L
l
.
?
l
-
V
10.
If f i
s f ocal leng th o f a lens, the n its po wer is P = 1/f
11.
Lens m aker
s fo rm ula:
5
d
L
@
l
.
l
-
F
s
A
@
5
V
-
F
5
V
.
A
12.
If P
1
and P
2
powe r of spherical surface t he n, total po wer,
P=P
1
+P
2
13.
Lens fo rmula:
5
t
F
5
s
L
5
d
14.
Linear magnifica tio n for lens,
L
t
s
L
f
_
f
e
15.
Two le ns
es
in c ont act, then foca l length o f combinati on:
5
d
L
5
d

Page 19
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
-
E
5
d
.
16.
Magnif ication of si mple micro scope:
L
s
E
H
d
17.
Magnif ication of co mpound m icrosco pe:
L
m
c
L
P
v
H
d
e
\
d
[
18.
Magnif ication of re fracti
ng teles cope:
L
d
e
d
[
WAVE O PTIC S
INTERFE RENC E
1. Conditi on for c onstr uctive interf erence,
2. Conditi on for d estru ctive interfer ence,
3. Resultan t ampli tude, R =
¥
6
E
6
E

4. Resultan t Intens ity; I = I
1
+I
2
+2
¥
5
6
cos
5. Intensity
(A mplitu de)
2
6. Fringe with wi dth,
>
L
ł
H
b
7. Maximu m resul tant i ntens
ity, I
ma x

.
2
(OR) I
ma x
=
k
¥
5
E
¥

Page 20
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
6
o
6
Minimu m resul tant i ntensity, I
mi n

.
B)
2
(OR) I
mi n
=
k
¥
5
F
¥
6
o
6
8. Distance of n
th
brigh t fringe fro m central bri ght fringe i s x
n
=
l
ł
H
b
=n
9. Distance of n
th
dark fringe from central b rig ht fringe is x
n
=
:
6
l
>
5
;
ł
H
6
b
=
:
6
l
>
5
;
™
6
DIFFRA CTION
1. Limit of
resoluti on o f telescope = d
=
4

ä
:
5
ł
_
2. Resolvi ng powe r of t elescope R P =
5
b
Ÿ
=
_
4

ä
:
5
ł
3. Limit of resoluti on o f microscop e = dx =
5

Page 21
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference

ä
6
6
ł
6
l
q
g
l
™
4. Resolvi ng Pow er of microscope RP =
5
b
v
=
6
l
q
g
l
™
5

ä
6
6
ł
7
|
Page
5. Conditi on for s econd ary maxima : path di ffe rence = a s
in
= (2 n+1)
ł
6
6. Conditi on for d iffrac tion mini ma: path diffe rence = a sin
=n
7. Linear wi dth of c ent ral maxima =
6
ł
H
_
8. Angular width o f the central max ima =
6
ł
_
9. Distance of n
th
mini ma from cen tral max im um is x
n
=
l
ł
H
_
10. Distanc e of n
th
seco ndary maxi ma from ce ntral maxi mum is x
n
=
:
6
l
>
5
;
ł
H
6
_
POLARI SATION
1. i
B
+ r = 9 0º
B
3. Unpolari sed lig ht of intensity I is passe d thr ough first polaroid , the intensity o f light
transmitted is I/2 a nd i ntensity of light aft er s econd pola r oid is (I /2) cos

Page 22
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
2
,
angle betwee n
pass axis o f first an d se cond polaro id. Thi s is Malus law.
DUAL N ATUR E OF RADIAT ION A ND M AT
TER
1. 1eV = 1. 6 x 10
-
19
J
2
.K
ma x
= eV
S
3
.E=
0
+K
ma x
(OR) h
=h
0
+ ½ mv
2
ma x
4
.
I
L
f
T
L
f
k
a
(OR)
I
L
f
¾
6
Q
i
(OR)
I
L
f
¥
6
k
o
Z
L
5

ä
6
6
;
¾
Z
(only f or electron)
A
T
OMS
,
mv r = n
@
f
6
€
A
K
L
I
.

Page 23
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
?
I
-
f
3. Radius of the or bit,
l
L
«
,
l
.
f
.
€
k
^
c
.
4
.
Velocity of electr on,
l
L
^
c
.
6
«
,
l
f
5
.
Pot
entia l energy of t he electron,
L
?
^
c
.
8
€
«
,
p
6
.
K
inetic e nergy of th e electr on,
L
^
c
.
<
€
«
,
p
7
.
T
otal ener gy of t he e lectron,
L
?
k
^
.
c
0
<
«
,
.
l
.
f

Page 24
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
.
8
. Wave nu mber,
K
$
L
5
ł
L
@
5
l
-
.
F
5
l
.
.
A
9
.R=
k
c
0
<
«
,
.
f
/
a
;
R = 1.097 x 10
7
m
-
1
=
Rydberg consta nt
1
0
. Lyman series
;n
1
= 1 and n
2
= 2,
3,
(UV
re gion)
1
1
. Balmer series
;n
1
= 2 and n
2
= 3,
4,
(V
isible r egion)
1
2
.
Pasche n series; n
1
= 3 and n
2
= 4,
5,
(I
R region)
1
3
. Brackett series

Page 25
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
;n
1
= 4 and n
2
= 5,
6,
(IR
region)
8
|
Page
1
4
.P
-
fund series;
n
1
=5 and n
2
= 6,
7,
(IR
regi on)
NUCLEI
1
. Nuclear d ensity,
O
L
7
k
8
€
V
,
/
2
. Nuclear c harge q = + Ze
3
. Mass of the nucl eus M = Zm
p
+ (A
Z) m
n
4
.
E = mc
2
5
. 1 amu = 1.66 x 10
-
27
kg = 931 MeV
6
. Mass de fect,
m = [Z m
p
+ (A
Z)m
n
]
M
7
. Binding energy, E
b
=
mc
2
=

û
m x 931 M eV
8
. Specific binding
ene rgy (bindin g energy pe r nucleon)
E
bn

Page 26
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
=
F
g
l
b
g
l
e
c
l
c
p
e
w
Q
_
q
q
l
s
k
`
c
p
L
I
X
E
9
.N=N
0
e
-
t
(OR)
L
6

ä
7
4
7
ł
R
,
R
1
0
.R=N
=
b
R
b
r
11
.
R=R
0
e
-
t
(OR)
L
6

ä
7
4
7
ł
V
,
V
12
. Half
-
life , T = 0. 693 /
13

Page 27
 Physics Formulas - Compact Reference
. Mean li fe,
= 1/
14
.
T = 0.6 93
15
. 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1 0
10
disintegratio n / secon d
16
. 1 Bq = 1 disin tegra tion / secon d (SI)

Page 28