ECONOMICS

CLASS X CHAPTER 1
DEVELOPMENT

Q1. What is development?

A 1. Development means well- being and quality of life for a community by creating new opportunities in the society. Development leads to sustainable increase in living standards.

Q2. How can we achieve our hopes and possibilities in real life?

A2. We can achieve our hopes and possibilities in real life through a democratic political process.

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES-DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS (PAGE 4)

Q3. Discuss the development goals of different categories of persons as given below in the Table 1.1: (VVIMP 1-mark questions)

Category of Persons
Development Goals/ Aspirations

More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children;
there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
Landless rural labourers

Prosperous farmers from Punjab

Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and
cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.

Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops

There should be availability and creation of irrigation facilities; generation of employment in the non-
farm sector.

A rural woman from a land- owning family

Less gender discrimination; should be able to participate in decision-making by family; a little more
independent space.

Urban unemployed youth

Generation of more and high-wage job opportunities to acquire more skills.

A boy from a rich urban family. Availability of hi-tech consumer goods, opportunity to study abroad and earn high income.She gets as
much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her
studies abroad.

A girl from a rich urban family

An Adivasi from Narmada valley

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 Q4. Why do different people have different notions of development? Explain with the help of an example.

1. People have different notions of development because people are different and their life situations are also different.
2.People see things that are most important for them or that which can fulfill their aspirations and desires. This begins from the base and builds up vertically. A person with no means or resources would seek
basic subsistence. If successful, he will look for some comforts initially, and luxuries subsequently.
3. For example, development goal of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college whereas the development goal of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much
freedom as her brother.

Q5. “Developmental goals of different persons may be conflicting.” Explain and support with examples.
What may be development for one can be conflicting for others.

A5. At times, two persons or a group of persons may seek things that are conflicting. This can be explained by the following example:

1.A girl expects as much freedom and opportunities as her brother, and that he also has a share in household work. Her brother may not like this.
2.To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of the people who are displaced, such as tribal. They might resent this and prefer small check-
dams or tanks to irrigate their fields.

Hence, it is truly said that

• Different persons have different developmental goals.

• What may be development for one may even be destructive for the other.

Q6. Describe three characteristics of development.

1. Different persons can have different development goals.

2. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.

3. People tend to look at a mix of goals for their development. It includes not only better income, but also other important things in life, such as freedom, dignity, equality, job security, good working
atmosphere, opportunity to learn etc.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS Page 5

Q7. What is one common thing that people usually desire?

A7. Common things that people usually desire are:

1.Regular work

2.Better wages

3.Decent prices for their crops or other products that they produce. In other words, one common thing that people desire is more income.

Q8. Mention the non-material things that people need to live besides more income or material goods.

A8. Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like

1. Equal treatment

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 2. Freedom

3. Security

4. Respect of others

5. No discrimination

All these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, they may be more important than more income or more consumption, because material goods are not all that you need to live.
Quality of life depends on non- material things also. One also aspires for good health, education, good training facilities, friendly and cordial neighbourhood and social compatibility.

Q9. “For development, people look at a mix of goals.” Explain.

A9. For development, people look at a mix of goals.

1. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
2. People need pollution free environment and political rights.
3. People need equal treatment, security and freedom and respect.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (page 6)

Q10. What is National Development?

A10. National development implies the development of the nation as a whole. It should include the following points:

1. There should be a fair and just path for all.

2. There should be a pollution free environment.

3. It should benefit a large number of people and not a small group.

4. There should be increase in per capita income in such a way that the gap between rich and poor be minimum. Citizens should be provided better health & medical care, potable water, transportation,
infrastructure and education facilities.

Q. 11 what is the different between national development and individual development?

A 11
a) Under national development more stress is laid on social welfare, government implements only those policies which benefits the whole society. Government decides fair and just path for all.
b) While under individual development, emphasis is laid on development of individuals.

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES -PAGE 8

Q12. Which is the most important attribute for comparing countries?

OR

Why is the total income of a country considered a very important criteria for measuring development?

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A 12. For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.

• Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.

• This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need.
• Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to have with greater income. So greater income is itself considered to be an important goal.

Q. 13 how is the crieteria for measuring development used by UNDP different from the one used by world bank? (same as q no 27)
A. 13

UNDP
1. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the criterion of Human Development Index to measure the development of countries.

HDI is calculated on the basis of:

• Per capita income : When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get the per capita income.
• Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of the country.
o Literacy rate: Education is also one of the most important criteria for the development of a country. It measures the proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 years and above.
o Gross enrolment ratio: It is the total number of children in the age group of 14-15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
It measures the education gained at three levels—at the primary, secondary and higher education level.
2. UNDP ranks countries on the basis of HDI.

WORLD BANK
1. World banks uses per capita income of the countries to compare the development of the countries.
2. It compares countries and divided then into three categories
a) rich or developed or high-income countries
b) developing countries or middle-income countries
c) poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries.

Q14. What is the income of a country?

A14. The income of a country is the total of the income of all the residents of that country and income from abroad.

Q15. What is the limitation in taking total income as a criterion for measuring development?

A 15. For comparison between countries, total income is not a very useful measure. Since the countries have different populations, comparing total incomes will not tell us what an average person is likely to
earn. Hence, we compare the average income, which is the total income of a country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.

Q16 What is Per Capita Income?

A16. Per capita income is the average income of a person in a country. It is the total income of the country divided by its total population.

Q 17 What is the main criterion used by the World Bank for classifying different countries? VIMP (also Q4 of NCERT)

A 17 In the World Development Reports brought out by the World Bank, the criterion of average income or per-capita income is used in classifying countries.

1 Countries with per-capita income of US $12056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries, and those with per-capita income of US $955 or less are called low income countries.
2. India comes in the category of low- middle income countries, because its per-capita income in 2017 was just US $1820 per annum.

3. The rich countries, excluding the countries of the Middle-East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

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Q 18 What are the limitations of this criterion- per capita income used by World Bank, if any? VIMP (also Q4 of NCERT)
A 18 Limitations of this criterion are as follows:
• While average income is useful for comparison, it does not tell us how the income is distributed among the people. A country may have more equitable distribution, or people may be either very
rich to extremely poor. So, the method of average income does not give a correct picture of the country. This system hides disparities among the people.
• It considers economic aspects only, neglecting other factors like peace, health, education, improved standard of living etc. Along with income, one would like to consider many other things like
security of service, working atmosphere, betterment of family members, separation from close friends etc. These Non material things mean a lot more to us than material things. Over the past few
decades, health and education have made an important mark in the development of a country. So, even if a country has more per capita income and literacy rate, but does not have good economic
facilities, it cannot be considered developed.

Q 19 Mention any one advantage of per capita income.

A 19 It helps us to compare the development of countries as per capita income tells us whether people in one country are better off than others in a different country.

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA (PAGE10)

KERALA
Q20. Define Infant Mortality Rate

A 20 It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

PUBLIC FACILITIES (Page11)

Q 21 (A) What are public facilities? Why are they important?

A21. Public facilities are those facilities and services which are required for society or for public to lead a better life. They are generally provided by government and not by individuals or private sectors. They
are highly subsidized so that every- one – rich or poor can avail them.
1. Public facilities are important for a better quality of life. E.g. Pollution free environment and better transport.
2. It is the cheapest way and the best way to provide goods and facilities to the people.
3. It develops the national feeling and a sense of collective responsibility.
Public facilities available in India are Public Distribution System (PDS), Public Transport, hospitals, police and government colleges and schools.

21 (B) “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.” Explain.
A (B)
• Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicines.
• Money cannot buy us a disease- free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious diseases unless the whole of our community takes preventive steps.
• Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives, which money cannot buy them.

(C). Why does Kerala have a low infant-mortality rate?

(C). Kerala has a low infant-mortality rate because it has adequate provisions of basic health and educational facilities.

Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) works well. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.

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Q22 What is Body Mass Index (BMI)? (VIMP)

A22. One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate. Take the weight of the person in kg. Then take the height in
metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. It
should be remembered that this criterion is not applicable to growing children.

Q23. Name the organisation that brings out the Human Development Report.

A23. The Human Development Report (HDR) is published by UNDP. It compares countries based on education levels of people, their health status and per capita income.

Q24 What is the criterion used by UNDP for classifying countries?

A24. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the criterion of Human Development Index (HDI) to measure the development of countries. The criteria used to calculate HDI to classify
countries into three levels is as follows:
1. Per capita income

2. Purchasing power parity in US dollars

3. Life expectancy at birth

4. Literacy rate of population

5. Gross enrollment ratio

India’s rank is 130 as published in the Human Development Report (HDI).

Q25. (A) Define Human Development Index (HDI). (VIMP)

A25 Human Development Index (HDI) is the cumulative measurement of the overall development of the people of a country It is an indicator of the level of human development achieved by a country with
respect to health, literacy and standard of living.

It may be defined as a process of widening of people’s choices as well as raising the level of well-being.

The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover all human choices. It puts people at the centre stage and covers all aspects of human development, with the object of improving the condition of
people from all angles. It is a broader approach to development. HDI ranks in the world are for 188 countries in all.

(B) What is the significance of HDI?

1.It indicates the level of development of the country.

2.It indicates to a country how far it has travelled and how far it has yet to travel to achieve a higher rank.

3.Through HDI, one comes to know about the important elements of economic welfare like life expectancy, level of education and per capita income.

Q26 Why is the per capita income calculated in dollars?

A26. Per capita income is calculated in dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared easily. It is also done in a way that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services for any country.

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Q27. In what respects is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? (also, Q5 of NCERT)

A27.
o The UNDP compares the development of the countries based on Human Development Index (HDI), based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income. On the other
hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income only.
• On the basis of comparison done by UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third and so on; whereas on the basis of comparison done by the World Bank, the countries are divided in three
categories —
Rich / Developed / High-Income Countries
Middle income or developing countries.
Poor / Under-Developed / Low-Income Countries

• Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is better because it is a broader concept of development in which besides per capita income, health and education are also included, whereas the
World Bank has a comparatively narrow concept of development.

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT PAGE 14

Q28. (A) Find out present sources of energy used by people in India. (also, Q8 of NCERT)

A28 The present sources of energy used by the people of India are:

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

Solar energy, wind energy, energy produced by using bio-gas, geothermal energy, tidal energy and wave energy.

What could be possibilities fifty years from now?

POSITION OF ENERGY AFTER FIFTY YEARS IN INDIA

The position of energy in India after about 50 years will not be good due to the reasons as mentioned below:

1. The consumption of non-renewable resources at present is very high in comparison to production and reserves.

2. The reserves for the world as a whole would last for 50 years.

3. Countries like India depend on importing oil from abroad, because they do not have enough stock of their own.

4. If price of oil increases, it becomes a burden on the country’s finances. India too has spent a lot of foreign exchange for
importing oil and petroleum and its products. It is putting heavy strain on India’s economic development. However, India has many advantages due to its geographical features.

5. Thus, India could be in a better position to face the energy crisis, if any, as mentioned below:

• There should be judicious utilisation of the abundant renewable energy resources, such as biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy.
Apart from augmenting the energy supply, renewable resources will help India in mitigating climate change.

• Solar power has got tremendous potential of energy that can be harnessed. Solar energy systems are available for industrial and domestic use with the added advantage of minimum maintenance.
Solar energy could be made financially viable with government tax incentives and rebates.

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 • Wind energy is one of the most efficient alternative energy sources. India now ranks as a ‘wind superpower’, having a net potential of about 45000 MW only from 13 identified states. India
has a huge hydro power potential, out of which around 20% has been realised so far.

• Biomass energy can play a major role in reducing India’s reliance of fossil fuels by making use of thermo-chemical conversion technologies.

Q29. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? (Extremely Important) (also Q9 of NCERT)

OR

Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving an example.

A29: Sustainable Development means a development in a manner that does not damage the environment and satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs. However, since the second half of the twentieth century, there have been warnings that the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable.

The issue of sustainable development has emerged from rapid industrialisation of the world in the past century. It is felt that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to excessive exploitation and
overuse of natural resources.

So, the growth of all countries in the future is likely to be endangered if the non-renewable resources are used recklessly. Under these circumstances, the issue of sustainability has become important as it seeks
to stop over-exploitation and over-use of resources and raises the level of development without increasing compromising the quality of life of future generations Sustainability is the capability to use the
resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. It is used for both developed as well as under-.developed economies. It lays extra emphasis on environmental protection and checks environmental
degradation.

For example, Groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country, i.e., Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. The water level has declined over four metres. As a result, if we go
on overusing it, there will be a
water crisis in the future. Similarly, if nonrenewable resources are used recklessly, they will also get exhausted.

STUDY EXAMPLE 1: GROUND WATER IN INDIA PAGE 14

Q30 (A) Why ground water is overused?

A30 (A) Groundwater is overused due to uncertainty of monsoon and scarcity of water in rock plateau region of central and south India. Again, the agriculturally rich regions of Punjab and Western UP grow
water intensive crops. Rapidly growing urban settlements are also a measure reason of ground water overuse.

Q30(B) Can there be development without overuse?

A30 (b)Yes, development may be possible without overuse of ground water. We should use it judiciously keeping in view the sustainability of development. Development particularly in agriculture can take
place if there are sufficient canals to fulfill the requirement of water for agriculture.

Q31 (A) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.

A31 (A) Yes, it is. Crude oil is essential for the development process in a country. It not only provides petrol and diesel for transportation its by-products are more useful than these. It provides domestic fuel
(LPG) which is essential for the community.

Q31 (B) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the above situation?

A31 (B) India does not have enough stocks of its own, so it has to import crude oil. But in present scenario, the crude oil reserves of world would last only 43 years more. It is an alarming situation from Indian
viewpoint. But India is rich in various other potential sources of non-conventional energy like solar energy, wind energy, hydro-electricity, thermal energy, tidal energy and so on. India’s largest coal reserves
sufficient for several years, can be used to generate energy. These sources need to be harnessed efficiently. So, if we use our existing resources judiciously and harness the available resources efficiently, there
won’t be any problem.

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Q33 “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all, but not enough to satisfy the greed of all.” Explain. (also, Q10 of NCERT)

A33 Human wants and aspirations are unlimited, but resources required to satisfy the wants are limited in supply. Our earth has provided us enough resources, but nowadays humans are so greedy that for
their progress and development, they readily succumb to activities such as deforestation and extraction of excess groundwater. The reckless exploitation of these resources may lead to their exhaustion and
may damage the environment.

In such a situation, if these resources are utilised irrationally, it will hamper the development process in all countries of the world, because fossil fuels, minerals etc. are limited in nature.

The reckless use of minerals may disturb the balance of nature. Therefore, human beings should keep a check on their uncontrolled use of resources, for the earth has enough resources to meet their needs,
but certainly not enough to satisfy their greed.

Q34 ‘Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.’ Justify the given statement.
OR
Is it justified to say that environmental degradation in not just national issue? Explain.

A34 Environment is degraded through the depletion of resources like air, water and soil. It leads to the destruction of the ecosystem and extinction of wildlife. It is now a global issue and has been debated over
decades.
Environmental degradation is not restricted to the nation or state boundaries. Its consequences have been felt in the surrounding states and the neighbouring countries and sometimes globally.
• Pollution in one country may affect the other in the form of acid rains, climate change etc.
• Deforestation in some countries may disturb the rainfall pattern in the surrounding countries.
• Land degradation affects the agricultural productivity of the land as well as food security.
• Addition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is responsible for increase in temperature. It affects all the parts of the world.
• Addition of Chlorofluorocarbons in atmosphere is responsible for ozone depletion.
That’s why today environmental protection is a major issue which is taken seriously by almost all the countries.

Q35. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do
you agree? Discuss. (Q7 of NCERT)

A35. Yes, per capita income is not a useful criterion and should not be used to compare states for the reasons mentioned below:

• Money can not buy all the goods and services that you need to live well. Income by itself is not completely adequate indicator of material goods and services.
• There cannot be a pollution free environment in a colony of rich people unless the whole community takes preventive steps.
• Sometimes, it is better to have collective services like security for the whole locality or a school for all children than for a rich family.
• Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana because there, Infant Mortality Rate is 10 in comparison to 33 in Haryana where the per capita income is more than Kerala. Per capita
income in Haryana is Rs 162034 (2015-16) whereas in Kerala it is Rs 140190. The better HDI of Kerala is due to adequate health and educational facilities.

Q36. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you. (Q7 of NCERT)

A36.
1. Land Degradation: There is a serious problem of land degradation and soil erosion around me. Nearly 53% of the total land area in India is suffering from serious land degradation. The annual soil loss
from erosion is tremendous that has disastrous consequences.
2. Decline in groundwater: Groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of my locality.
3. Deforestation: India’s forest have been viciously attacked and destroyed especially since independence. The forests change into factories, residential and commercial buildings which produce more
heat, noise and pollution and bring environmental degradation.
4. Mining: Mining activities have been destroying land, water, forest and air which result in environmental degradation.
5. Air pollution: Industrialisation and urbanization has led to air pollution. Some chemical gases are directly poisonous while other gases damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
6. Water pollution: Water pollution is a result of discharge of untreated water from industry, domestic sewage and fertilizers or pesticides run-off from agriculture fields.