S123: Physics for Engineers

Prepared by: Engr. Jensen Manalo

Course Outline

ØKinematics and Dynamics

ØRotation and Dynamics of Rotation
ØWork, Energy and Power
ØImpulse and Momentum
ØElasticity and Oscillations
ØFluids and Heat Transfer
ØWaves and Optics
ØElectrostatics, Electricity and Magnetism
Kinematics and Dynamics
The study of the motion of objects, and the related concepts
of force and energy, form the field called mechanics.

Mechanics is customarily divided into two parts:

kinematics, which is the description of motion without any
reference to the cause, and dynamics, which deals with
force and why objects move as they do
Kinematics (One-Dimensional Motion)

Kinematics - The study of the motion of points, objects,

and groups of objects without considering the causes of its
motion.

Velocity - It is the distance traveled by a body in a

particular direction per unit time.
Average Velocity
Rate of change of position or displacement with respect to time over an interval.

Formula
�2 − �1 ∆� ��
���� = = =
�2 − �1 ∆� ��
Unit of Veloci�� �� SI mks
∆� �
���� = =
Where:
∆� �
Vave - Average Velocity
x1 and x2 - Displacement Unit of Veloci�� �� SI cgs
t1 and t2 - Time ∆� ��
���� = =
∆� �
Unit of Veloci�� �� British unit
∆� ��
���� = =
∆� �
Instantaneous Velocity
It is the speed of an object at any particular instant.

Formula
∆� ��
� = lim =
∆�→0 ∆� ��
Unit of Veloci�� �� SI mks
∆� �
�= =
∆� �
Unit of Veloci�� �� SI cgs
∆� ��
�= =
∆� �
Unit of Veloci�� �� British unit
∆� ��
�= =
∆� �
Problem Solving

Solution:
Problem Solving

Solution:

Solution:
Problem Solving

Solution:
a) Find dx b) Find Vave c) Find V @t=1s
@t1 = 1s
x1 = 30 + 10 (1s)2 = 40m Vave = (x2 - x1) / (t2 - t1) = dx / dt �� �
�= = [30 + 10�2] = 20�
@t2 = 2s �� ��
x2 = 30 + 10 (2s)2 = 70m dt = t2 - t1 = 2s - 1s = 1s
= 20 (1) = 20�/�
dx = x2 - x1 = 70m - 40m = 30m Vave = dx / dt = 30m / 1s = 30 m/s
Average Acceleration
Average acceleration refers to the rate at which the velocity changes.
We divide the change in velocity by an elapsed time to find out the average acceleration of anything.
Formula
�2 − �1 ∆� ��
���� = = =
�2 − �1 ∆� ��
Unit of Veloci�� �� SI mks
∆� �
���� = =
Where:
∆� �2
aave - Average acceleration
v1 and v2 - Velocity Unit of Veloci�� �� SI cgs
t1 and t2 - Time ∆� ��
���� = = 2
∆� �
Unit of Veloci�� �� British unit
∆� ��
���� = =
∆� �2
Instantaneous Acceleration
It is the acceleration of an object at any particular instant.
When a negative acceleration or the velocity of a body decreased with time is called
Deceleration or Retardation
Formula
∆� ��
� = lim =
∆�→0 ∆� ��
Unit of Veloci�� �� SI mks
∆� �
�= =
∆� �2
Unit of Veloci�� �� SI cgs
∆� ��
�= = 2
∆� �
Unit of Veloci�� �� British unit
∆� ��
�= =
∆� �2
Problem Solving

Solution:
a) Find dv b) Find aave c) Find a @t=1s
@t1 = 2s
v1 = 80 + .75 (2s)2 = 83m/s aave = (v2 - v1) / (t2 - t1) = dv / dt �� �
@t2 = 6s �= = [80 + . 75�2] = 1.5�
v2 = 80 + .75 (6s)2 = 107m/s dt = t2 - t1 = 6s - 2s = 4s �� ��

dv = v2 - v1 = 107m/s - 83m/s = 24m/s aave = dv / dt = (24m/s) / 4s = 6 m/s2 � = 1.5 (1) = 1.5�/�2

Motion with Constant Acceleration
When an object speeds up at the same rate over a given period of time is said to be moving with constant
acceleration

�� = �� + ��
1
� = �0 + �0� + ��2
2
��2 = ��2 + 2�(�� − ��)
�� + ��
�� − �� = ( )�
2
 Problem Solving

Given: Sol’n
xo = 0
vo = 0 for (a) use for (b) use
xf - xo = 150m �2 = ��2 + 2�(�� − ��) ��2 = ��2 + 2�(�� − ��)
�2 = 0 + 2(2�/�2)(150�) ��2 − ��2
a = 2m/s2 �� − �� = ( )
�2 = 600�2/�2 2�
2 27.82 − 02
Req’t: � = 600�2/�2 �� − �� = ( )
� = ��. ��/� 2(2�/�2)
a) vf = ? �� − �� = ����
b) min. (xf - xo)= ?
Problem Solving
A bus covers 50m in 5s while smoothly slowing down to a final speed of 3m/s.
a) Find its original speed
b) Find its acceleration
Given: Solution:
xf=50m , t=5s, vf=3m/s for (a) use for (b) use any of the formula
�� + �� �� = �� + ��
Requirement: � � − � � = (
2
)� �� − ��
2(�� + ��) � =
�
a) Initial velocity, vo �0 =
�
− �� 3�/� − 17�/�
2(50� + 0) �=
b) acceleration, a �0 = − 3�/�
5�
� =− �. ��/��
5�
�� = ���/�
FREE FALLING BODY
The motion of a body towards the earth when no other force except the force of gravity acts on it, is called
free fall. All freely fallng bodies are weightless.

1
� = ��� + ��2
2
�� = �� + ��
�=�

The constant acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.8 m/s2
g = 980 cm/s2
g = 32 ft/s2
Problem Solving
A stone is released from rest from the top of a building. Unmindful of air
resistance, calculate the position and the velocity of the stone after 3s
Solution:
Given:
for (a) use for (b) use
vo = 0 1 �� = �� + ��
a = -g � = ��� + ��2
2 �� = 0 − ��
t = 3s −(9.8 �/�2)(3�)2 �� =− (9.81 �/�2)(3�)
�=0+
Requirement: 2 �� =− ��. � �/�
a) y = ? � =− ��. ��
b) vf = ?
Projectile Motion
An object thrown into space either horizontally or at an acute angle, and under the action of gravity is said
to in projectile motion. Projectile motion is a combination of horizontal motion with uniform velocity and
vertical motion with constant acceleration.

The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory. The horizontal distance traveled by a projectile is
caled its range. The time taken by a projectile from the moment it is thrown until it touches the ground is
called its time of flight
Projectile Motion
The projectile motion is defines by the following equations:

��� = ������� ��� = �������

�� = �0����� �� = �0����� − ��
��
�� = �� + �� 2 2 � = ��� −1
��
1
� = (�������)� � = (�������)� − ��2
2
Problem Solving
A soccer player hits the ball with an initial speed of 50m/s at an initial angle of 40o above the horizontal.
a) Find the position of the ball and the magnitude and direction of its velocity when t=3s
b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its flight and determine its height at this point.
c)
Solution for (a):
� = (�������)� �� = �0����� ��
� = ��� − 1
� = (50�/�)(���40�)(3�) �� = (50�/�)(���40� ) ��
� = ���. ��� �� = 38.3�/� 2.74�/�
� = ��� −1
38.3�/�
1 �� = �0����� − ��
� = (�������)� − ��2
2 �� = (50���40�) − (9.81�/�2)(3�) � = �. ���
1 �� = 2.74�/�
� = (50���40�)(3�) − (9.81�/�2)(3�)2
2
� = ��. ��� �� = ��2 + ��2
�� = (38.3�/�)2 + (2.74�/�)2
� = ��. ��/�
Problem Solving
A soccer player hits the ball with an initial speed of 50m/s at an initial angle of 40o above the horizontal.
a) Find the position of the ball and the magnitude and direction of its velocity when t=3s
b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its flight and determine its height at this point.
c) Find the horizontal distance from the starting point to the point at which the ball hits the ground.

Solution for (b): Solution for (c):

�� = �0����� − �� ��2 ��2
� = �0������ − � = �0������ −
; (�� = 0) 2 2
�0����� (9.81 �/�2)(3.28s)2 ; (�� = 0)
∴�= � = (50���40 )(3.28s) −
�
2(�0�����)
� 2
� = ��. �� ∴�=
50���40� �
�= 2(50���40�)
9.81 �/�2 �=
� = �. ��� 9.81 �/�2
� = 6.56�
� = �0������
� = (50�/�)(���40�)(6.56�)
� = 251.26�
Dynamics (Newton’s Law of Motion)

Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion
with the same velocity and in the same direction unless it is acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

Force (F)
It is a vector quantit that tends to produce an acceleration of a body in the
direction of its application, or simply it is a push or a pull

Inertia
It is the tendency of a body to keep moving once it is set in motion
Problem Solving

A 2kg ball moving across a frictionless surface with a

constant velocity of 1m/s. Determine the force necessary to
maintain this state of motion.
Newton’s Second Law
The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the product of its mass and
acceleration produced by the force in the body. Newton’s second law if defined by the ff.
equations: Unit of measurement for Force (F) and Weight (W)
F=ma in SI mks
∑Fx=max F=(kg)(m/s2)= Newton (N)
in SI cgs
∑Fy=may F=(g)(cm/s2)= dynes
W=mg in British unit
F=(slug)(ft/s2)= lbs
Mass (m)
It is the quantity of matter contained by a body
Weight (W)
It is the force with which a body is attracted towards the center of the earth
Tensile Force (T)
It is the force acting on a string, chain or tendon tending to stretch it.
Normal Force (ŋ)
It is the component of the supporting force that is perpendicular to the surface.
Friction Force (f)
The tangential force acting on an object that opposes the sliding of that object on an
adjacent surface with which it is in contact.
The friction force is parallel to the surface and opposite to the direction of motion or of
impeding motion ŋ

µ - Coefficient of Friction
� f F
Force (formula - µ = ŋ)

W
Problem Solving
A 980N body is to be given an acceleration of 0.8m/s2. How large force must act upon it?
Given: � = �� eq.1 � = ��
W=980N � = 100��(0.8�/�2)
� = ��
a=0.8m/s2
� � = ���
�=
�
Requirement:
F=? 980�
�=
9.8 �/�2

� = 100��
Problem Solving
A 10kg box is being pulled with a force of 30N and is sliding with an acceleration of 2m/s2.
Find the coefficient of kinetic friction.
∑�� = ŋ − W = 0
Given:
∴ŋ=W
m=10kg
F=30N � = �� = (10��)(9.8 �/s2) = 98N = ŋ
a=2 m/s2 ∑�� = F − � = �� ∴ � = F − ma = 30N − (10��)(2 �/s2) = 10N

Requirement:
� 10�
µ=? µ� = = = �. �
ŋ 98�
Newton’s Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The action and reaction act
on two different bodies simultaneously.

FA=-FB

FB FA
B A

FB FA
B A
Problem Solving
A 490 dynes toy car and a 1960dynes pouch bag are connected by a stretched rubber
band of negligible mass. When they are released, the initial acceleration of the pouch bad
is 3cm/s2 westward. What is the initial acceleration of the toy car?

����� Ft=-Fp
Given:
Wt=490 dynes ∴ ���� =− ���� (eq.1)
Wp=1960 dynes
ap=3cm/s2
Solve for mt and mp
�� 490�����
Requirement: �� = = = �. ��
� 980 ��/�2
at=?
�� 1960�����
�� = = = ��
� 980 ��/�2

Subtitute to eq.1
−�� �� −(2�0(3��/�2)
�� = = =− ����/��
�� 0.5�
Application of Newton’s Law
Problem Solving

In the figure below, a 60g block rests at the top of a smooth

plane whose length is 50cm and whose height is 20cm.
How long will it take for the block to slide to the bottom of
the plane when released?
Solve for θ
20�� ��2 2�
���� = = �. � �= ∴� =
50�� 2 �

Fx = ����� = ������
2(50��)
� = = �. ���
�� = ������ 392��/�2

� = ����� = (980cm/s2)(0.4) = 392cm/s2

��2
� = ��� + ; �� = 0
2
Problem Solving

In the figure below, an eggplant weighs 0.35kg and a bell

pepper weighs 0.2kg. The vegetables were lifted upward
with an acceleration of 5m/s2. Find the tensions T1 and T2.
�1 = �1 − �1 − �2
�1 = �1 + �1 + �2
�1 = (�1 + �2)� + �1� + �2�
�1 = (�1 + �2)� + �(�1 + �2)
�1 = ��(�1 + �2) = (5�/�2 + 9.8�/�2)(0.35kg + 0.2kg)
�1 = �. ���

�2 = �2 − �2
�2 = �2 − �2
�2 = �2� + �2� = �2(� + �) = (0.2��)(5�/�2 + 9.8�/�2) = �. ���
Problem Solving
In the figure below, two blocks having masses m1=0.03kg and m2=0.04kg are
attached to the end of a string of negligible mass and suspended from a light
and frictionless pulley. Find the acceleration of the bodies and tension in the
string.
�1 = � − �1 � = �1 + �1 = �1� + �1� = �1(� + �)
∴ � = �1 + �1 → ��. 1 = (0.03��)(1.4�/�2 + 9.8�/�2) = �. ����
−�2 = � − �2
� = �2 − �2 = �2� − �2� = �2(� − �)
∴ � = �2 − �2 → ��. 1
= (0.04��)(9.8�/�2 − 1.4�/�2) = �. ����
������ ��. 1 & ��. 2
�1 + �1 = �2 − �2
�1 + �2 = �2 − �1
�1� + �2� = �2� − �1�
�(�1 + �2) = �(�2 − �1)
�(�2 − �1) (9.8�/�2)(0.04�� − 0.03��)
�= = = �. ��/��
�1 + �2 0.03�� + 0.04��
Problem Solving
In the figure below, a 0.02kg slice of cheese is placed on a smooth frictionless
table. A horizontal string is attached to it, and is pulled vertically by a 0.3kg rat
suspended on the edge of the table. Find the acceleration and the tension in the
cord.
�1 = � → ��. 1 � = �1 = �1� = 0.02��(9.188�/�2) = �. ����
−�2 = � − �2 � = �2 − �2 = �2� − �2�
∴ � = �2 − �2 =→ ��. 2
� = (0.3��)(9.8�/�2 − 9.188�/�2) = �. ����
Equate eq.1 & eq.2
�1 = �2 − �2
�2 = �1 + �2
�2� = �1� + �2�
�2� = �(�1 + �2)

�2� (0.3��)(9.8�/�2)
�= = = �. ����/��
(�1 + �2) (0.02�� + 0.3��)
First Condition of Equilibrium
Equilibrium
- It is a state of rest or uniform motion in which there is no resultant force on a body.
- The resultant of all external forces acting on the body must be zero. Equilibrium is
define by the ff. equations:

∑F=0
∑Fx=0
∑Fy=0
Problem Solving
As shown in the figure below, the tension in the horizontal cord is 40lb. Determine the weight of
the monker hanging on the beam.

�� = �1 − �2���50� = 0

40 − �2���50� = 0
40
∴ �2 = = 62.23��
���50�

�� = �2���50� − � = 0

∴ � = �2���50�

� = �2���50� = 62.23��(���50�) = ��. ����

Problem Solving
The object shown below is in equilibrium.
a) Find the normal force N, in each case.
b) Find the coefficient of the kinetic friction if the object is moving with a constant speed.

a) �� = ŋ + �2���30� − �1���30� − � = 0
∴ ŋ = � + �1���30� − �2���30�
ŋ = 500� + 150�(���30�) − 200(���30�) = ����

b) �� = �1���30� + �2���30� − � = 0

� = �1���30� + �2���30�
� = 150�(���30�) + 200�(���30�) = 303.11�
� = 150�(���30�) + 200�(���30�) = 303.11�

� 303.11�
µ� = = = �. ��
ŋ 475�
Rotation and Dynamics of
Rotation
Torque (�)
- It is an influence which tends to change the rotational motion of an object.
- In figure shown below, when a force (F) is applied to an object of length (r), a torque is
produced by the perpendicular component of force (F┴) and is directed outward. The torque is
defined by the equation:
� = �� = ������
where:
τ - Torque - Newton-meter/dynes-meter/pounds-feet
F - Force - Newton
l - Lever arm - m/cm/ft
r - Length of material - m/cm/ft
Lever arm - It is also call the moment arm. It is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force
Problem Solving
Determine the torque at point O shown in figure below.

� = ����� = 0.6���70� = 0.564�

� = �� = (500�)(0.564�)
= ���. ���. �
or
� = ������ = (500�)(0.6���70�)
= ���. ���. �
Second Condition of Equilibrium
A rigid body in equilibrium do not have the tendency to start rotating in any point, hence
the sum of the external torques must likewise be zero in any point.

∑� = 0

Center of Gravity
- It is the point at which its weight may be considered as acting.
- It is the point in or near a body at which the gravitational potential energy of the body
is equal to that of a single particle of the same mass located at that point and through which the
resultant of the gravitaional forces on the component particles of the body acts
Problem Solving
A uniform beam weighs 300lb and holds a 600lb weight as shown in the figure below. Find the
magnitude of the forces exerted on the beam by the two men supporting its ends.
�� = �� + �� − ����� − ������ = 0
∴ �� + �� = ����� + ������
�� + �� = 300�� + 600�� = 900��
�� + �� = 900�� → ��. 1

�A = 0

�A = ��(�1) − �����(�2) − ������(�3) + ��(�4) = 0

��(0) − 300(0.5) − 600(. 75) + ��(1) = 0
�� = �����
���� ��. 1 ����. ��
�� + �� = 900��
�� = 900�� − ��
�� = 900�� − 600��
�� = �����
Problem Solving
A ladder rests against a frictionless wall. The center of gravity is 7m from the bottom of the
ladder, whose overall length is 25m as shown the figure below. The ladder weighs 70N. Find the
force exerted by the wall on the ladder.

∑� = 0
(�1)(ŋg) + (�2)(�) + (�3)(ŋ) − (�4)(�) = 0
(25���40�)(ŋw) − (7���40�)(70�) = 0
(7���40�)(70�)
ŋ= = 23.358�
(25���40�)
Center of Mass
- It is the point about which the product of the mass and moment arm sum up to zero.
- It is the point at which the mass of a system could be concentrated without affecting
the behavior of the system under the action of external linear forces.
- If the acceleration due to gravity (g) has the same value at all points on a body, its
center of gravity is identical to its center of mass. The center of mass is defined by the following
equations

���� + ���� + ���� + . . . . . . . . . + ����

��� =
�� + �� + �� + . . . . . . . . . + ��
���� + ���� + ���� + . . . . . . . . . + ����
��� =
�� + �� + �� + . . . . . . . . . + ��
Problem Solving
Determine the center of mass shown in the figure below.
Uniform Circular Motion
- It is the motion of an object in a circular path with uniform speed.
- As shown in the Figure below, when an object moves in a circular path with a constant speed, it is said to be in uniform
circular motion.
- The velocity (v) of the object is the ratio of the circumference of its path overthe period (T) of the motion.
- The magnitude of the radial acceleration (arad) is equal to the square of the speed (v) divided by the radiues (R) of the circle.
- The centripetal force (F) and radial acceleration (arad) directions are perpendicular to the velocity (v) and inward along the
radius.
Because acceleration is always directed toward the center of the circle, it is sometimes called centripetal acceleration. In
Greek, “centripetal” means “seeking the center”. We add rad to remember that the direction of the instantaneous acceleration at each
point is always along a radius of a circle to its center.
- Uniform circular motion is defined by the ff. equations:

���
�=
�
Where:
arad - Centripetal Acceleration - m/s2 �� ����
V - Velocity - m/s
���� = =
R - Radius - m
T - Period - s
� ��
f - Frequency - rev/min - hz (1/s)
�
�=
�
Centripetal Force
- It is the force required to pull an object out of its natural straigh-line path and into a circular path. The centripetal force is
defined by the equation:

��� �����
�� = ����� = =
� ��
Where:
m - mass - kg
v - Velocity - m/s
R - Radius - m
T - Period - s

Centripetal Force
- It is the outward force fleeing from the center.
Problem Solving
A battery-operated toy car with a mass of 50g revolves uniformly in a circle on a horizontal
frictionless surface. The toy car is attached by a string 10cm long to a pin on the surface. If the
toy car makes three complete revolutions per second, find the force exerted on it by the string.

� �
�= = = �. ����
� ����/�

���� ���(����)
���� = = = �. ������ ��/��
�� (. ����)�

�� = ����� = (���)(�. ������ ��/��) = �. ������� �����

Conditions in UCM: Loop-the-loop

A rat runs around in a rodent wheel as shown in the figure below. When the rat is at the top of the rodent wheel, the
vertical centripetal force is equal to the weigh of the rat. Hence, we get to derive the equation for the velocity of the rat.

�� = �
���
= ��
�
�� = �� or ���� = �

∴�= ��
@ the top of the loop

�� = ŋ��� + �
@ the bottom of the loop

�� = ŋ��� − �
Conditions in UCM: Unbanked Curves

A car is traveling around unbanked curve as shown in the figure below. When a curved is banked, the horizontal
centripetal force is entirely frictional. The frictional force between the tires and the road is responsible for turning the car
around a curve. Hence, the frictional force may noot be enough to cause a shard turn when the surface of the roadway
is smooth. Since the weight i f the car is equal to its normal force, and the horizontal centripetal force to the frictional
force, we get to derive the equation for the velocity of the car

� = � = ��
�� = �

���
= ���
�
���
= ����
�

�� = ����

∴�= ����
Conditions in UCM: Banked Curves

As shown in the figure 1 below, a car is travelling around a curve, reclines inward to attain the centripetal force that
causes it to turn. The roadway must apply an upward force and horizontal centripetal force to support its weight. If the
banking angle is chosen accordingly, the frictional force is unnecessary because the force applied by the tilted road is
perpendicular to its surface. As shown in the figure 2, the free-body diagram of the figure 1, the weight (W) of the car is
directed downward, and the normal force (N) is perpendicular to its surface. The centripetal Force (Fc) is the resultant of
the normal force and its weight. Using tangent function is the force triangle shown in figure 2, we get to derive the
equation for the velocity of the car.
���
�� � ��
���� = = =
� �� ��

�� = ������

∴�= ������

The derived equation v 2 =RgTanθ, shows that the banking angle

dependes upon the velocity of the object, and the curve can be perfectly
banked for only one velocity. If the velocity is changing , the frictional
force considered to prevent the object from skidding or slipping.
Problem Solving
Find the speed of the box shown in the figure below.
� = (�. ��)���� = (�. ��)(������) Equate eq.1 and eq.2
�� = ����� ��� ��
��2 =
= ����� ����� ����
�
��� ������
�= → ��. � �2 =
����� ����
�� = ����� − � ; �� = � �= ������
� = �����
�= (0.103�)(9.81�/�2)���20�
�� = �����
�� � = �. ��� �/�
�= → ��. �
����
Problem Solving
A car is traveling at 90kh/hr around a curve of radius 200m. Determine the banking angle.
90�� 1000� 1ℎ� Equate eq.1 and eq.2
�= ∗ ∗
ℎ� �� 3600�
��� ��
�� = ŋ���� =
����� ����
��2
= ŋ���� ���� �2
� =
��� ���� ��
ŋ= → ��. �
����� �2
���� =
�� = ŋ���� − � ; �� = � ��
� = ŋ���� (25�/�)2
� = ��� − 1
�� = ŋ���� (200�)(9.8�/�2)
�� � = ��. ��
ŋ= → ��. �
����
Newton’s Law of Gravitation

The gravitational force of attraction acting between any two particles is directly proportional to the product of their
masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Newton’s law of gravitation is defined
by the equation:
�����
�� =
��

Where:
FG - Gravitational Force
G = Gravitational constant = 6.67x10-11 N.m2/kg2
m1&m2 - mass
r - distance
Problem Solving
Three balls are arranged as shown in the figure below. Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the total gravitational forces exerted on the small ball by both large balls.
����� �� = �1� + �2� = �. ����� − �� + �. ����� − ��
�� =
�� �� = �. ����� − ��
(6.67�10 − 11 �. �2/��2)(8��)(5��)
�1 = �� = �1� + �2� = �. ����� − �� + �
( (0.2�)2 + (0.2�)2)2
�� = �. ����� − �� �� = �. ����� − ��

�����
�� = �= ��2 + ��2
��
(6.67�10 − 11 �. �2/��2)(8��)(5��) �= (9.03�10 − 8�)2 + (2.36�10 − 8�)2
�2 =
(0.2�)2
� = �. ����� − ��
�� = �. ����� − ��

x & y component �� 2.36�10 − 8�

� = ��� −� = = ��. ��
�� 9.03�10 − 8�
�1� = (3.34�10 − 8�)(���45�) = �. ����� − ��

�1� = (3.34�10 − 8�)(���45�) = �. ����� − ��

�2� = �. ����� − ��
�2� = �
Rotational Kinematics
When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, its motion is described by its angular position, angular velocity and angular
acceleration

Rigid Body
It is a body with a definite and unchanging shape and size

Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis

As shown in Figure below, the disk is rotated about a fixed axis O, it shows that there is no motion about the axis where
it is rotating around. However, as we look further at a certain distance away from the axis, we will notice that it has an
angular motion. The disk will turn in a certain interval of time through an angle. The angle turned per unit time is called
the angular velocity (ω).
The ratio of the length of arc (s) to its radius (r) is called the angular displacement (θ) and the angular acceleration (α) is
the time rate of change of angular velocity.
The angular velocity (ω) is the same for all parts of the disk but the tangential velocity (vT) increases as the radius (r)
increases. An example of a rigid body that is rotating about a fixed axis is a car wheel
Angular Displacement (θ) Where:
It is the ratio of the length of the arc to the radius of the body. The angular displacement is s - arc of length - meter
r - Radiues - meter
defined by the equation:
t1 & t2 = Time - second
� θ - Angular displacement - rad
�= or ∆� = �� − �� ω - Angular Velocity - rad/s
� α - Angular acceleration - rad/s2
Angular Velocity (ω) vT - Tangential Velocity - m/s
It is the angle turned per unit time by a line passing through the axis of ratation. It is defined by αTan - Tangential Acceleration - m/s2
αRad - Radial Acceleration - m/s2
the equation: a - acceleration of the rotating body - m/s2
�� − �� ∆�
�= = Conversion
�� − �� ∆� 1 rev/s = 2π rad/s
1 rev/min = 1rpm = 2π/60 rad/s
Angular Acceleration (α)
It is the time rate of change of angular velocity and is defined by the equation:

�� − �� ∆�
�= =
�� − �� ∆�
Tangential Velocity (��) Where:
It is the product of the angular velocity and the radius of the body. It is defined by the equation: s - arc of length - meter
r - Radiues - meter
t1 & t2 = Time - second
�� = �� θ - Angular displacement - rad
ω - Angular Velocity - rad/s
α - Angular acceleration - rad/s2
Tangential Acceleration (��) vT - Tangential Velocity - m/s
It is the product of the angular acceleration and the radius of the body. It is defined by the αTan - Tangential Acceleration - m/s2
αRad - Radial Acceleration - m/s2
equation: a - acceleration of the rotating body - m/s2
�� = ��
Conversion
1 rev/s = 2π rad/s
1 rev/min = 1rpm = 2π/60 rad/s
Radial Acceleration (����)
It is the square of the tangential velocity divided by the radius of the body, or the product of the
square of the angular velocity and the radius of the body .It is defined by the equation:

���
���� = = ���
�

Acceleration of the Rotational Body

It is the square of the sum of the squares of tangential acceleration and radial acceleration. It is
defined by the equation:

� = ��� + �����
Problem Solving
An automobile is traveling at 50km/hr. Determine the angular velocity of the wheels with a radius
of 0.4m
�� = 50km/hr x 1000m/1km x 1hr/3600s = ��. ��� �/�

�� = ��
��
∴�=
�
(13.889 �/�)
�=
0.4�

� = ��. ��� ���/�

Problem Solving
An automobile accelerates constantly from 40 km/hr to 60km/hr in 4s. What is the angular
acceleration of the wheels of radius 0.5m?
��1 = 40km/hr x 1000m/1km x 1hr/3600s = ��. ��� �/�

��2 = 60km/hr x 1000m/1km x 1hr/3600s = ��. ��� �/�

��� (11.111 �/�)

�� = = = 22.222 ���/�
� 0.5�

��� (1�.��� �/�)

�� = = = 33.334 ���/�
� 0.5�

�� − �� 33.334���/� − 22.222���/�
�= =
∆� 4�
� = �. ��� ���/��
Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis with constant angular acceleration, the angular displacement, angular
velocity and angular acceleration are related by:
�
�� − �� = (� + ��)�
� �

�
�� = �� + ��� + ��
�

�� = �� + ��

�� = ��� + ��(�� − ��)

Where:
��&�� - Angular Displacement - rad
��&��= Anngular Velocity - rad/s
� - Angular acceleration - rad/s2
Problem Solving
A DVD disc is rotating at 30rad/s and slows down contantly to 20rad/s while turning through 80
revolutions. How long does this take for the DVD disc to complete the 80 revolutions?
∆� = 80��� � 2�/1��� = 160�

�
�� − �� = (�� + ��)�
�

�∆�
∴�=
�� + ��
�(����)
�= = ��. ���
�����/� + �����/�
Moment of Inertia or Rotational Inertia (I)
Rotational inertia states that a body rotating about an axis will continue rotating until acted on by a force or a torque.
Furthermore, the moment of inertia or rotational inertia of a body about a given axis is the sum of the porduct of the
mass and the square of the radius of each particle of a body. Rotational inertia depends on the distribution of the mass
in the rotating object. If the mass is near the axis of rotation, the rotational inertia is high because it is harder to move.

� = ����� = ����� + ����� + . . . + �����

Where:
�� - mass - kg
rn - Perpendicular distance - m

Kinetic Energy of Rotation or Rotational Kinetic Engery (K)

It is the kinetic energy of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis. The rotational kinetic energy is defined by the equation:
�
�= ���
�
Where:
K - Rotational Kinetic Energy - J
� - angular velocity - rad/s
I - rotational Inertia - kg.m2
Problem Solving
A 25kg uniform thin solid door has a height of 2.5m and a width of 0.9m. Determine the moment
of inertia for rotation on its hinges.
� �
� = �� = (����)(�. ��)� = �. ���. ��
�
� �
Parallel Axis Theorem
The moment of Inertia (ICM) of a body of mass (M) about an axis through the center of mass is related to the moment of
Inertia (Ip) about a parallel axis at a distance (d) from the first axis. Parallel axis theorem is defined by the equation:

�� = ��� + ���

Where:
�� - R o t a t i o n a l I n e r t i a a b o u t a
parallel axis at a distance from the
first axis - (kg.m2)
��� - Rotational Inertia about an
axis through the center of mass -
(kg.m2)
M - mass - (kg)
d - Distance - (m)
Problem Solving
A part of a mechanical linkage has a mass of 2.5kg. We measure its moment of inertia to be
0.15 kg.m2 about an axis 0.2m from its center of mass. What is the moment of inertia ICM about
a parallel axis through the center of mass?
�� = ��� + ���

��� = �� − ��2

��� = 0.15 ���2 − (2.5��)(0.2�)2

��� = �. �� ����
Angular Momentum (�) Where:
It is a measure of the strength of an object’s rotation about a particular axis. Furthermore, it is the L - Angular momentum - kg.m2/s
τ - Torque - N.m
product of the rotational inertia and the angular velocity of the particle in a body which is directed
I - Moment of Inertia - kg.m2
along the axis of rotation. Angular momentum is defined by the equation: ω - Angular Velocity - rad/s
α - Angular Acceleration - m/s2
� = �� W - Rotational work (J)
P - Rotational Power (W)
Torque (τ)
It is the product of the moment of inertia and the angular acceleration of a body. It is defined by
the equation:

� = �� Conversion
1 rev/s = 2π rad/s
Rotational Work 1 rev/min = 1rpm = 2π/60 rad/s
It is the work done on a rotating body during an angular displacement by a constant torque. It is
defined by the equation:
� = ��
Rotational Power
It is the power transmitted by the torque. It is defined by the equation:
� = ��
Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
When the net external torque acting on a system is zero, the total angular momentum of the
system is conserved. It is defined by the equation:

���� = ����
Problem Solving
A steam turbine fan in a thermal power plant has a moment of inertia of 3kg.m2 about its axis of rotation.
The angular velocity of the steam turbine fan during start-up is 3600rad/s at a time 3s. Determine the ff:
a) Angular momentum of the steam turbine fan.
b) Power of the steam turbine fan.
c) The torque acting on the steam turbine fan.
d) Kinetic energy of the steam turbine fan.
Given: For a)
� = 3��. �2 � = �� = (3kg. m2)(3600rad/s) = ��, �����. ��/�
� =3600rad/s For c)
� = �� � 3600rad/s
� = �� = (�)( ) = (3kg. m2)( ) = �����. �
� 3�
Requirement:
� For b)
� � = �� = (3600N. m)(3600rad/s) = ��. ����
� For d)
� ��� (3kg.m2)(3600rad/s)�
�= = = ��. ����
2 2
Work, Power, and Energy
Work
- It is transfer of energy from one physical system to another, especially to a body
through the application of a force that moves it in the direction of the same force.
- It is calculated as the product of the force and the distance through which the body
moves. It is expressed in Joules, Ergs, and Foot-pounds

where: conversion:
W - Work 1 J - 1N.m
� = �� = �����ф s - Distance/Displacement
F - Force
1J - 0.7376 lb-ft
1lb-ft - 1.356 J
Problem Solving
Determine the work done by each force and the total work done that is, if the box is displaced by 800cm.
for a) work done by each force
�� = ������ф = (900cos35o dynes)(800cm) = �. ������ ����
�� = ������ф = (500cos40o dynes)(800cm) = �. ������ ����
�� = ��� = (400 dynes)(800cm) = �. ����� ����
�� = ��� = (400 dynes)(800cm) = �. ����� ����

for b) Total work done

�� = �� + �� + �� − ��
�� = 5.89x105 ergs + 3.06x105 ergs + 3.2x105 ergs + 3.2x105 ergs
�� = �. ������ ����
Power
- It is the time rate at which work is done. Power is defined by the equation:

� ��� where:
P - Power
conversion:
1 Hp = 550 ft-lb/s = 33000ft-lb/min
� = �� = = F - Force 1 Hp = 746W
� � v - Velocity 1 KWH = 3.6x106J = 3.6MJ
W - Work
t - Time
m - mass of the object
g - gravitational constant
h - height
Problem Solving
Compute the power output of a forklift truck that lifts a crate with a force of 400N at a speed of 2m/s.
Given: � = ��
� = 400�
v = 2m/s � = (400�)(2�/�)

Requirement: � = ��� �����

�
Problem Solving
A 500N man climbs a 15m vertical rope at a constant speed of 10s. What is his power output?
Given: ���
� = 500� �=
�
h = 15m �ℎ
t = 10s �=
�
Requirement: (500�)(15�)
�=
� 10�
� = ��������
Energy
- It is the work done by a capable physical system, changing from its actual state to a
specified reference state. The total work done includes the general contributions of potential
energy and kinetic energy.
Kinetic Energy
- The kinetic energy of a body is equal to the total work that was done to accelerate it
from rest to its present speed. The kinetic energy is defined by the following equatons:

�
� = ��� �� = �� − �� = ∆�
�
where:
K - Kinetic energy
m - Mass
v - Velocity
Wt - Total Work
K2 - Final Kinetic Energy
K1 - Initial Kinetic Energy
∆K - Change in Kinetic Energy
Problem Solving
A dump truck is moving at 100km/hr. If the mass of the truck is 950kg, what is its kinetic energy?
Given: �
�= ���
� = 100 ��/ℎ� = 27.78 �/� �
m = 950kg 1
� = (950��)(27.78�/�)2
2
Requirement: � = ���. � ��
�
Problem Solving
How much force is required to accelerate a 1.5x103kg bus from rest to a speed of 20m/s at a distance of
80m?
Given: �� = �� − �� ; �� = 0
� = 20 �/�
m = 1.5x103kg �� = ��
s = 80m
� 1
Requirement: �� = �� = (1.5�103��)(20�/�)2
�
� 2
� = 300��
�
� = �� ∴ � =
�
� 300��
�= = = �����
� 80�
Gravitational Potential Energy
- It is the work done on a body with a constant gravitational force. The gravitational
potential energy is defined by the following equations:

� = ��� �� = �� − �� = ∆�

where:
U - Potential energy
m - Mass
g - gravitational constant
h - height
Wt - Total Work
U2 - Final Potential Energy
U1 - Initial Potential Energy
∆U - Change in Potential Energy
Problem Solving
What is the potential energy for an 800kg elevator at the top of the empire state building, 380m above
street level. Assume that the potential energy at street level is zero.
Given: � = ���
m = 800kg � = (800��)(9.8�/�2)(380�)
h = 380m
� = �. ������� �� �. ����

Requirement:
�
Problem Solving
A 400lb load of bricks is to be lifted to the top of a scaffold 28ft high. How much work must be done against
gravity to lift it?
Given: �� = � � − � � ; � � = �
w = 400lb �� = � �
h = 28m
�� = ��ℎ = �� = (400��)(28��)
�� = ������� − ��
Requirement:
�
Law of Conservation of Energy
- The energy is a quantity that can be converted from one form to another but cannot be
created no destroyed. The law of conservation of energy is defined by the following equations:

∆� + ∆� + ∆���� = �
∆� = �� − ��
∆� = �� − ��
where:
∆U - Change in Potential Energy
∆K - Change in Kinetic Energy
∆UINT - Total Internal Energy
Problem Solving
For the figure shown, determine the velocity of the ball from point A to point B using the law of
conservation of energy. Neglect internal energy.
Given: ∆� + ∆� + ∆���� = � → ���
h = 2m ∆� = �� − �� ; �� = �
∆� =− �� → ���
∆� = �� − �� ; �� = �
Requirement:
� ∆� = �� → ���
∆� + ∆� + ∆���� = �
�� − �� = �
∴ �� = ��

�
��� = ���
�
�� = ���
�= ��� = �(�. ��/��)(��)
� = �. ����/�
Impulse and Momentum
Momentum
- It is the measure of the quantity of motion in a body.
- It is the product of its mass and velocity

� = ��
where:
p - Momentum
m - Mass
v - Velocity
Impulse
- It is the product of the average value of a force with the time during which it acts.
Furthermore, impulse is also equal to the change in momentum produced by the force at this
time interval.
- The impulse is defined by the equation:

� = �∆� = �(�� − ��)

� = ∆� = �� − ��
where:
J - Impulse
F - Average force
t - time
p - momentum
Problem Solving
Suppose you throw a ball with a mass of 0.4kg against a brick wall. It hits the wall moving horizontally to
the left at 30m/s and rebounded horizontally to the right at 20m/s.
a) Find the impulse of the net force on the ball during its collision with the wall
b) If the ball is in contact with the wall for 0.01s, find the average horizontal force that the wall exerts on the
ball during the impact.

Given:
m = 0.4kg
v1 =− 30m/s
v2 = 20m/s
t = 0.01s

Requirement:
�) �
�) �
Law of Conservation of Momentum
- The vector sum of the external forces on a system is zero. The momentum of the
system is constant. The Law of conservation of momentum is defined by the equation: