The diagram illustrates how recycled paper is made.

Summarize the information by describing the main

features of the charts and making comparisons where appropriate.

The diagram illustrates the process involved in producing recycled paper, beginning with used paper collection
and ending with the creation of new paper rolls.

Overview:
● 4 main stages: Pulping → Filtering → Cleaning → Paper making.
● Start: Used paper, End: Recycled paper.
● Main changes: Physical + chemical treatment to remove ink, form sheets.
Overall, the production of recycled paper comprises four sequential phases, beginning with the breakdown of
waste paper into pulp (bột giấy) and ending with its conversion into finished paper sheets. Throughout these
stages, both mechanical actions and chemical treatments work in tandem (xếp theo chiều dọc, vertically) to
remove ink and contaminants before the pulp is pressed into new paper.

Body 1: Initial stages (pulping + filtering)

● Step 1: Used paper on conveyor → mix with water & chemicals → make pulp.
● Step 2: Filtering to remove unwanted particles → get filtered pulp.
Initially, used paper is placed onto a conveyor belt (băng tải) and transported to a pulping machine, where it is
mixed with water and chemicals to break it down (chia nhỏ) into unfiltered pulp. This mixture then undergoes
filtration, during which solid contaminants are removed, resulting in filtered pulp ready for further processing.
Body 2: Final stages (cleaning + forming)
● Step 3: Cleaning with water, soap, air → ink removed → clean pulp.
● Step 4: Making paper: add water + chemicals → pressed through heated rollers → Result: recycled
paper rolls.
In the next stage, the filtered pulp enters a cleaning stage in which air bubbles, water jets, and soap interact to
strip away (=remove) ink particles, producing fully cleaned pulp. Finally, this purified pulp is mixed once more
with water and chemicals before being spread onto a moving conveyor and pressed between heated rollers. The
application of pressure and heat removes excess moisture and fuses (hợp nhất) the fibers into continuous paper
sheets, which are then wound into the finished recycled paper rolls.

The diagram below shows the process by which wire is made.

Overview: 9 steps; Start: coke + iron ore → End: cooled wire.

The diagram illustrates the nine‐step procedure for manufacturing wire (dây điện). Overall, the process comprises
nine distinct steps, beginning with coking coal and iron ore (than cốc, quặng sắt) and ending with cooled wire.

Body paragraph 1: Raw metal production

● Step 1: coking coal + iron ore.
● Step 2: blast furnace (1300 °C).
● Step 3: arc furnace (1800 °C) → combine reduced ore + coke.
● Step 4: furnace (1800 °C) → remove gas → liquid metal.

In the first phase, coking coal and iron ore are introduced into a blast furnace (lò cao) heated to approximately
1,300 °C, where they undergo smelting (nấu chảy) to produce a semi-refined iron (tinh chế). This intermediate
metal, together with additional coke, is then transferred to an arc furnace (lò hồ quang) operating at around 1,800
°C to achieve full reduction. The molten iron is subsequently held at this temperature in a secondary furnace to
remove dissolved gases (khí hòa tan), yielding purified liquid metal.
Body paragraph 2: Shaping & finishing
● Step 5: vat (hold liquid metal).
● Step 6: moulds (cast billets).
● Step 7: pressing & shaping (form rods).
● Step 8: blast furnace (150 °C) → reheat metal.
● Step 9: cooling → final wire.
In the second phase, the liquid metal is transferred to a holding vat (thùng chứa) before being poured into moulds
to form billets. These billets undergo pressing and shaping to create long rods, which are reheated at 150 °C to
enhance workability. Finally, the rods pass through a controlled cooling stage, resulting in the finished wire
product.

The diagram shows the process of making smoked fish. Summarize the information by selecting the main
features, and make comparisons.

The diagram illustrates the thirteen stages involved in the production of smoked fish (cá hun khói), from initial
catch to retail sale (bán lẻ).

Overview:
● 13 steps in smoked-fish production.
● Start: catch fish → End: fishshop sale.
Overall, the process can be divided into three phases—pre-processing (sơ chế), smoking treatment and
distribution—with each fish ultimately frozen and stored before reaching the fish shop.
Body paragraph 1: Harvest & prep
● Step 1: catch fish (boat).
● Step 2: transport to port (boat).
● Step 3: port (unload).
● Step 4: freeze (initial).
● Step 5: thaw (prepare).
● Step 6: fresh water wash.
In the first phase, fishermen catch the fish at sea and convey them by boat (vận chuyển bằng thuyền) to the port.
Upon arrival, the catch is unloaded and immediately frozen. Next, the fish are thawed, rinsed in fresh water and
readied for processing.

Body paragraph 2: Processing & distribution

● Step 7: cut open (split fish).
● Step 8: salt water + yellow coloring (brine & dye).
● Step 9: smoke (preserve flavor).
● Step 10: freeze (0 °C).
● Step 11: cold store → maintain quality.
● Step 12: distribution (truck).
● Step 13: fishshop sell (retail).
The second phase begins with splitting each fish open along its length. The fillets are then immersed in a solution
(nhúng vào dung dịch) of salt water mixed with yellow colouring. After curing, the fish are placed in a smoking
chamber (buồm), where they absorb smoky aromas before being frozen again at 0 °C. Finally, the smoked fish are
transferred to a cold store to preserve quality. When orders arrive, they are loaded onto trucks for distribution and
dispatched to fish shops, where the finished product is sold to customers.
The diagram below shows the process of how pu’erh tea is made. Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Overview:
7 steps in pu’erh tea production;
Start: fresh leaves → End: vintage raw & ripe pu’erh cakes.

The diagram outlines the seven-step process for producing pu’erh tea. Overall, the procedure comprises an initial
three-stage preparation yielding loose raw tea, followed by two branching treatments that culminate in either
naturally aged raw cakes or microbially fermented ripe cakes.

Body paragraph 1: Initial processing

● Step 1: rolling.
● Step 2: pan frying (inactivate enzymes).
● Step 3: drying under sun → loose raw tea.
In the first three steps, the leaves are mechanically rolled to rupture cell walls, then pan-fried over high heat to
inactivate enzymes that could trigger unwanted oxidation. The semi-processed foliage is next spread out and
sun-dried until it reaches the optimal moisture level, producing loose raw tea ready for further refinement.

Body paragraph 2: Final treatments

● Step 4: compression → raw pu’erh cake.
● Step 5: aging by storage → vintage raw pu’erh.
● Step 6: fermentation by mold → loose ripe tea.
● Step 7: compression → pu’erh ripe tea.
Following this, the loose raw tea is tightly compressed into dense raw pu’erh cakes and stored under controlled
conditions for an extended period, during which slow maturation produces the characteristic vintage raw pu’erh.
Simultaneously, another portion of the loose tea undergoes fermentation by selected molds, imparting a rich, aged
aroma and transforming it into loose ripe tea; this fermented leaf is then pressed into cakes, yielding the finished
pu’erh ripe tea product.

The diagram below shows the usual process a person must go through when applying for a driving license
in one state in the US. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons.

The flow-chart delineates the sequential stages an applicant must navigate to obtain a driving licence in one
American state.

Overview: 9 steps; Start: visit licence centre → End: licence given

Overall, the procedure comprises nine discrete steps, beginning with a visit to the licensing centre and ending
with the licence being granted. Two compulsory assessments—a vision check and both written and practical
examinations—constitute the principal hurdles; while an eye-test failure terminates the process outright,
shortcomings in either examination lead to repetition rather than immediate disqualification.
Body paragraph 1: Initial steps
● Step 1: visit licence centre. Step 2: complete application.
● Step 3: eye test → fail = no licence.
● Step 4: pay fee.
Initially, candidates attend the licence centre and complete the requisite paperwork. Their application is then
vetted by an eye examination: success allows progression whereas failure results in no licence being issued.
Those who pass must subsequently pay a fee, without which they cannot proceed further.

Body paragraph 2: Remaining steps

● Step 5: written test → fail = retake until pass.
● Step 6: driving test → fail = return to pay fee.
● Step 7: licence issued (after both tests passed).
Thereafter, applicants sit a written knowledge test. An unsuccessful outcome obliges them to repeat this test until
a pass is achieved. Once successful, they advance to the driving test itself. Failing this practical assessment
diverts the individual back to the fee-payment stage, initiating another cycle of written and practical testing. Only
when both examinations are passed consecutively is the licence finally conferred.

The diagram shows how rainwater is collected for the use of drinking water in an Australian town.
Summarize the information by describing the main features of the charts and making comparisons where
appropriate.

The diagram illustrates the process by which rainwater is collected, filtered, and treated to be used as drinking
water in an Australian town.

Overview: 5 steps in total; Start: rainwater collection → End: drinking water supply
Overall, the system comprises five main stages, beginning with rainwater collection from rooftops and ending
with the delivery of clean, drinkable water to households.
Body paragraph 1: Initial stages
● Step 1: Rainwater flows from rooftops into drains
● Step 2: Water passes through filter (removes debris)
● Step 3: Cleaned water sent to storage tank
In the initial stages, rainwater is collected as it runs off the roofs of houses and enters a series of connected
drainage pipes. This water is then directed into a water filter system, where any physical impurities or debris are
removed. Once filtered, the clean water is transported into a storage tank, where it is held temporarily before
undergoing treatment.

Body paragraph 2: Final stages

● Step 4: Water pumped to treatment tank
● Step 5: Chemicals added → water purified
● Final output: treated water sent to households as drinking water
In the final stages, the stored rainwater is pumped into a water treatment facility, where it undergoes chemical
treatment. During this phase, specific chemicals are introduced into the water to eliminate harmful bacteria,
viruses, and other microorganisms that could pose health risks. This crucial step ensures that the water meets
safety standards for human consumption. After the purification process is completed, the treated, potable water is
distributed through a supply network and delivered back to households, where it is used as clean and safe drinking
water.

The diagram shows how Liverton docks have changed since 1980. Summarize the information by
describing the main features of the charts and making comparisons where appropriate.

Overview:
Major redevelopment (industrial → residential/leisure)
More buildings + leisure facilities
The diagram illustrates the transformation of Liverton docks from 1980 to the present day. Overall, the docks
have undergone substantial changes, characterized by increased construction and a shift towards leisure and
housing facilities.

Body paragraph 1: 1980

● North: warehouses + cranes
● Central: ships docking area
● South: warehouse, cranes; coast undeveloped
In 1980, the northern area of the docks featured several warehouses accompanied by cranes, which served as hubs
of industrial activity. Centrally positioned was a substantial docking area utilized by ships, emphasizing the
location's heavy industrial use. Additionally, the southern part included another warehouse supported by cranes,
with the adjacent coastal area largely undeveloped and vacant.

Body paragraph 2: Today

● North: Education Centre, Sailing Club, Kid’s area (warehouses/cranes → leisure facilities)
● Central: Ship museum (ships replaced)
● East: Flood barrier, new bridge → coast access
● South: Hotel, Apartments, Parking, River walk (new buildings, previously empty)
By contrast, the present-day configuration has transformed considerably, particularly in the north, where leisure
facilities such as an Education Centre, a Sailing Club, and a children's play area have replaced the warehouses and
cranes. The central docking area, previously occupied by ships, has now been converted into a Ship Museum.
Significant developments to the east include the construction of a flood barrier and a newly built bridge providing
direct access to the coast. Moreover, the formerly undeveloped southern area has seen extensive redevelopment,
now accommodating a new hotel, apartments, and parking facilities, accompanied by a scenic river walk,
emphasizing the shift from industrial to residential and leisure-oriented purposes.
The diagram below shows how a modern landfill for household waste is designed. Summarize the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Overview: Involve three stages: construction, waste deposition, and waste management, using a pit, pipes, and a
tank.
The diagrams illustrate the process involved in constructing a modern landfill designed for household waste
management. Overall, the process encompasses three primary stages including construction, waste deposition,
and waste management with several key components, including a pit, drainage pipes, and a tank.

Body paragraph 1: Landfill construction

● Excavate a rectangular pit in natural rock;
● Line the pit with a thick layer of clay and a synthetic liner;
● Install a drainage tank and pipes.
In the initial construction stage, a large, deep rectangular pit is excavated in natural rock. This pit is first lined
with a thick layer of clay, followed by a synthetic liner to prevent leakage. At the bottom of the pit, a drainage
tank is installed, while several drainage pipes are positioned on top of the liner. These components are crucial for
the subsequent management of liquid waste.

Body paragraph 2: Waste deposition

● Landfill is filled with waste;
● Excess liquid to drains into the tank, preventing soil contamination.
Once the landfill is prepared, it is filled with household waste. As waste accumulates, excess liquid drains through
the pipes into the tank at the base, preventing contamination of the surrounding soil.
Body paragraph 3: Gas management
● Collect gas from decomposing waste via a gas vent;
● Utilize the gas domestically;
● Seal the landfill with another layer of clay.
In the final stage, gas generated from the decomposing waste is collected via a gas vent, which is connected to the
drainage pipes. This gas is then safely emitted and can be utilized domestically. In order to effectively contain the
waste and minimize environmental impact, the landfill is sealed with another layer of clay.
This comprehensive setup ensures efficient waste management by preventing leakage, managing waste liquids,
and safely utilizing generated gases.

The diagram below the process of producing bottled and canned carbonate drinks. Summarize the
information by describing the main features of the charts and making comparisons where appropriate.

Overview:
● Number of steps: 5 steps.
● Start: Raw water, End: Bottled and canned drinks.
The diagram illustrates the linear process involved in the production of carbonated drinks, starting from raw water
and ending with bottled and canned beverages ready for distribution. Overall, the process comprises five main
stages, beginning with water purification and culminating in packaging for supermarket delivery.

Body paragraph 1: Initial Steps

● Step 1: Water cleaning → Remove impurities (via filter, water softener, chemicals, pump).
● Step 2: Heating evaporation and carbonation → Add carbon dioxide (via electric heaters, cooling
pipe).
Initially, raw water is purified in the water cleaning stage, where it passes through a filter to eliminate physical
impurities. The water then moves through a softener and is treated with chemicals to further purify it before being
pumped into the next phase. In the second stage, known as heating evaporation and carbonation, the purified
water is heated using electric heaters, and then cooled via a cooling pipe before carbon dioxide is added,
transforming it into carbonated water.

Body paragraph 2: Remaining Steps

● Step 3: Mixing → Add syrup, colouring, and flavour (to create carbonated water).
● Step 4: Filtering and filling → Fill bottles and cans (via filter).
● Step 5: Packaging → Pack drinks for distribution (bottles and cans for supermarkets).
The third stage involves mixing, where the carbonated water is transferred into a
mixing tank and combined with syrup, colouring, and flavouring to create the final beverage. After mixing, the
drink enters the filtering and filling stage. Here, it is filtered once again and then poured into either bottles or
cans, ready for retail use. Finally, in the packaging stage, the filled containers are boxed and dispatched to
supermarkets for sale to consumers.

The diagram below shows how a simple water filter is constructed and how it functions to produce clean
drinking water.

Overview:
● Equipment: uncomplicated
● Filtering method: natural properties of different materials
The provided diagram illustrates the straightforward process by which water is filtered. Overall, the process
employs uncomplicated equipment and relies on the natural properties of different materials to remove impurities
from water.

Body paragraph 1: Before filtering process

Preparation
● container, sand, charcoal, and gravel
● materials are arranged in layers
Regarding the equipment and ingredients, the key components necessary for this method are a sizable container
and three essential ingredients namely sand, charcoal, and gravel. These elements are arranged in layers, designed
to progressively remove contaminants. Specifically, the bottom layer is gravel, on top of which is a layer of clean
sand and then another layer of crushed charcoal.
Body paragraph 2: During filtering process
● Step 1: untreated water - poured into the container
● Step 2: water passes through the layers
○ gravel: trap debris
○ sand: trap smaller particles
○ charcoal: absorb contaminant
The process begins when untreated water is poured into the container and undergoes a filtering phase. During this
stage, water passes through the layers, with larger debris being trapped in the gravel, followed by smaller particles
being trapped in the sand, and some contaminants being absorbed by the charcoal.

Body paragraph 3: After filtering process

● Step 1: filtered water - ready for drinking
● Step 2: pipe - transfer water to another container
After successfully passing through all three layers, the water emerges filtered and purified, now ready for
drinking. Subsequently, a pipe is affixed to the container so as to transfer the filtered water into a separate storage
tank, where it remains available for utilization whenever required.

The diagram below shows the process of making soft cheese. Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Overview:
The process consists of nine steps.
● From acidifying raw materials to distributing final products.
The graphic depicts how soft cheese is produced. Overall, the process consists of nine steps, from raw materials
being acidified, through various processing steps, to final products being distributed to retail outlets.
Body paragraph 1:
Step 1-4
Acidification
- raw milk being combined with bacteria
Solidification
- an enzyme - introduce into the mixture
- result in curds
Cutting - Heating & draining
- curds - cut into smaller pieces
- subject to a high temperature - separate the curds from the whey
- whey - drain away

The process begins with raw milk being combined with bacteria in a container for acidification. Subsequently, a
designated enzyme is introduced into the mixture, initiating the solidification of the liquid and resulting in the
formation of curds. These freshly formed curds are then carefully cut into smaller pieces and subjected to a high
temperature, which further separates the curds from the whey. The whey is drained away, leaving the curds
behind for the following salting step.

Body paragraph 2:
Step 5-9
Salting - Shaping
- curds - salt - enter a shaping step (mold - press) --> wheel of cheese
Fermentation - Packaging - Distribution
- wheels - ferment (2 months) - divide into blocks of cheese - package
- end products - dispatch
Once the curds are salted, they enter a shaping step in which they are molded into round shapes and pressed using
a specialised machine, forming wheels of cheese. These wheels are left to ferment for a period of 2 months, after
which they are divided into individual blocks of cheese for packaging purposes. The end products are dispatched
to shops where they can be sold to consumers.

The diagram below shows how one type of coal is used to produce electricity. Summarise the information
by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Overview:
The process includes key stages
● Beginning: coal mining;
● Culminating: power delivery.
Waste heat being a by-product.
The provided diagram illustrates how electricity is generated from coal.
Overall, the process includes several key stages, beginning with coal mining and culminating in power delivery to
households and industries, with waste heat being a by-product at various stages.

Body paragraph 1:
Coal being mined;
>> Undergoes crushing into finer pieces;
>> Transported to a gasifier;
>> Combustion at elevated temperatures > gas.
The first step involves coal being mined at extraction plants. The mined coal subsequently undergoes crushing,
breaking it down into finer pieces. These crushed coal fragments are then transported to a gasifier, inside which
combustion occurs at elevated temperatures in order to convert the coal into gas.

Body paragraph 2:
Cooling the produced gas (excess heat released);
>> Undergoes a cleaning stage;
>> The purified gas becomes the input for a gas power plant;
>> Electricity is generated and distributed;
At the final stage, additional waste heat is still discharged.
After this phase is complete, the produced gas proceeds to a separate facility for cooling, with excess heat
released as waste. Once cooled, the gas undergoes a cleaning stage whereby any impurities are removed. The
purified gas then becomes the input for a gas power plant. Within the power plant, electricity is generated and
distributed for domestic and industrial use. It is worth noting that even at this final stage, additional waste heat is
still discharged as a by-product.
The diagram below shows the process of growing and preparing pineapples and pineapple products.

Overall:
The natural growth process: 4 stages (small crowns >>> ripened fruits).
The production process: harvested >>> the production process >>> the preparation >>> size-based
categorization.
The process illustrates the stages and apparatus involved in the manufacturing and shipping of pineapples for
eventual retail.
Overall, the natural growth process encompasses 4 stages, from small crowns to ripened fruits. Once harvested,
pineapples undergo the production process, commencing with the preparation and size-based categorization and
ending with 3 different products, including juice, canned pineapples and whole fruits for exports.

Body paragraph 1:
The natural process
● Pineapples are grown using crowns (between 23°C and 30°C);
● After 7 months, ethaline is introduced;
● The pineapples are harvested.
The natural process initiates in tropical climates, where temperatures range between 23°C and 30°C. During this
phase, pineapples are grown using crowns and after 7 months, ethaline is introduced to help the fruits reach their
maximum size for an additional period of 5 months. The pineapples are harvested at varying heights, ranging
from 26cm to 30cm (2kg).
Body paragraph 2:
The production process
● A thorough cleaning step + sort into three groups;
● The smaller and medium-sized ones: the removal of their tops and peels >>> the former (the making of
juice cartons) while the latter (sliced and prepared for canning);
● The 30-centimeter pineapples: coated with wax >>> packed into crates >>> being shipped to overseas.
Regarding the production process, the pineapples undergo a thorough cleaning step and are sorted into three
groups. The smaller and medium-sized ones undergo the removal of their tops and peeling of their rind. The
former then proceed through a juice extractor for the making of juice cartons, while the latter ones are sliced and
prepared for canning. Meanwhile, the 30-centimeter pineapples undergo a simpler process of coating with wax,
then packing into crates, and finally being shipped via freight overseas.

The diagram below shows the development of cutting tools in the Stone Age. Summarize the information
by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Overview: The tools witnessed a dramatic change

The presented pictures illustrate how cutting tools in the Stone Age evolved from 1.4 million years ago to 0.8
million years ago.
Overall, it can be concluded that in over 0.6 million years, the tools witnessed a dramatic change both in size and
shape. In addition, these developments increased the effectiveness of the cutting instruments.

Body paragraph 1:
Front view
Tool A
- Had rough edges and no clear shape
Tool B
- Had a symmetrical tear-like shape along with a pointy tip
Regarding the front view, tool A had rough edges and no clear shape, whereas tool B had a symmetrical tear-like
shape along with a pointy tip. This feature would give tool B an edge over tool A when it comes to cutting food or
penetrating things.

Body paragraph 2:
Back and side view
Size
- Tool B was much larger than tool A
The edges
- Tool B was sharper than tool A
In terms of the side view and back view, tool B proved to be significantly larger as compared to tool A, which
would come in handy when cutting large products. With regard to the edges, tool A and tool B showed a manifest
difference. While the former’s edges were rugged and blunt, the latter’s were significantly sharper, more refined,
and knife-like.

The diagram shows how the horse evolved through time, with particular emphasis on its foot structure.

Overview
● Changes in size were conspicuous
● The structure of the horse's foot also gets simpler
The diagram depicts the evolutionary stages that horses underwent, with the first stage dating back to around 40
million years ago.
By and large, changes in size were conspicuous, with the predecessors being remarkably larger than their
ancestors. The structure of the horse’s foot also gets simpler as time goes by.
Body paragraph 1:
Eohippus and Mesohippus
Eohippus
● Had a modest body
● Had feet with 4 fingers
Mesohippus
● Improved in size
● Only had 3 fingers, with the middle one being enlarged
At the beginning of the period, the horse, hitherto known as the Eohippus, had a modest body and possessed feet
composed of 4 thin digits. After 10 million years, it witnessed the disappearance of 2 of its fingers and the
enlargement of the middle finger. This 3-digit horse was scientifically called the Mesohippus, whose size was
also slightly greater.

Body paragraph 2:
Merychippus and modern horse
Merychippus
- Had a smaller middle finger, compared to Mesohippus
Modern horse
- Grew tremendously in size
- Had a prominent mane, a furrier tail
- Fingers developed into one single hoof
Compared to the foot of Mesohippus, that of Merychippus was marginally different, with the middle finger
shrinking considerably to nearly match the length of the side ones. Additionally, there were also fewer joints in
each finger. With regard to the appearance of the horses that we see nowadays, they have grown immensely in
size, exhibiting a more prominent mane together with a furrier tail in comparison with its primitive counterparts.
Meanwhile, its fingers have all developed into one single hoof, forming a vertical stick-like foot with joints
connecting separate sturdy bones.

The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.

Overview
● Consists of 8 different parts
● Fly using propane
The presented diagram illustrates the structure and the working of a hot air balloon.
All in all, the hot air balloon consists of 8 different parts, three of which are located in the envelope - the largest
part of the hot air balloon. Furthermore, the hot air balloon relies on hot air to fly, which is produced using
propane.

Body paragraph 1:
The bottom part and how it operates
● The bottom part
● Propane cylinders attached to the basket
● The burner lying on top of the basket creates flame
● The base is tied to the upper part using ropes
How it operates
● Hot air fills the balloon
● Hot air is lighter than the surrounding air
First, two propane cylinders can be seen in the basket at the base of the hot air balloon. In order to fly, the
propane is then mixed with air in the burner lying on top of the basket to create a flame that heats up the air.
Following that, hot air fills the inside of the balloon and causes it to rise high. This is because hot air weighs less
than the cool surrounding air. Additionally, the base is tied to the balloon’s skirt using ropes.

Body paragraph 2:
The upper part
The skirt
- Connected to the envelope
The envelope
- Made up of numerous gores, panels, and a parachute valve
Parachute valve
- Allows the hot air balloon's pilot to control the flight
Next, it can be seen that connecting to the skirt is the envelope, which is made up of numerous gores, panels, and
a parachute valve. This valve allows the hot air balloon’s pilot to control the flight by managing how much hot air
can escape through this self-sealing flap.
The diagram below shows the recycling process of aluminium cans. Summarize the information by
describing the main features of the charts and making comparisons where appropriate.

Overview:
● 11-step process in total
● Start: used cans → End: new aluminium cans
The diagram illustrates the eleven-stage process involved in recycling aluminium cans, from the collection of
waste to the production of new cans.
Overall, the process begins with the disposal and cleaning of used aluminium cans and concludes with their
transformation into new cans, taking approximately six weeks in total.

Body paragraph 1:
Initial stages
● Step 1: Waste collected
● Step 2: Deposited at facility
● Step 3: Washed with water
● Step 4: Crushed into small pieces
● Step 5: Processed (mechanical sorting)
● Step 6: Erased with chemicals → to remove ink/labels
In the initial stages, aluminium waste is first collected and transported to a recycling facility. Once deposited, the
cans are thoroughly washed using water to eliminate any surface contaminants. After cleaning, the cans are
crushed into smaller pieces, making them easier to handle. These fragments are then mechanically processed and
sorted. In the sixth step, chemical treatment is applied to erase any remaining ink, labels, or coatings on the
surface of the aluminium.
Body paragraph 2:
Final stages
● Step 7: Heated
● Step 8: Moulded into blocks
● Step 9: Weighed
● Step 10: Rolled into sheets
● Step 11: Formed into new cans
The final stages of the recycling process focus on reshaping and preparing the cleaned aluminium for reuse. The
chemically treated material is first heated until it melts and is then moulded into solid blocks. These blocks are
weighed for accuracy and quality control before being rolled into thin sheets. In the final step, these sheets are
used to manufacture new aluminium cans, completing the recycling loop.

The diagram shows rainwater is collected for the use of drinking water in an Australian town.

Overview
● There are around four steps
● Starting with filtration and ending with chemical treatment
The diagram demonstrates the rainwater collection process in an Australian town used for drinking.
Overall, there are around four steps that are needed in order for the water to be ready for consumption, starting
with filtration and ending with chemical treatment.
Body paragraph 1:
Step by step
● Rainwater runs down a pipe
● Funneled into a drain
● Run through underground pipes
● Led to a water filter
● Have sediments and impurities removed
● Transferred to a water treatment processor
● Chemical treatment
● Ready to be used
Initially, rainwater that slides off the rooftops runs down a pipe in the side of the building, which in turns is
funneled into a drain. This stream of water is then run through underground pipes, leading to a water filter in
order to remove any sediments or impurities. This filtered water is stored within a large tank, subsequently being
transferred to a water treatment processor via pipes. Chemicals are used to ensure that the water is safe from
bacteria or germs, and is suitable for consumption. Finally, when the water is ready to be used, it runs from
underneath the ground to people’s houses, ready to be drunk from the tap.
• Paraphrase paragraph: shows>illustrates; how drinking water is
produced>the process of producing drinking water; using>by means of
• Overview/summary paragraph: (1) the number of stages in the process (2)
refer to the first and last stages (beginning with.....and ending with.....)
• Paragraph 3: report on stages 1-3
• Paragraph 4: report on stages 4-7
Report:
The diagram illustrates the process of producing drinking water by means of a water pump powered by energy
from the sun and a water filter.
Overall, there are seven stages in the process, beginning with the capture of sunlight and ending with the
collection of drinking water in containers.
Initially, a solar panel absorbs energy from sunlight. The solar panel is connected by wires to a converter, which
then transforms the solar energy into electricity. Next, this electricity is transmitted to a pump, which is located in
an underground well.
At the next stage, water is pumped from the well up to a water tank, which is placed on a wooden platform. Then,
a filter inside the water tank is used to filter the water before it enters a pipe. After filtering, the pipe carries the
water down from the water tank and it is now ready to drink. Finally, a tap fixed to the pipe is used to fill
moveable containers with the drinking water as people collect it
• Overview/summary paragraph: (1) vegetation will grow at higher altitudes in tropical regions
(2) tropical mountains have more diverse zones than temperate mountains
• Paragraph 3: select, report and compare figures for the snow line and alpine meadows in the two regions
• Paragraph 4: select, report and compare figures for the zones below these in the two regions
Report:
The diagram compares tropical and temperate mountains in terms of their vegetation.
Overall, in tropical regions vegetation will grow at higher altitudes compared with temperate regions. Mountains
in tropical regions support more diverse zones than in temperate regions.
There is a snow line at about 2800 metres (10,000 feet) on temperate mountains and there is only permanent snow
above this line. By contrast, this snow line is found higher at around 4300 metres (16,000 feet) in tropical
mountain regions. Below this line, alpine meadows are found at 4000 metres and 1700 metres in tropical and
temperate mountain regions respectively.
Forests of pine and fir trees occur on tropical mountains from about 3100 metres to the alpine meadows above.
However, on temperate mountains the limit for spruce trees is about 1750 metres. A similar difference is found
between the limits for broad-leaved trees in the two regions. Below this, a cool zone producing grain occurs from
1600 metres on tropical mountains while in temperate regions this starts at sea-level. Finally, above sea-level,
tropical mountain regions have two extra zones. A temperate zone can produce coffee and cocoa, while below
that a warm zone is suitable for many tropical crops.

The diagram below shows the process of making soft cheese. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Overview
Having 5 stages:
- From mixing ingredients to the final products.
The flow chart illustrates the production of soft cheese.
Overall, it can be seen that there are 5 stages in the process of making soft cheese, starting from mixing
ingredients to the finished products that are ready to be consumed.
Body paragraph 1:
The first 3 stages
● 1st: water and milk are mixed.
● 2nd: the mixture is cooled for 2 hours at 5°C.
● 3rd: add salt to the mixture >> 6 hours of fermentation.
In the first stage, two main components namely water and milk are mixed together. After that, the mixture is
cooled for 2 hours at a temperature of 5 Celsius degrees. Then, an amount of salt is added to the mixture before it
undergoes the constant fermentation process which lasts for 6 hours.

Body paragraph 2:
The 2 remaining stages
● 4th: the liquid evaporate over 8 hours at 100°C >> the mixture becomes thicker.
● 5th: it is cooled for 6 hours at 5°C, filtering wastewater and soft cheese.
The next stage requires the liquid to evaporate, which let off its steam through a channel. After 8 hours of being
under the heat of 100 Celcius degree, the mixture becomes thicker. In a final step, which happens for 6 hours, this
mixture is stored in a cooling space where wastewater and the finished soft cheese are filtered.
Report Plan:
• Paraphrase paragraph: shows>illustrates; the process of making cheese>different stages in the production of
cheese
• Overview/summary paragraph: (1) there are several stages (the diagram is too complicated to write the number
of stages) (2) refer to the first and last stages
• Paragraph 3: report the stages in the process shown in the left half of the diagram (before the curds and whey are
separated)
• Paragraph 4: report the stages in the process shown in the right half of the diagram
The diagram illustrates the different stages in the production of cheese.
Overall, there are several stages in cheese production, beginning with raw milk and ending with the final product
of ripened cheese.
Initially, in the most common method nowadays, raw milk undergoes pasteurisation and then standardisation and
filtration before it enters a coagulation process. However, in traditional cheese making, the raw milk is coagulated
directly. Next, fermenting micro-organisms are used to inoculate the milk in the coagulation tank and an enzyme,
rennet, is also added. In the tank, the milk curdles to form curds and whey. Then, the curds and whey are cut
before stirring and cooking.
In the next stage, the whey is drained and the curds are milled. The curds then pass along a conveyor belt for
salting. After salting, some are used to produce cottage cheese and cream cheese. The rest is poured into moulds
and pressed to drain additional whey. Finally, the resulting cheese is ripened for a time and the process is
finished.
The picture shows the process of making wool. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Overview
There are nine stages in the process of making wool: sheep herding => using wool in knitting or making woolen
products
Body paragraph 1:
Stage 1-4
● Stage 1: the collection of raw materials => sheep are raised until they are matured enough to produce a
thick layer of fur
● Stage 2: The fur is then sheared and cleaned
● Stage 3: The wet fur is then transferred into a drying machine
● Stage 4: The dried fur is carded with a wire instrument
Body paragraph 2:
● Stage 5-9
● Stage 5: the wool is made into large turfs of wool => storage (stage 6); the by-product - the discarded
strings -will be recycled (stage 7)
● Stage 8: wool turfs are spun into balls of yarn => used for knitting or for the production of woolen
products (stage 9)
The diagram illustrates the wool production procedure.
Overall, there are nine stages in the process of making wool, starting from sheep herding to using wool in knitting
or making woolen products.
The first stage revolves around the collection of raw materials, in which the sheep are raised until they are
matured enough to produce a thick layer of fur. The fur is then sheared and cleaned using water in order to
remove dirt prior to the manufacturing stages. Having been clean, the wet fur is then transferred into a drying
machine to soak up excess moisture. After that, the dried fur is carded with a wire instrument. This special tool
brushes the wool straight and woven them into a single strand.
From this process, the wool is made into large turfs of wool, which would be put into storage, and the by-product
- the discarded strings - will be recycled afterwards. In the final stage, the wool turfs are spun into balls of yarn
which can either be used for knitting or for the production of woolen products such as jackets and carpets.
•Overview/summary paragraph: (1) report the number of different parts (components) (2) refer to the slide switch
in the separate diagram
•Paragraph 3: report in detail on the different parts in the diagram and where they are located
•Paragraph 4: report on the flow of the current through these different parts, with reference as well to the slide
switch
Report:
The diagram illustrates how an LED flashlight functions.
Overall, five components are shown, with the flow of the electric current controlled by an on-off switch located
on the plastic case.
Inside the plastic case, two batteries provide the energy for the operation of the flashlight. The two batteries are
in contact, with one of them placed above the other. A metal spring is located below the lower battery, pushing
that battery upwards in order to maintain contact with the battery above.
Firstly, the electric current flows from the batteries which connect with the light filament, which is a thin wire.
Next, the thin wire carries the current of electricity to connect with the lower battery, finally passing through the
metal spring as part of that circuit. The circuit is controlled by a switch through which the wire passes. Metal
switch contacts can be opened and closed by a slide mechanism on the switch, so that the switch can be operated
either to complete or to break the circuit in order to turn the light on or off.
The given maps illustrate two different underground tunnel systems for cars in two Australian cities.
Overall, there are a number of differences between the two tunnel systems, in terms of the cost, size, length, time
of construction, and the surrounding environment. The first tunnel cost approximately half as much as the second
tunnel to construct, however, the first tunnel was significantly smaller in terms of length and vehicle capacity.
The first tunnel also took much longer to construct.
The first tunnel, which took twelve years to construct between 1986 and 1998, cost $555 million, and was built
underneath a body of water and sand. Meanwhile, the second tunnel only took four years for completion but cost
twice as much, at $1.1 billion, and was constructed beneath a layer of stone and clay.
The size of the tunnels was also substantially different, with the first tunnel being 1.5 meters high and 2.2km long,
and the second tunnel being 2.5m high and 3.6 km long. The first tunnel system is four lanes wide, while the
second tunnel system is six lanes wide.
The diagrams show the structure of solar panel and its use.

The diagrams illustrate the design of a simple solar panel and the process by which it generates energy.
Overall, the structure of the panel is not complex, consisting of only a few details. This structure enables the panel
to utilize sunshine, which heats up either air or water.
To begin with, the layout of the panel is relatively simple. It is a rectangular container, with the surface layer
made of transparent glass. In addition, there is an inlet and outlet on either side of the container, allowing water
and air to flow through the system.
The energy generation process works by using solar power. Firstly, sun rays are absorbed by the transparent glass,
thereby capturing the heat of these rays of sunlight inside the panel. This captured energy then turns air flowing
through the system into warm air. Likewise, if the system contains water inside, it is also heated in a similar
manner to air.