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4.1.3-4 Software

The document discusses the roles of firmware, system software, and application software, highlighting that firmware provides essential control over hardware and is infrequently updated. It explains interrupts as signals that require the operating system to pause current processes to address input/output events, hardware faults, user interactions, or software errors. The document outlines the steps taken by the CPU when an interrupt occurs, detailing how the program counter is adjusted and how the interrupt service routine is executed.

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5 views5 pages

4.1.3-4 Software

The document discusses the roles of firmware, system software, and application software, highlighting that firmware provides essential control over hardware and is infrequently updated. It explains interrupts as signals that require the operating system to pause current processes to address input/output events, hardware faults, user interactions, or software errors. The document outlines the steps taken by the CPU when an interrupt occurs, detailing how the program counter is adjusted and how the interrupt service routine is executed.

Uploaded by

GamerDudes100M YT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOFTWARE

INTERRUPTS

By: M. Zeeshan Ali


OBJECTIVES:
FIRMWARE
Application
The software
operating
bootloadersystem run
runover the
(firmware)
operating
over
run over system.
the Firmware.
the hardware.
 Firmware, system software, and application
software work collaboratively. Application Software

 Firmware provides the lowest level of control. It’s


“firm” because it’s infrequently updated or Operating System
changed. It controls the startup of the
microcontroller and enables the various Firmware
microcontroller elements to work together.
 Its primary function is to boot a device and control
the hardware peripherals. Firmware can also be
used to check all the hardware components and Hardware
ensure they operate properly using a power-on-
self-test (POST) procedure.
INTERRUPT

An interrupt is a signal emitted by a device attached to a computer or from a program within the computer. It
requires the operating system (OS) to stop the current process of microprocessor and figure out what to do
next. Interrupt signal caused by:
 An input/output process
 A hardware fault
 User interaction
 Software errors that cause a problem
Once the interrupt signal is received, the microprocessor either carries on with what it was doing or stops to
service the device or program that caused the interrupt. The computer needs to identify the interrupt type and
also establish the level of interrupt priority.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN INTERRUPT OCCURS

Whenever an interrupt occurs, it causes the CPU to stop executing the current program. Then comes the control to
interrupt the handler or interrupt service routine.
The steps in which ISR handle interrupts are as follows −
1. Step 1 − When an interrupt occurs let assume processor is executing 5th instruction and program counter will
point to the next instruction 6th.
2. Step 2 − When an interrupt occurs the program value is stored on the process stack and the program counter is
loaded with the address of interrupt service routine.
3. Step 3 − Once the interrupt service routine is completed the address on the process stack is popped and placed
back in the program counter.
4. Step 4 − Now, it executes the resume for 6th line.

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