6th To 10th

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1. Matter: The matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

2. Melting point: The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

3. Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is
known as its boiling point. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.

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4. Diffusion: Inter mixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called
diffusion.

5. Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into
liquid at its melting point is called the latent heat of fusion of the solid.

6. Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid
to vapour at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point is called the latent heat of
vaporization of the liquid.

7. Evaporation: The phenomenon of changing of a liquid into its vapour state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

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8. Sublimation: Sublimation is the change of solid state directly to gaseous state without going
through liquid state.

9. Deposition: Deposition is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going
through liquid state.

10. Boiling: Boiling is the process by which a liquid turns into a vapor when it is heated to its
boiling point.

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

 Matter is made up of particles. All matter constitute of very small particles. These small
particles are called atoms.
 These particles of matter are too small so they cannot be seen by naked eyes or simple
microscope.
 Particles of matter are continuously moving as they posses
kinetic energy, with the increase of temperature, kinetic energy
of particles also increases so particle moves faster.

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DIFFUSION
 Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.

 The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the diffusing substance
(by heating). It is natural process. It takes place in solids, liquids and gases.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER
 Particles of matter have space between them
 Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction
 The matter around us exists in three states— solid, liquid and gas.
 The forces of attraction between the particles are maximum in solids, intermediate in
liquids and minimum in gases.
 The spaces in between the constituent particles and kinetic energy of the particles are
minimum in the case of solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases.
STATES OF MATTER

SOLID STATE
 The space between the particles is very less.
 The force of attraction between the particles is strong. Thus, particles in a solid are closely
packed.
 Solids maintain their shape even when they are subjected to external force i.e. they are
rigid.
 Solids cannot be compressed.
 The kinetic energy of the particles is very less and so solids have an orderly arrangement of
the particles. Therefore, solids have a fixed shape and volume.
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LIQUID STATE
 The space between the particles is slightly more as compared to solids, but still very less as
compared to gases. The particles of a liquid can slip and slide over each other.
 The force of attraction between the particles is strong enough to hold the particles together
but not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed position.
 Liquids do not have a fixed shape but have a fixed volume. Liquids take up the shape of the
container in which they are poured.
 The kinetic energy of the particles is more than that of solids. Thus, liquids have a disorderly
arrangement of particles compared to solids.
 Liquids cannot be compressed much. The compressibility of liquids is almost negligible.
GASEOUS STATE
 The particles are much farther apart from one another as compared to solids and liquids.
They have a very disorderly arrangement of particles compared to the solids and liquids.
 The force of attraction between the particles is negligible, hence particles of a gas move
freely in all the directions. Gases thus can mix or diffuse into other gases.
 The particles of a gas have maximum kinetic energy. They move with high speed in all
directions and can exert pressure on the walls of its container.
 Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume. They fill up the container
completely.
 Gases can be compressed easily. Example: the LPG cylinders used at home and the CNG
cylinders used in vehicles.
CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER
 The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to the
original state is called the interconversion of states of matter.
 Matter Can Change its State. Water can exist in three states of matter:
 Solid as ice
 Liquid as water
 Gas as water vapour
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE
 On increasing the temperature of solids, the
kinetic energy of the particles increases which
overcomes the forces of attraction between the
particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a
liquid.
 The temperature at which a solid melts to become
a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its
melting point. The melting point of ice is 273.16 K.
 The process of melting, that is, change of solid
state into liquid state is also known as fusion.

LATENT HEAT
 The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is known as
the latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is called latent
heat.
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LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
 The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion.
 The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is called its
boiling point.
 Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain energy to change
into the gaseous state.
For example, boiling point of water is 100° C. ( 100° C = 273 + 100 = 373 K)
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION
 The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at atmospheric pressure,
at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of vaporisation.
 The process, in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is called
condensation or liquefaction.
 The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas, without changing into the
liquid state (or vice versa) is called sublimation.
 The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called
the freezing point of that substance.
 Water vapour at 373 K has more energy than water at the same temperature because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporisation.
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PRESSURE
 Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature.
 When a high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature is
lowered, the gas is liquefied.
 Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere
without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known
as dry ice.

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ACTIVITY - 1.1
Aim: To show that matter is made up of particles.
Required materials: 100 ml beaker, water, salt, glass rod
Procedure:
 Take a 100 ml beaker.
 Fill half the beaker with water and mark the level of water.
 Dissolve some salt/sugar with the help of a glass rod.
Observation: There is no change in water level.
Conclusion:
This activity shows that the matter consists of
small particles. There are some vacant spaces
called voids. When sugar is added to water
and gets mixed well then, the empty spaces
were occupied by sugar particles.
So it dissolves and forms a uniform solution
of water with sugar.
Activity - 1.2
Aim: To know how small the particles of matter are.
Required materials: crystals of potassium permanganate, 4 beakers of 100 ml each.
Procedure:
 Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100 ml of water.
 Take out approximately 10 ml of this solution and put it into 90 ml of clear water.
 Take out 10 ml of this solution and put it into another 90 ml of clear water.
 Keep diluting the solution like these 5 to 8 times.

Observation
When we add potassium permanganate into the water, water becomes pink or purple, but on
dilution the intensity of colour decreases.
Conclusion:
 After observing this activity, we can conclude that each particle or piece of potassium
permanganate is made up of a number of small particles like atoms.
 On diluting these particles get divided and spread out in the solution, so a few crystals of
KMnO4 can make water pink or purple.
 so it means one small crystal of potassium permanganate has millions of tiny particles.
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Activity - 1.3
Aim: To prove diffusion is faster in gases than solids.
Required materials: Incense sticks, matchbox
Procedure:
 Put an unlit incense stick in a corner of your class.
 Now light the incense stick.
 Record your observations.
Observation:
When the incense stick is unlit then smell it, even we can go very close to it we will not get its
smell, but when the incense stick is lightened then we will get its smell from a distance.
Conclusion:
 We can conclude that particles of matter have kinetic energy, but the kinetic energy in
solids is lower and larger in gaseous particles.
 Kinetic energy increases when temperature increases.
 So diffusion is faster in gases than solids.
Activity - 1.4
Aim: To know the rate of diffusion of various liquids in water.
Required materials: two beakers, blue or red ink, honey.
Procedure:
 Take two beakers filled with water.
 Put a drop of blue or red ink slowly add carefully along the
sides of the first beaker and honey in the same way in the
second beaker.
 Leave them undisturbed in your house or in a corner of the
class.
 Record your observations.
Observation:
 The ink drop moves downward and its particles spread in the water.
 The mixing of ink in water takes about 2 to 3 minutes, while the honey drop sticks to the
wall of the beaker and moves very slowly.
 The mixing of honey in water takes an hour.
Conclusion:
 The speed of particles of different matters is different because of attraction force between
particles is different.
 The attraction forces between particles of ink is weak. so it moves rapidly but on the other
hand force of attraction between particles of honey is strong. So they move slowly.
 We can conclude that the stronger the force of attraction lower will be the speed of the
particles
Activity - 1.5
Aim: To prove that movement of particles or rate of diffusion depends on temperature.
Required materials: Two glasses, hot water, cold water, crystal of copper sulphate or
potassium permanganate.

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Procedure:
 Drop a crystal of copper sulphate or potassium permanganate into a glass of hot water
and another containing cold water.
 Do not stir the solution.
 Allow the crystals to settle at the bottom.
Observation:
 The crystal KMnO4 moves down in both beakers.
 The purple colour of potassium permanganate
spreads in the water of both beakers as time passed.
 The purple colour spreads slowly in cold water but spreads quickly in hot water.
Conclusion:
We can conclude that at a higher temperature, the particles of matter move faster and have
more kinetic energy.
Activity - 1.6
Aim: To know the force of attraction between the particles of matter.
Play this game in the field. Make four groups and form human chains as suggested.
 The first group should hold each other from the
back and lock arms like Bihu dancers
 The second group should hold hands to form a
human chain
 The third group should form a chain by touching
each other with only their fingertips
 Now the fourth group of students should run around
and try to break the three human chains one by one
into as many small groups as possible
 Which group was the easiest to break? Why?
 If we consider each student as a particle of matter,
then in which group do the particles hold each other
with the maximum force?
Observation:
 When the fourth group of students try to break the three human chains, they can break
the chain of those human beings easily which are formed by touching each other only
with their fingertips.
 The first group which is formed like Bihu dancers has the strongest force they are tightly
held.
 The second group formed by holding their hands was the next strongly held whereas the
third group which is formed by just touching their fingers was the most weakly held. this
human chain was the easiest to break.
Conclusion:
 Through this activity, we can understand the force acting between particles can be
understood easily.
 The particles which are held tightly have the strongest force of attraction.
 While the particles of those substances which have a weak force of attraction can be
separated easily.
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Activity - 1.7
Aim: To prove that the Force of attraction between particles is different in different
substances.
Required materials: An iron bar, a piece of chalk, and a rubber band
Procedure:
i. Take an iron bar, a piece of chalk, and a rubber band.
ii. Try breaking them by hammering, cutting, stretching.

Observation:
 When we try to break an iron bar, chalk, and rubber band, we find that iron bar can’t be
broken but chalk can be broken easily and the rubber band can be stretched long.
 A strong force is needed to break an iron bar whereas chalk is broken with a weak or light
force
Conclusion: We can conclude that the Force of attraction between particles is different in
different substances.
Activity - 1.8
Aim: To show that water has a force of attraction between its
particles.
Required materials: A water tap
Procedure: Open a water tap, and try breaking the stream of
water with your fingers.
Observation: When we try to break the stream of water with our
fingers the stream can be break but when we remove our fingers,
water occupies its space again.
Conclusion: Water has a force of attraction between its particles.
Activity - 1.9
Aim: To know the properties of solid substances
Required materials: A pen, a book, a needle, and a piece of wooden stick
Procedure:
 Collect the following articles- a pen, a book, a needle, and
a piece of wooden stick
 Sketch the shape of the above articles in your notebook by
moving a pencil around them.
 Do all these have a definite shape, distinct, boundaries,
and a fixed volume?
 What happens if they are hammered, pulled, or dropped?
 Are these capable of diffusing into each other?
 Try compressing them by applying force. Are you able to
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Explanation :
i) Do all these have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and a fixed volume?
Yes, they have fixed shape and volume.
ii) What happens if they are hammered, pulled or dropped?
If they hammered or pulled, they are capable of breaking.
iii) Are these capable of diffusing into each other?
No, Solid are not capable of diffusing each other but they are capable of diffuse with liquid.
( eg. Tablets dissolve in water )
iv) Try compressing them by applying force. Are you able to compress them?
No, It is not possible to compress them because solid don’t have space between particles
but in case of sponge i.e. compress easily (They are some Exceptions ).
Conclusion:
 All Example above are solids.
 All these have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed volumes, i.e. have negligible
compressibility.
 Solids have tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.
 Solids may break under force but it is difficult to change their shape, So they are rigid.
Activity - 1.10
Aim: To know the properties of liquids
Required materials: water, cooking oil,
milk, juice, a cold drink and containers of
different shapes
Procedure:
 Collect the following:
 (a) Water, cooking oil, milk, juice, a cold drink.
 (b) Containers of different shapes. Put a 50 mL mark on these containers using a
measuring cylinder from the laboratory.
 What will happen if these liquids are split on the floor?
 Measure 50 ml of any one liquid and transfer it into different containers one by one. Does
the volume remain the same?
 Does the shape of the liquid remain the same ?
 When you pour the liquid from one container into another, does it flow easily?
Explanation:
i) What will happen if these liquids are split on the floor?
When liquids spilt on the floor, they completely lost their shape.
ii) Measure 50 mL of any one liquid and transfer it into different containers one by one. Does
the volume remain the same?
Yes, Volume remains the same.
iii) Does the shape of the liquid remain same?
No, the shape of the liquid not remains same. The shape of the liquid changes as per the
design of the container.
iv) When you pour the liquid from one container into another, does it flow easily?
Yes, it flows easily while transferring to another container.
Conclusion:
 Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.
 Liquids flow and change their shape, so they are not rigid but can be called as fluids.
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Activity - 1.11
Aim: To know the compressibility of solids, liquids and
gases.
Required materials: Three 100 ml syringes, water, pieces of
chalk,
Procedure:
 Take three 100 ml syringes and close their nozzles by
rubber corks, as shown in figure
 Remove the pistons from all the syringes.
 Leaving one syringe untouched, fill water in the
second and pieces of chalk in the third.
 Insert the pistons back into the syringes. You may apply some
Vaseline to the pistons before inserting them into the syringes for
their smooth movement.
 Now try to compress the content by pushing the piston in each
syringe.
 What do you observe? In which case was the piston easily pushed
in?
 What do you infer from the observation?
Observation:
The first syringe which was left untouched contained air. this syringe was easily pushed in. the
piston of the second syringe which contains water has been pushed only a little while the
piston of the third syringe filled with pieces of chalk could not be pushed in.
Conclusion:
Gases are highly compressible while liquids are incompressible and solids are completely
incompressible.
Decreasing order of compressibility of matter: Gases >Liquids> Solids
Activity - 1.12
Refer Additional questions. – Long answer type questin: 4
Activity - 1.13
Refer Additional questions. – Long answer type question: 6
Activity - 1.14
Aim: To know the factors affecting evaporation
Required materials: Test tube, china dish, 5 ml of water.
Procedure:
 Take 5 ml of water in a test tube and keep it near a window or under a fan.
 Take 5ml of water in an open china dish and keep it near a window or under a fan.
 Take 5 ml of water in an open china dish and keep it inside a cupboard or on a shelf in
your class.
 Record the room temperature.
 Record the time or days taken for the evaporation process in the above cases.
 Repeat the above three steps of activity on a rainy day and record your observation.
 What do you infer about the effect of temperature? Surface area and wind velocity on
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Observation:
i. The surface area of the test tube is less so less water will evaporate from the test tube. So,
it will take a long time for evaporation.
ii. The surface area of two china dishes is the same
in which 5 ml water has been taken, but one china
dish is kept near a window or under a fan while
another is kept inside the cupboard. So, the
evaporation will be faster from the china dish
which is kept in the window or under the fan, and
on the other side evaporation from the china dish
which is kept inside the cupboard will be slow.
iii. On rainy days, there is more humidity in the atmosphere than on other days. Evaporation
takes a longer time on rainy days.
Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation depends on the following factors
i. The rate of evaporation increases with the increasing speed of air.
ii. The rate of evaporation increases by increasing the surface area.
iii. The rate of evaporation decreases with an increase in the presence of humidity in the air.

1. Which of the following are matter?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, lemon water, smell of perfume.
Ans. Chairs, air, smells, nuts, cold drinks, and perfume smell: all matter since they take up
space and contain material. Hate thought, love and cold are not matter.
2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from
cold food you. Have to go close.
Ans. This is because of hot sizzling food particles have high kinetic energy, which allows them
to diffuse quickly in the air and travel a distance of several metres, as opposed to cold
food particles, which have low kinetic energy and cannot travel a distance of several
metres.
3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does
this observation show?
Ans. The diver is able to easily cut through the water in the swimming pool because of the
weak forces of attraction between water molecules.
4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Ans. (i) All matter (elements or compounds) consists of very small particles
which can exist independently and are called molecules.
(ii) The particles of matter are in a state of continuous motion and
possess kinetic energy.
(iii) There are intermolecular spaces in between the particles
(molecules) of matter.
(iv)The particles (molecules) of matter attract each other with a force
called intermolecular force which is maximum in solids and least in
the gases.
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5. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density (density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density - air, exhaust from chimneys, honey,
water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Ans. The increasing order of density is air < exhaust from chimney < cotton < water < honey <
chalk < iron.
6. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container,
shape, kinetic energy and density.

Characteristics Solids Liquids Gases

(1) Rigidity Highly rigid Very less rigid Not rigid

(2) Compressibility Negligible Low High

Do not flow Flow from higher
(3) Fluidity Flow in all directions
to lower level
(4) Filling a gas Do not need need container to Need container to fill
container container to contain them them
(5) Shape contain them Take the shape of Not have definite
Definite shape
the container shape
More K.E than
(6) Kinetic Energy Least KE Maximum KE
solids
Less density than
(7) Density Maximum density Least denser
solids
7. Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a
solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
Ans. (a) The molecules of a gas have very high kinetic energy and large
intermolecular spaces and practically negligible intermolecular
forces and thus fill entire space of the vessel.
(b) When the molecules of a gas which are having high kinetic
energy strike against the walls of container, they exert
some force per unit area, i.e., pressure. Therefore, a gas
exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table is solid because:
(i) It is rigid.
(ii) It has definite shape and volume.
(iii) It is not compressible.
(iv) It has any number of surfaces.
(d) The molecules of a gas (air) have very large intermolecular spaces and negligible
intermolecular forces. Hence, we can easily move our hand in air, whereas the
intermolecular spaces between the molecules of a solid are very small and
intermolecular forces are very large. Hence, a lot of force is needed to separate the
molecules of a solid and we need karate expert to break a block of wood.

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8. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed
that ice floats on water. Find out why?
Ans. Water expands on freezing and this leads to decrease in
density. This means that for a given mass ice will have more
volume as compared to liquid water. Thus, being lighter (due
to lower density), ice floats on water.
9. Convert the following temperatures to celsius scale: a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Ans. Temperature in °C = Temperature in Kelvin-273
(a) Temperature in °C = (300-273) = 27°C
(b) Temperature in °C = (573-273) = 300°C
10. What is the physical state of water at: (a) 250°C (b) 100°C?
Ans. (a) Water is in gaseous state, i.e., steam at 250°C.
(b) Water is in liquid state at 100°C.
Remember: Water can also exist in gaseous state at 100°C, if constant heat energy is
supplied at this stage.
11. For any substance, why does the temperature
remain constant during the change of state?
Ans. During the change of state, heat is absorbed
but this heat gets used up in changing the
state by overcoming the force of attraction
between the particles. Thus, there is no
change in temperature although heat is being
absorbed constantly.

12. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.

Ans. By applying pressure and reducing temperature, the atmospheric gases can be liquefied.
13. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Ans. In a desert cooler, hot and dry air passes through wet pads of wood-wool. Water takes
heat from the hot air and evaporates. The evaporation of water cools the pads and the
circulating water. As a result, the incoming air also gets cooled.
14. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Ans. An earthen pot has small pores in its walls.
When water is poured into it, some of it seeps
through these pores onto its outer surface. On
reaching there, it evaporates. The heat
required for evaporation is taken from the
earthen pot and from the water in it. As a
result, the water in an earthen pot gets cooled
down.
15. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Ans. Acetone, petrol or perfume has very low boiling
temperature. When we put some acetone or petrol or
perfume on our palm, the particles of it gain energy from
our palm and evaporate quickly which cause cooling.

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16. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Ans. The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase of surface area in the case of
saucer as compared to the cup and thus,
hot tea or milk in saucer cools faster than
cup. So, we are able to sip hot tea or milk
faster from a saucer rather than a cup.
17. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Ans. We should wear cotton and light coloured clothes in summer. Cotton is a good absorber
of water and absorbs the sweat which causes cooling effect by evaporation. Also, the light
coloured clothes are poor absorber of heat.

1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale: (a) 293 K (b) 470 K
Ans. Temperature in °C = Temperature in Kelvin - 273
(a) Temperature in °C = 293-273 = 20°C ∴ 293 K = 20°C
(b) Temperature in °C = 470-273 = 197°C ∴ 470 K = 197°C
2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale: (a) 25°C (b) 373°C
Ans. Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in °C +273
(a) Temperature in Kelvin = 25+ 273 =298 K ∴ 25°C = 298 K
(b) Temperature in Kelvin = 373 +273 = 646 K ∴ 373°C = 646 K
3. Give reason for the following observations:
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Ans. (a) By absorbing heat energy from the surroundings, naphthalene balls slowly sublime, ie,
solid naphthalene balls directly get converted into vapours and disappear with time
without leaving any solid.
(b) The molecules of perfume when enter in the air, diffuse in all directions as they are
volatile and, therefore, we can smell the perfume sitting several metres away.
4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction between the
particles - water, sugar, oxygen.
Ans. Oxygen < water < Sugar.
5. What is the physical state of water at: (a) 25°C (b) 0°C C) 100°C?
Ans. (a) liquid (b) solid (c) vapour.
6. Give two reasons to justify:
(a) Water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Ans. (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because it has
fluidity and assumes the shape of the containing vessel. It
has melting point below room temperature and boiling
point above room temperature.
(b) An almirah is a solid because it is rigid and has a fixed
shape.
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7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Ans. Cooling takes place when heat is removed from a system. In case of ice at 0°C (273 K), it
will take heat (latent heat) from the medium to convert itself first into water at 0°C (273
K) and then into water at a higher temperature. In short, in case of ice at 0°C (273 K),
there will be a change in phase, whereas in case of water at 0°C (273 K), there will be no
change in phase. Hence, lesser energy will be taken from the medium.
8. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?
Ans. Steam produces more severe burns. Steam has the highest specific latent heat of
vaporisation whose value is 2260 kJ/kg. Thus, 1 kg of steam at 100°C contains 2260 kJ of
more heat energy than 1 kg of water at 100°C. It is this enormous amount of heat energy
in steam which causes more severe burns.
9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state:

Ans. A : Solid changes into liquid state by the process of melting or fusion.
B : Liquid state changes to gaseous state by the process of vaporisation or boiling.
C : Gaseous state changes to liquid state by the process of liquefaction or condensation.
D : Liquid state changes to solid by the process of freezing or solidification.
E : Solid changes into gaseous state by the process of sublimation.
F : Gas changes into solid state by the process of sublimation.

1. When 50 g of sugar is dissolved in 100 ml of water, there is

no increase in volume. What characteristic of matter is
illustrated by this observation?
Ans: This observation indicates that particles of water have
spaces between them into which sugar particles fit.
2. What happens when an inflated air balloon is pricked with a
pin? Name the property of the gaseous state exhibited by
this observation.
Ans: The balloon bursts and diffusion takes place.
3. Name the process which occurs when a drop of dettol is added to water.
Ans: When dettol is added to water, diffusion takes place.
4. To which physical state of matter do the following statements apply?
(i) Incompressible, no fixed shape
(ii) Compressible, no definite volume
Ans: (i) Liquid (ii) Gas www.chaduvu.in
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5. Name the state of matter in which:
(i) Layers of particles can slip and slide over one another easily.
(ii) Particles just move around randomly because of very weak force of attraction.
Ans: (i) Liquid state, (ii) Gaseous state.
6. Define density and give its SI unit.
Ans: Density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume. Its SI unit is kg m-3.
7. In which of the following, the particles have highest forces of attraction?
Water, NaCl (solid), ice or, wax.
Ans: NaCl (solid) has particles with the highest forces of attraction.
8. Why do the gases exert more pressure on the walls of the
container than the solids?
Ans: In gases, the particles move randomly at high speed and they
collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
9. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice cold water?
Ans: The water vapour present in the air comes in contact with cold surface of the glass, loses
its energy and gets converted into droplets of water.

10. Can materials exist in all the three states?

Ans: Yes, materials can exist in all the three states under different conditions of temperature
and pressure.

1. How is the high compressibility property of gas useful to us?

Ans: The gases have high compressibility. This property is used in the following situation:
(1) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a fuel which is made up of petroleum gas. On
compressing this petroleum gas it forms liquid.
(2) Oxygen cylinders in the hospitals have compressed gas filled in it.
(3) CNG (compressed natural gas) is a natural gas, methane, which is compressed and
used as a fuel in vehicles and at home.
2. Explain inter conversion of states of matter.
Ans: Interconversion of matter refers to the change of one state to another. It is a process by
which matter changes from one state to another and back to its original state, without
any change in its chemical composition.
Example: Solids can be converted into liquids by heating. Similarly, liquids can be
converted into gases by heating and gases can be converted into liquids. Liquids can be
converted into solids by cooling.

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3. Why are gases compressible but not liquids?
Ans: Gases are compressible because the intermolecular space
is very large in gases, whereas liquids are not
compressible because in liquids, the intermolecular space
is less.
4. Distinguish among three states of matter with respect to property indicated: Volume,
Diffusion and compressibility.
Ans:
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Volume Definite Volume Definite Volume No Definite Volume
Diffusion Negligible Slower Very fast
Highly
Compressibility Non-compressible Slightly compressibility
compressible
5. Give three reasons to justify that water is a liquid at room temperature.
Ans: At room temperature, water is liquid because it has the following characteristics of liquid:
(i) At room temperature, water has no shape but has fixed volume.
(ii) It takes the shape of the container in which it is kept.
(iii) It can flow.

1. Distinguish between evaporation and boiling

Ans:
Evaporation Boiling
 The phenomenon of changing of a
 Boiling is the process by which a liquid
liquid into its vapour state at any
turns into a vapor when it is heated to
temperature below its boiling point is
its boiling point.
called evaporation.
 Evaporation takes place at all  Boiling takes place only at the boiling
temperatures. point of the liquid.
 It is a very slow process.  It is a fast process.
 Evaporation takes place only at the  Boiling takes place in the entire body of
surface of the liquid. the liquid.
 Temperature changes during  The temperature does not change during
evaporation. boiling.
 Bubbling effect is not visible in  Bubbling effect is visible during the
evaporation. process of boiling.
2. Explain with the examples from your daily life where cooling is caused by evaporation.
Ans. i) Cotton being good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposes it to the
atmosphere for easy evaporation.
ii) Acetone evaporates by taking heat from palm, leaving it cool.

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 iii) Water evaporates from the roof taking heat from surroundings on hot summer day,
leaving roof cool.
iv) Hot liquids like coffee, tea, etc are cool down by the process of evaporation.
v) Small amount of water is evaporates through the pores of earthen pots resulting in
cooling of water.

3. Explain the term diffusion. Illustrate with an activity that rate of diffusion increases with
temperature.
Ans. Diffusion: When particles of one substance occupy vacant space present in the particles
of the other substance, this is called diffusion.
Activity:
Aim: To demonstrate that the rate diffusion increase with rising in temperature.
Procedure:
 Take two beakers. Put hot water in one beaker A and
cold water in another beaker B.
 Drop a crystal of copper sulfate into a beaker of hot
water A and a beaker of cold water B.
 Then record the observations.
Observation:
The crystals start dissolving in beaker A, faster than that in beaker B.
Conclusion:
i. The observation suggests that the rate of diffusion increases with an increase in
temperature.
ii. This is because particles at higher temperatures have higher kinetic energy.
iii. Thus, they move faster to intermix or diffuse quickly.
4. Define melting point. Describe an activity with labelled diagram to find melting point of
ice.
Ans. Melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at which a solid melts to become a
liquid at the atmospheric pressure.
Activity:
(i) Take about 150 g of ice in a beaker and suspend a
laboratory thermometer so that its bulb is in
contact with the ice.
(ii) Start heating the beaker on a low flame.
(iii) Note the temperature when the ice starts melting
(iv) Note the temperature when all the ice has
converted into water.
(v) Record your observations for this conversion of solid to liquid state. www.chaduvu.in
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 (vi) Now, put a glass rod in the beaker and heat while stirring till the water starts boiling.
(vii) Keep a careful eye on the thermometer reading till most of the water has vaporised.
(viii) Record your observations.
Conclusion: The temperature remains constant during the melting of ice even though the
heat is supplied regularly to increase the temperature for changing the state of matter.
The heat is consumed by the particles of ice and they vibrate faster breaking the forces of
attraction and becomes liquid.
5. Write the factors which affect evaporation?
Ans: Evaporation is affected by the following factor:
i) Exposed surface area :
On increasing surface area of liquid (evaporator), rate of evaporation increases hence we
can say that the rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the area exposed of
evaporator or liquid rate.
 Higher the surface area, higher the rate of evaporation.
ii) Increase in temperature:
With the Increase in temperature kinetic energy of particles or molecules will also increase
hence the rate of evaporation increases. So we can say that the rate of evaporation is
directly proportional to the increase in temperature.
 High temperture, higher the rate of evaporation.
iii) Humidity :
When the humidity of air (degree of dampness of air) is low, evaporation rate is
decreased. Hence we can say that the rate of evaporation is inversely varies with humidity.
 More humidity, less evaporation.
iv) Wind :
 When speed of wind increases, rate of evaporation also increases.
6. What is Sublimation explain with the help of an activity.
Ans: conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous
state without its becoming liquid is called as Sublimation.
Activity:
 Take some Ammonium chloride powder in a china dish.
 Cover the china dish with inverted funnel and put a cotton
plug in end of funnel so that vapours do not escape. Set up
the apparatus as shown.
 Heat the dish with burner. Solid ammonium chloride
changes into vapours which when come in contact of walls
of funnel get cooled and change to solid and get deposited
there.
7. Write in brief, an activity to show the particulate nature of matter. List any two
characteristics of particles of matter.
Ans: Activity:
(i) Take a 100 ml beaker.
(ii) Fill half the beaker with water and mark the level of water.
(iii) Dissolve some salt / sugar with the help of a glass rod.
(iv) Observe any change in water level.
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 Observation: Level of water remains same
and salt/sugar, has now spread throughout
water.
Conclusion: When we dissolve salt in water,
the particles of salt get into the spaces
between particles of water. This shows the
particulate nature of matter.

1. Boiling process is a :
(a) Both surface and bulk phenomenon (b) Rare phenomenon
(c) Surface phenomenon (d ) Bulk phenomenon
2. In which state of matter, process of diffusion is fastest:
(a) Liquids (b) Solids (c) Semi-solids (d) Gases
3. Evaporation is called as :
(a) Bulk phenomenon (b) Surface phenomenon
(c) Both surface and bulk phenomenon (d) Unique phenomenon
4. During summer, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool because of the
phenomenon of:
(a) osmosis (b) evaporation (c) transpiration (d) diffusion
5. The gases can be liquefied by:
(a) Lowering temperature and pressure (b) Lowering temperature and raising pressure
(c) Raising temperature and pressure (d) Lowering pressure only
6. The state of matter which is found to be more stable at lower temperature:
(a) BEC (b) Gas (c) Liquid (d) Solid
7. Evaporation of a liquid takes place at:
(a) A fixed temperature higher than its boiling point.
(b) Any temperature lower than its boiling point.
(c) A fixed temperature and pressure.
(d) All temperatures.
8. The process of evaporation causes:
(a) heating (b) cooling
(c) increase in temperature (d) none of these
9. Ice floats on the surface of water because:
(a) its density is less than that of water (b) its density is more than that of water
(c) its molecules are closely packed and no vacant spaces are there
(d) its molecules are held together by strong forces of attraction
10. Intermolecular forces of attraction are least effective in:
(a) Solids (b) Liquids (c) Gases (d) Plasma
11. When water gets solidified into ice, then heat is:
(a) Absorbed (b) liberated
(c) First absorbed then evolved (d) Initially evolved and then absorbed
12. The substance with least inter-particle space is
(a) Methanol (b water (c) copper (d) oxygen
13. The evaporation of a liquid can be best carried out in a
(a) beaker (b) China dish (c) test tube (d) flask
14. Boiling of a liquid takes place at:
(a) A fixed temperature higher than its boiling point.
(b) A fixed temperature and higher atmospheric pressure.
(c) A fixed temperature lower than its boiling point.
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15. The gases can be liquefied by:
(a) Lowering temperature and raising pressure
(b) Raising temperature and pressure
(c) Lowering temperature and pressure
(d) Lowering pressure only
16. Which condition out of the following will increase the evaporation of
water?
(a) Increase in temperature of water (b) Decrease in temperature of water
(c) Less exposed surface area of water (d) Adding common salt to water
17. A few substances are arranged in the increasing order of 'forces of
attraction' between their particles. Which one of the following represents a
correct arrangement?
(a) Sugar, juice, air (b) water, air, wind (c) Air, sugar, oil (d) Oxygen, water, sugar
18. The property to flow is unique to fluids. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) Only gases behave like fluids (b) Gases and solids behave like fluids
(c) Gases and liquids behave like fluids (d) Only liquids are fluids
19. Which changes of state occur during distillation?
(a) Boiling followed by filtration (b) vaporization followed by condensation
(c) Condensation followed by boiling (d) Filtration followed by boiling
20. The forces of attraction between the particles of matter is maximum in
(a) iron rod (b) kerosene oil (c) glycerine (d) dry air
21. On converting 25°C, 38°C and 66°C to kelvin scale, the correct
sequence of temperature will be:
(a) 298 K, 311 K and 339 K (b) 273 K, 278 K and 543 K
(c) 298 K, 300 K and 338 K (d) 298 K, 310 K and 372 K
22. The melting point of ice is:
(a) 273.16 K (b) 723.16 K (c) 263.16 K (d) 373 K
23. Dry ice is .........
(a) Solid carbon dioxide (b) Nitrogen oxide
(c) Carbon mono oxide (d) all
24. Which of the following phenomenon takes place when we add a drop of
Dettol into the water?
(a) Osmosis (b) diffusion (c) sublimation (d) none of them
25. In which form, do the water molecules have less kinetic energy?
(a) Ice (b) Water
(c) Steam (d) All of them have equal kinetic energy
26. Kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to
(a) temperature (b) pressure (c) both (a) and (b) (d) atmospheric pressure
27. Which of the following is an example of a solid-in-gas mixture?
(a) Soil (b) Smoke (c) Moisture (d) Dew
28. Which of the following indicates the relative randomness of particles in the three states of
matter?
(a) Solid > Liquid > Gas (b) Liquid < Solid < Gas
(c) Liquid > Gas > Solid (d) Gas > Liquid > Solid
29. When a teaspoon of solid sugar is dissolved in a glass of liquid water, what phase or phases
are present after mixing:
(a) Liquid only (b) Still solid and liquid
(c) Solid only (d) None of these
30. What term is used to describe the phase change of a solid to a liquid?
(a) Freezing (b) Melting (c) Boiling (d) None of the above
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1. Matter is made up of small_________.
2. The forces of attraction between the particles are _______ in solids, ______ in liquids and
_________ in gases.
3. __________ is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going through
liquid state, and vice-versa.
4. Evaporation causes __________.
5. Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into
liquid at its ________.
6. The smell of perfume gradually spreads across a room due to ______.
7. Rapid evaporation depends on the ______ area exposed to atmosphere.
8. As the temperature of a system increases, the pressure of the gases ______.
9. As the temperature of a gas decreases, it’s volume ______.
10. Gas molecules at higher temperatures have more _______ than at cooler temperatures.
11. The rate of diffusion of liquids is _______ than that of solids.
12. With increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles _________
13. The common unit of measuring volume is ________
14. ______ is the amount of water vapour present in the air.
15. In a water-sugar solution, solvent is ...............
16. On heating diffusion becomes................
17. The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called _______.
18. Solid carbon dioxide is also known as..................
19. The rate of evaporation ................. with an increase in the humidity
20. Compressibility is very high in .....................

1. Water at room temperature is a liquid.

2. The rate of evaporation depends only on the surface area exposed to the atmosphere.
3. The molecules in a gas are in constant motion.
4. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
5. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
6. Gases present in air have the same pressure throughout the entire atmosphere.
7. Latent heat of vaporization is the heat energy required to change 1 kg. of a liquid to gas at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point.
8. Atoms in a liquid are farther apart than the atoms in a gas.
9. All materials move from solid to liquid to gas as the temperature increases.
ANSWERS
CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION:
1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c
11. b 12. C 13.b 14. d 15. a 16. a 17. d 18. c 19. b 20. a
21. a 22. a 23. a 24. b 25. a 26. a 27. b 28. d 29. a 30. b
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. Molecules 2. Maximum, less, least 3. Sublimation 4. cooling 5. Melting point
6. diffusion 7. surface 8. increases 9. decreases 10. energy 11. higher
12. increases 13. litre 14. humidity 15. water 16. faster 17. evaporation
18. dry ice 19. decreases 20. gases
TRUE OR FALSE:
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True
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www.chaduvu.in
 1. MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
PROJECT WORK-1 (9TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P)
Factors effect on evaporation
Preliminary information: 5) Nature of the liquid: Evaporation of liquids
1) Name of the student : .......... depends on the nature of the liquid. If the
2) class : ............ density of liquid increases, the rate of
3) Roll. No : ........... evaporation decreases. Ex: rate of petrol
4) Name of the lesson/ unit : more than water. ❻
Name of the project: Factors effect on Observations:
evaporation.  We observed the rate of evaporation of a
Aim of the project: To know the factors effect floor increased in the presence of air of a
on evaporation. fan.
Hypotheses : The process of escaping  We observed the rate of evaporation of
molecules from the surface of a liquid at any water in wet clothes increased in summer
temperature is called evaporation. season than rainy season.
Material required: Internet, samples of cloths,  The tea which in saucer cools quickly than
cups, saucer, petrol, water, etc., the cup.
Procedure:  we observed the rate of evaporation of
1) we collect information from various books water In wet clothes decrease in more
and internet about the factors effect on humidity in air.
evaporation.  we observed the rate of evaporation of
2) we observe various incidents in our daily life various liquids are different.
situations about evaporation process. Precautions:
3) we collect the data about the factors which
 we should store petrol in air tight containers
depend on evaporation in our daily life. ❶
Collection of information: to prevent evaporation.
The factors depend on evaporation: We should cool the hot liquids in vessels which
1) Speed of air: evaporation depends on speed have more surface area
of air. If the speed of air increases Conclusion:
evaporation also increases. Ex: wet cloths Our teachers and parents guided us to do the
dry in the air of fan. ❷ project. We discussed about the various
2) Increase of temperature : if the temperature applications of evaporation in our daily life and
in atmosphere increases, rate of prepare the project report. we know the
evaporation also increases. Ex: wet clothes importance of evaporation while doing the
dry quickly in summer because temperature project.
increase of temperature in atmosphere. ❸ Acknowledgement:
3) Surface area: If the surface area increases, I convey my sincere thanks to my teacher and
the rate evaporation also increases. my friends who supported me in completing
Ex: The rate of evaporation different in the project.
different vessels which have different Reference books: 9th class Science text book
surface. The water in saucer evaporates Signature of the student
quickly than cup. ❹ సూచన: ఈ పేజీ నందు రండ్ చేయబడిన నంబర్ధ
4) Humidity: If the humidity increases in air, the
rate of evaporation decreases. వ్ద్ద బొమమలు పెట్ట్లి . అందుకు కావ్లసిన బొమమలు
Ex: Wet clothes do not dry quickly in rainy 9వ్ పేజీలో కలవు .వాటని కట్ చేసి
season. ❺ అంటంచుకోగలర్ధ.
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 1. MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
PROJECT WORK-1 (9TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P)
Factors effect on evaporation

❷ ❸

❹ ❺

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 1. MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
PROJECT WORK-1 (9TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P)
Factors effect on evaporation

ఈ ప్రాజెకు్ చిత్రములు గల పేజీ లోని బొమమలను కతిిరించి, 4 వ్

పేజీలో గల ప్రాజెకు్నందు గల నంబరల వ్ద్ద అంటంచవ్లెను.

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 PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P 2023-24
Chapter: 1.Matter in Our Surroundings
Class: 9 Marks: 15 Time: 45 min

SECTION – I
Note: 1) Answer all the questions.
2) Each question carries 1 mark. 5X1=5
1. Define density and give its SI unit.
2. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass
containing ice cold water?
3. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale:
(a) 25°C (b) 373°C
4. The property to flow is unique to fluids. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
(a) Only gases behave like fluids
(b) Gases and solids behave like fluids
(c) Gases and liquids behave like fluids
(d) Only liquids are fluids
5. When 50 g of sugar is dissolved in 100 ml of water, there is no
increase in volume. What characteristic of matter is illustrated by this
observation?

- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -

PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P 2023-24

Chapter: 1.Matter in Our Surroundings
Class: 9 Marks: 16 Time: 45 min

SECTION – III
Note: 1) Answer all the questions.
2) Each question carries 4 marks. 2X4=8
1. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in
its state:

2. What is Sublimation explain with the help of an activity.

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 SECTION – II
Note: 1) Answer all the questions.
2) Each question carries 2 marks. 5X2=10

6. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of

attraction between the particles - water, sugar, oxygen.
7. Name the state of matter in which:
(i) Layers of particles can slip and slide over one another easily.
(ii) Particles just move around randomly because of very weak force of
attraction.
8. Can materials exist in all the three states?
9. Distinguish among three states of matter with respect to property
indicated: Volume, Diffusion and compressibility.
10. Give reason for the following observations:
We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.

SECTION – IV
Note: 1) Answer all the questions .
2) Each question carries 8 marks. 1X8=8
3) Each question has internal choice.
3. Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

OR

Write the factors which affect evaporation?

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