The Circulatory System

Blood vessels
1. Vein (Superior and Inferior Vena Cava)
a. Carries blood full of CO2 back to heart (from body)
2. Artery (Aorta)
a. Carries blood full of O2 away from heart to body
3. Capillary
a. Connects artery and vein
b. Smallest blood vessel

Definition of venule and arteriole?

 Venule = very small veins, collects blood from
capillaries
 Arteriole = small branch of artery leading to
capillaries

Artery Vein Capillary

Higher O2 level, Lower O2, higher Towards and
lower Co2 Co2 away from heart
Located deep in Located close to Smallest blood
the body skin vessels
High in pulse, thick Low in pulse, thin Low pressure,
wall wall very thin wall
1.
Tricuspid Valve
Between right atrium and
ventricle
2. Mitral (Bicuspid) valve
Between left ventricle and left
atrium

(Atrioventricular valves = atrial

and ventricular chambers of the
heart)

3. Pulmonary valve
Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
4. Aortic valve
Between left ventricle and the aorta
 (Semilunar = located between ventricles and outflow vessels, or 3 crescents)

Pengukuran Tensi Darah

 SYS (Systole)
- The pressure when the heart contracts
- When the blood goes to aorta or
pulmonary artery

 DIA (Diastole)
- Pressure when the heart relaxes
- When blood travels from LA to LV and
RA to RV

Blood Components (Uses Centrifugation

Method)

1. Plasma (55% of blood)

a. Has proteins; Albumin, Globulin,
Fibrinogen
i. Albumin: Helps maintain
Colloidal Osmotic
Pressure
ii. Globulin: To transport
antibody
iii. Fibrinogen: Blood clotting

2. Erythrocytes (45% of blood)

a. Biconcave discs with very shallow centers (no nucleus)
b. Optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, can fold up to move through
blood vessels.
c. Carries oxygen and Co2 with the help of Hemoglobin (Hb)
 d. Dark red = less O2, Light red = more O2

3. Leukocytes (1% of blood)

a. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes are two types of white blood cells
b. Granulocytes: granules/sacs in cytoplasm that contains a variety of enzyme
and compound to fight pathogens (unidentified foreign object).
c. Immune responses, recognizes, and neutralizes invaders
d. Has a destruction feature, dangerous if too much (phagocytosis)

4. Thrombocyte/Platelets (1% of blood, less than WBC)

a. Plugs and prevents damaged blood vessels, prevent blood loss.

Bunyi Jantung (by Tricuspid and Mitral valve)

1. “Lub”, “Dub” (valve sound)
2. Diastole -> Blood goes in (0,4 s) > LUB
3. Systole-Diastole -> Blood goes to ventricle (0,1 s)
4. Systole -> Blood flows out (0,3 s) > DUB
a. Diastole (from Pulmonary valve to LA) & (SVC and IVC to RA)
b. Systole-Diastole (from RA to RV) & (LA to LV) ventricle
c. Systole (new blood comes into both atrium) atrium

Leukocytes

Granulocyte Agranulocyte
1. Neutrophil (Innate/Non-specific) a. Lymphocyte (Adaptive/Specific)
 Helps in phagocytosis (the  Produce specific immune
ingestion of bacteria and responses
pathogens) using the  B-cells and T-cells
hydrolytic enzyme  B-cells produced + developed
in RBM
 T-cells produced in RBM, BUT
developed in Thymus Gland


2. Eosinophil (Innate/Non-specific) b. Monocyte (Innate/Non-specific)
 Fights against parasitic  Fights bacteria, virus, fungi
infection  When out of blood vessel:
 macrophage
 Eats leftovers from
phagocytosis


3. Basophil (Innate/Non-specific)
 Produce histamine when
allergic
 Produce inflammatory and
allergic reaction
 When allergic, might cause
windpipe to tighten (helped
by leucocyte and platelets)

T Lymphocyte (Cell Mediated Immunity)

 Helper T Cell -> produces cytokine hormone
o Label pathogens & infected cells for phagocytosis (Opsonization)
o Chemical signals for molecules to activate B cells and T-killer cells
 T-killer Cell -> Bind and destroy infected cells
 Memory T Cell -> Remain in blood and enable a faster immune response.
 Has specific receptors for different types of sickness

B Lymphocyte (Humoral Mediated Immunity)

 Plasma B cell -> Produce antibody to bind with virus and stop the spread
(Opsonization)
 Memory B cell -> Memorize antigen of pathogen and provides a faster immune
response
 Ex: vaccine is the insertion of a weakened virus so memory B cell recognizes it

Thrombocyte
“Hemostasis” is a reaction by platelets to stop the body from bleeding

1. VASCULAR SPASM (Muscle tightens)

o Endothelial tissue sends a signal

o Nerve reflexes
o Myogenic spasm (a muscle reflex)

2. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION

o Platelet adhesion & Von Willebrand

“glue” helps platelets to stay
attached
o Erythrocytes trapped
o Platelets release ADP, Serotonin,
and Prothrombin to attract other
platelets

3. BLOOD CLOTTING

o Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways

o Factors: Prothrombin and
Fibrinogen
 Prothrombin (inactive) + Ca 2+ + Vit. K -> Thrombin (active)
 Thrombin + Ca 2+ + Vit. K -> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
 Antigen Agglutinogen Agglutinins
A or B Antigen (sugar) and Specific type of
generates agglutinins antibody
D (Rh/Rhesus) Antigen (proteins) and Specific type of
generates agglutinins antibody

Von Willebrand Factor

o Blood glycoprotein involved in Hemostasis
o Inactive platelets: circle, Activated (when near injuries): irregular shape

Blood Types
Specifically for Group O, antigen D will help detect the location of pathogens.
 When Agglutinogen meets and bonds with Agglutin, it’s called Agglutination
 Agglutination = the process of clumping RBC to destroy pathogens

 Rhesus+ can receive blood

transfusion from Rh- and Rh+
since the (-) doesn’t have
antigens.
 Rhesus- can receive blood only
from Rh- (to avoid clumping)