Unit - V

Z -TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Definition – Z-Transform:
Let {𝒙(𝒏)} be a sequence defined for 𝒏 = …-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3… then the two sided Z-
Transform of the sequence 𝒙(𝒏) is defined as,
∞

𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝒙(𝒛) = ∑ 𝒙(𝒏)𝒛−𝒏

𝒏=−∞

Definition – Region of convergence:

The value of Z for which Z-Transform converges is called region of convergence.

Definition – One sided Z-Transform:

Let {𝒙(𝒏)} be a sequence defined for 𝒏 = 0, 1, 2, … then the one sided Z- Transform of the
sequence 𝒙(𝒏) is defined as,
𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝒙(𝒛) = ∑∞ 𝒏=𝟎 𝒙(𝒏)𝒛
−𝒏

(or)
𝒛[𝒇(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) = ∑∞ 𝒏=𝟎 𝒇(𝒏)𝒛
−𝒏

provided the infinite series converges, where z is a complex number.

Results:

1. (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
2. (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + ⋯ + (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒏 + ⋯
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)
3. (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
𝟐! 𝟑!
4. (𝟏 + 𝒙)−𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
5. (𝟏 + 𝒙)−𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)
6. (𝟏 + 𝒙)−𝒏 = 𝟏 − 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
𝟐! 𝟑!
7. 𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
8. 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
9. 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + + +⋯
𝟐! 𝟑!
𝒆𝒊𝒏𝜽 +𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽
10. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 = 𝟐
𝒆𝒊𝒏𝜽 −𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽
11. 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽 = 𝟐𝒊
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
12. 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒙) = 𝒙 − + − +⋯
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
13. 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 − 𝒙) = −𝒙 − − − −⋯
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏+𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓
14. 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏−𝒙) = 𝟐 (𝒙 + + +⋯)
𝟑 𝟓
𝟏−𝒓𝒏
15. G.P 𝟏 + 𝒓 + 𝒓𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒓𝒏 = ( 𝟏−𝒓 ) ; 𝒓 < 1
𝒓𝒏 −𝟏
= ( 𝒓−𝟏 ) ; 𝒓 > 1

Definition – Unit sample sequence 𝜹𝒏 :

The unit sample sequence 𝜹𝒏 is defined as the sequence with values,
𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏=𝟎
𝜹𝒏 = {𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠𝟎

Definition – Unit step sequence 𝒖(𝒏):

The unit step sequence 𝒖(𝒏) is defined as the sequence with values,

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 1
 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏≥𝟎
𝒖(𝒏) = {𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏<0
Table of Z-Transforms of standard functions:
S.N Sequence Z-Transform S.N Sequence Z-Transform
o. 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑍[𝑥(𝑛)] o. 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑍[𝑥(𝑛)]
𝒛 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝒛
1. 𝟏𝒏 𝒁[𝟏𝒏 ] = 11. 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒁 [𝒔𝒊𝒏 ]= 𝟐
𝒛−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒛 +𝟏
𝒏
𝒛 𝟏 𝟏 𝒛
2. 𝒂𝒏 𝒁[𝒂 ] = 12. 𝒁 [𝒏] = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 [𝒛−𝟏]
𝒛−𝒂 𝒏
𝒛 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
3. 𝒏 𝒁[𝒏] = 13. 𝒁 [ ] = 𝒆𝒛
(𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒏! 𝒏!
𝒏 𝒏
𝒛
4. (−𝟏) 𝒁[(−𝟏) ] = 14. 𝜹𝒏 𝒁[𝜹𝒏 ] = 𝟏
𝒛+𝟏
𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 𝒛𝟐
5. 𝒏𝟐 𝟐]
𝒁[𝒏 = 15. (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂𝒏 𝒁[(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂 =𝒏]
(𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟑 (𝒛 − 𝒂)𝟐
𝟐𝒛 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒛
6. 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒁[𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)] = 16. 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂𝒏 𝒁[𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 = 𝒏]
(𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛 − 𝒂)𝟑
𝒌𝒛 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝒛𝟐
7. 𝒌 𝒁[𝒌] = 17. 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒁 [𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ]= 𝟐
𝒛−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝒛 𝒛(𝟏 + 𝟒𝒛 − 𝒛𝟐 )
8. 𝒏𝒂𝒏 𝒁[𝒏𝒂𝒏 ] = 18. 𝒏𝟑 𝒁[𝒏𝟑 ] =
(𝒛 − 𝒂)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟒
𝒃𝒛 𝒛(𝒛 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)
9. 𝒃𝒂𝒏 𝒁[𝒃𝒂𝒏 ] = 19. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝜽 𝒖(𝒏) = 𝟐
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟏
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝒛𝟐 𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
10. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒁 [𝒄𝒐𝒔 ]= 𝟐 20. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝜽 𝒖(𝒏) = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒛 +𝟏 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟏

Z-Transforms of standard functions:

Find the Z-Transforms of the following sequences {𝒙(𝒏)} where {𝒙(𝒏)} is given by,
𝒌𝒛
Problem: 1 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒌 or S.T 𝒁[𝒌] = 𝒛−𝟏 if |𝒁| > 1.
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑘 ,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑍[𝑘] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑘𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑘 ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧
−𝑛
1
= 𝑘 ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛
1 1 1
= 𝑘 (𝑧 0 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ )
1 1
= 𝑘 (1 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ )
1 −1 1
= 𝑘 (1 − 𝑧) for |𝑧| < 1
𝑧−1 −1
= 𝑘( )
𝑧
𝑘
= 𝑧−1
( )
𝑧
𝑘𝑧 1
= for |𝑧| < 1 i.e., |𝑍| > 1.
𝑧−1

𝒛
Problem: 2 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝟏 or S.T 𝒁[𝟏] = 𝒛−𝟏 if |𝒁| > 1.
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 1 ,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑧[1] = ∑∞𝑛=0 1𝑧
−𝑛

= ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧
−𝑛

= ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧
−𝑛
1
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛
1 1 1
= (𝑧 0 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ )
1 1 1 −1 1
= (1 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ ) = (1 − 𝑧) for |𝑧| < 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 2
 𝑧−1 −1 1 𝑧 1
= ( ) = 𝑧−1 = for |𝑧| < 1 i.e., |𝑍| > 1.
𝑧 ( ) 𝑧−1
𝑧

DO IT YOURSELF:
𝒛
Problem: 3 𝒙(𝒏) = −𝟏 or S.T 𝒁[−𝟏] = 𝒛+𝟏 if |𝒁| > 1.
𝒛
Problem: 4 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒂𝒏 or S.T 𝒁[𝒂𝒏 ] = 𝒛−𝒂 if |𝒁| > |𝒂|.
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 ,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑧[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑧
= ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑧
= ∑∞ −1 𝑛
𝑛=0(𝑎𝑧 )
= 𝑎𝑧 −1 + (𝑎𝑧 −1 )2 + (𝑎𝑧 −1 )3 + ⋯
= (1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 )−1 for |𝑎𝑧 −1 | < 1
𝑎 −1
= ( 1 − 𝑧)
𝑧−𝑎 −1
= ( )
𝑧
𝑧 𝑎
= for |𝑎𝑧 −1 | < 1 i.e., |𝑧 | < 1 or |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧−𝑎

𝒛
Note: When 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒛[𝟏] = 𝒛−𝟏 , |𝒁| > 1.

𝒛
Problem: 5 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒏 or S.T 𝒁[𝒏] = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 if |𝒁| > 1, 𝑛 ≠ 1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑧[𝑛] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛

= ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛

= 0 + 1𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2 + 3𝑧 −3 + ⋯
1 2 3
= + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + ⋯
𝑧
1 2 3
= (1 + + +⋯)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2
1 1
= (1 − 𝑧 −1 )−2 for | | < 1
𝑧 𝑧
1 1 −2 1
= (1 − 𝑧) for |𝑧| < 1
𝑧
1 𝑧−1 −2
= ( )
𝑧 𝑧
1 𝑧 2
= ( )
𝑧 𝑧−1
𝑧 1
= (𝑧−1)2 ; for |𝑧| < 1.i.e., |𝑍| > 1.

𝟏 𝟏 𝒛
Problem: 6 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒏 or S.T 𝒁 [𝒏] = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒛−𝟏) if |𝒁| > 1, 𝑛 > 0
1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

1 1 𝑥2 𝑥3
∴ 𝑧 [ 𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
,𝑛>0 ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑥) = −𝑥 − − −⋯
2 3
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= + + +⋯ 1 1 1 1
1 2 3
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − ) = − − 2 − 3 − ⋯
1 1 1 2 1 1 3 𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧 3𝑧
= + 2 (𝑧 ) + 3 (𝑧 ) + ⋯
𝑧
1 1 1 1 1 1
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) for |𝑧| < 1 ⇒ −𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − ) = + 2 + 3 + ⋯
𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧 3𝑧
𝑧−1
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑧
𝑧 1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−1) for |𝑧| < 1. i. e. , |𝑍| > 1.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 3
 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
Problem: 7 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒏! or S.T 𝒁 [𝒏!] = 𝒆𝒛
1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛! ,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

1 1 𝑧0 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
∴ 𝑧 [𝑛!] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛! 𝑧 −𝑛 = + + + +⋯
0! 1! 2! 3!
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3 −1 𝑥2 𝑥3
=1+ + + + ⋯ = 𝑒𝑧 ∵ 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
1
= 𝑒𝑧

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
Problem: 8 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒏! or S.T 𝒁 [𝒏!] = 𝒆𝒛
1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛! ,
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

1 1
∴ 𝑧 [𝑛!] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛! 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑧0 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= + + + +⋯
0! 1! 2! 3!
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 1+ + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
−1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 𝑒𝑧 ∵ 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯
1
= 𝑒𝑧

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
Problem: 9 𝒙(𝒏) = (𝒏+𝟏)! or S.T 𝒁 [(𝒏+𝟏)!] = 𝒛[𝒆𝒛 − 𝟏]
1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = (𝑛+1)!
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

1 1
∴ 𝑧 [(𝑛+1)!] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑛+1)! 𝑧
−𝑛

𝑧0 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= + + + +⋯= 1+ + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 1! 2! 3!
Multiply and Divide by 𝑧 −1 ,
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 −1 (1 + + + +⋯)
1! 2! 3!
1 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 −1 ( + + +⋯)
1! 2! 3!
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 (1 + + + + ⋯ − 1)
1! 2! 3!
1
𝑥2 𝑥3
= 𝑧 (𝑒 − 1)𝑧 ∵ 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯

𝒂
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏
Problem: 10 𝒙(𝒏) = or S.T 𝒁 [ 𝒏! ] = 𝒆 𝒛
𝒏!
𝑎𝑛
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = ,
𝑛!
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛
∴ 𝑧 [ 𝑛! ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛! 𝑧
−𝑛

𝑎0 𝑧 0 𝑎1 𝑧 −1 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 𝑎3 𝑧 −3
= + + + +⋯
0! 1! 2! 3!
𝑎1 𝑧 −1 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 𝑎3 𝑧 −3
= 1+ + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
1 2 3
(𝑎𝑧 −1 ) (𝑎𝑧 −1 ) (𝑎𝑧 −1 )
=1+ + + +⋯
1! 2! 3!
−1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑧 ∵ 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 2! + 3! + ⋯
𝑎
= 𝑒𝑧

Problem: 11 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 or Find 𝒁[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽]

Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = cos 𝑛𝜃

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 4
 𝑧
w.k.t 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑧−𝑎
Taking 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑍[𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] = 𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑧−(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) = 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃−𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑧(𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)+𝑖 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)−𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 × (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑧(𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
Equating Real and Imaginary parts on both sides, 𝑍[cos 𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑍[sin 𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Problem: 12 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 or Find 𝒁[𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽]

Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑍 𝑧(𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
w.k.t 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝑍[𝑥(𝑛)]; 𝑍 → 𝑎 and also 𝑍[cos 𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑍
∴ 𝑍[𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑍[cos 𝑛𝜃]; 𝑍 → 𝑟
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
( −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) ( −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) ( −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
⇒ 𝑍[𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑍
𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑍 2 𝑍
𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑟 𝑟
𝑍 2 𝑍
( −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ( ) −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ( ) −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑍 𝑍
( −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑍2 𝑍
−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1
𝑟2 𝑟
𝑍
(𝑧−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑟2
= 𝑍 −2𝑍𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑟2
2
𝑟2
𝑍
(𝑧−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)×𝑟 2
𝑟2
= 𝑍 2 −2𝑍𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑟 2
𝑧(𝑧−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
= 𝑍 2 −2𝑍𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑟 2 if |𝑍| > |𝑟|

DO IT YOURSELF:
𝒛𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
Problem: 13 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝒓𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽 or S.T 𝒁[𝒓𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽] = 𝒁𝟐 −𝟐𝒁𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽+𝒓𝟐 if |𝒁| > |𝒓|

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS-(PART-A)

𝒏𝝅
Problem: 1 Find the Z-Transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 [ A.U - APR 2008, 2010]
𝟐
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Solution: w.k.t 𝑍[sin 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 1
𝜋
Put 𝜃 = 2 .
𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛
∴ 𝑍 [sin ]= 2
𝜋
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 1
2
𝑧 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑧 2 + 1 (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 0)
2

−𝟏 𝒏
Problem: 2 Find the Z-Transform of ( 𝟑 ) [ A.U - APR 2010]
−1 𝑛
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = ( 3 )
−1 𝑛 −1 𝑛
𝑍 [( 3 ) ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 3 ) 𝑧
−𝑛

−1 𝑛
= ∑∞ −1
𝑛=0 ( 3 𝑧 )
−1 𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 3𝑧 )
−1 0 −1 1 −1 2 −1 3 1
= ( 3𝑧 ) + ( 3𝑧 ) + ( 3𝑧 ) + ( 3𝑧 ) + ⋯ if |3𝑧| < 1
1 1 1 1
= 1 − 3𝑧 + (3𝑧)2 − (3𝑧)3 + ⋯ if |3𝑧| < 1
1 −1 3𝑧+1 −1 3𝑧 1
= (1 + 3𝑧) =( ) = (3𝑧+1) if |𝑧| > 3
3𝑧

Problem: 3 Find the Z-Transform of (−𝟏)𝒏 [ A.U - APR 2010]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 5
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = (−1)𝑛
𝑍[(−1)𝑛 ] = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) 𝑧
= ∑∞ −1 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1𝑧 )
−1 𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑧 )
−1 0 −1 1 −1 2 −1 3 1
= ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ if |𝑧| < 1
1 1 1 1
= 1 − 𝑧 + (𝑧)2 − (𝑧)3 + ⋯ if |𝑧| < 1
1 −1
= (1 + 𝑧)
𝑧+1 −1 𝑧
=( ) = (𝑧+1) if |𝑧| > 1
𝑧

𝒏𝝅
Problem: 4 Find the Z-Transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐
𝑛𝜋
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑍 [cos ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 −𝑛
2 2
𝜋 −1 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
= 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 −2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 −3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 −4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 −5 + ⋯
2 2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑧 −1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 −2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 −3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑧 −4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 −5 + ⋯
2 2
𝑛𝜋
= 1 + 0𝑧 −1 + (−1)𝑧 −2 + 0𝑧 −3 + (1)𝑧 −4 + 0𝑧 −5 + ⋯ ∵ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = {(−1)0𝑛;; 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2
= 1 + (−1)𝑧 −2 + (1)𝑧 −4 + (−1)𝑧 −6 + ⋯
1 1 1 2 1 3
= 1 − (𝑧 2 ) + (𝑧 2 ) − (𝑧 2 ) + ⋯
1 −1
= (1 + 𝑧 2 )
−1
𝑧 2 +1
=( )
𝑧2
𝑧2
= (𝑧 2+1)

DO IT YOURSELF:
𝒏𝝅
Problem: 5 Find the Z-Transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 { using actual expansion}
𝟐

𝟏
Problem: 6 Find the Z-Transform of 𝒏+𝟏
1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛+1
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

1 1
∴ 𝑧 [(𝑛+1)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛+1 𝑧
−𝑛

1 1 −1 1 𝑧 −3 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 𝑧0 + 𝑧 + 3 𝑧 −2 + + ⋯ = 1 + 2 (𝑧) + 3 (𝑧 2 ) + 4 (𝑧 3 ) + ⋯
2 4!
Multiply and Divide by 𝑧 −1 ,
1 𝑧 −1 1 𝑧 −1 1 𝑧 −1 1
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧 −1 + (𝑧 ) + (𝑧 2) + (𝑧 3 ) + ⋯ )
2 3 4
1 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1
= 1 (𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3 + ⋯ )
2 3 4
𝑧
2 3 4
−1 (𝑧 −1 ) (𝑧 −1 ) (𝑧 −1 )
= 𝑧 (𝑧 + + + +⋯)
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= 𝑧[−𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑧 −1 )] (∵ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 + + + +⋯)
2 3 4
1
= 𝑧 [−𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧)]
𝑧−1
= −𝑧 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑧
𝑧−1 −1
= 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑧
𝑧
= 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−1) if |𝑧| > 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 6
Problem:7 Find the Z-Transform of 𝒏𝟐 [ A.U - APR 2010]
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛2
𝑑
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑛𝑥(𝑛)] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧𝑥(𝑛)]
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑧[𝑛2 ] = 𝑧[𝑛. 𝑛] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧(𝑛)] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧−1)2 ] ∵ 𝑧(𝑛) = [(𝑧−1)2 ]
(𝑧−1)2 .1−𝑧.2.(𝑧−1)
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
]
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−1−2𝑧)
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
]
(−𝑧−1)
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)3 ]
(𝑧 2 +𝑧)
= (𝑧−1)3

Problem:8 Find the Z-Transform of 𝒏𝒂𝒏

Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑎𝑛
𝑑
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑛𝑥(𝑛)] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧𝑥(𝑛)]
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑧[𝑛𝑎𝑛 ] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑛𝑎𝑛 ] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧−𝑎] ∵ 𝑧(𝑛) = [𝑧−𝑎]
(𝑧−𝑎).1−𝑧.1
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−𝑎)2
]
𝑧−𝑎−𝑧
= −𝑧 [(𝑧−𝑎)2 ]
𝑧𝑎
= [(𝑧−𝑎)2 ]

Problem:9 Find the Z-Transform of (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)

Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = 𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2
∴ 𝑧[(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)] = 𝑧[𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2] = 𝑧(𝑛2 ) + 𝑧(3𝑛) + 𝑧(2)
(𝑧 2 +𝑧) 3𝑧 2𝑧 (𝑧 2 +𝑧) 𝑎𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3
+ (𝑧−1)2 + 𝑧−1 [∵ 𝑧(𝑛2 ) = (𝑧−1)3
; 𝑧(𝑎𝑛) = (𝑧−1)2 ; 𝑧(1) = 𝑧−1]
(𝑧 2 +𝑧)+3𝑧(𝑧−1)+2𝑧(𝑧−1)2
= (𝑧−1)3
𝑧 2 +𝑧+3𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2𝑧(𝑧 2 −2𝑧+1)
= (𝑧−1)3
𝑧 2 +𝑧+3𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2𝑧 3 −4𝑧 2 +2𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3
2𝑧 3
= (𝑧−1)3

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS-(PART-B)

Problem: 1 Find 𝒛[𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)] [ A.U - APR 2012]

Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛
∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝑧[𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛] = 𝑧(𝑛3 ) − 3𝑧(𝑛2 ) + 2𝑧(𝑛)
(𝑧 2 +𝑧) 𝑧
We know that, 𝑧(𝑛2 ) = (𝑧−1)3
; 𝑧(𝑛) = (𝑧−1)2
𝑑 𝑑 (𝑧 2 +𝑧) (𝑧 2 +𝑧)
Now, 𝑧(𝑛3 ) = 𝑧[𝑛. 𝑛2 ] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧(𝑛2 )] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧−1)3 ] ∵ 𝑧(𝑛2 ) = (𝑧−1)3
(𝑧−1)3 .(2𝑧+1)−(𝑧 2 +𝑧).3.(𝑧−1)2
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)6
]
(𝑧−1)2 [(𝑧−1)(2𝑧+1)−3.(𝑧 2 +𝑧)]
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)6
]
(𝑧−1)(2𝑧+1)−3.(𝑧 2 +𝑧)
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
]
2𝑧 2 −2𝑧+𝑧−1−3.𝑧 2 −3.𝑧 −𝑧 2 −4𝑧−1
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
] = −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
]
𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧
= (𝑧−1)4
𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧 (𝑧 2 +𝑧) 𝑧
∴ 𝑧[𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)] = 𝑧(𝑛3 ) − 3𝑧(𝑛2 ) + 2𝑧(𝑛) = (𝑧−1)4
− 3 (𝑧−1)3 + 2 (𝑧−1)2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 7
 𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧−3(𝑧 2 +𝑧)(𝑧−1)+2𝑧(𝑧−1)2
= (𝑧−1)4
𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧−3(𝑧 3 +𝑧 2 −𝑧 2 −𝑧)+2𝑧(𝑧 2 −2𝑧+1)
= (𝑧−1)4
𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧−3𝑧 3 −3𝑧 2 +3𝑧 2 +3𝑧+2𝑧 3 −4𝑧 2 +2𝑧
= (𝑧−1)4
6𝑧
= (𝑧−1)4

𝟏
Problem: 2 Find 𝒛 [(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)] [ A.U - APR 2011]
1
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑛+2)+𝐵(𝑛+1)
Let (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) = (𝑛+1) + (𝑛+2) = (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑛 + 1)
Put 𝑛 = −1; 1 = 𝐴(−1 + 2) ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝑛 = −2; 1 = 𝐵(−2 + 1) ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
1 1 1
∴ (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) = (𝑛+1) − (𝑛+2)
1 1 1
𝑧 [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)] = 𝑧 [(𝑛+1) − (𝑛+2)]
1 1
= 𝑧 [(𝑛+1)] − 𝑧 [(𝑛+2)] …(1)
1 𝑧
Now, 𝑧 [(𝑛+1)] = 𝑧 log (𝑧−1) …(2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑧 [(𝑛+2)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛+2 𝑧
−𝑛
= 2 + 3 𝑧 −1 + 4 𝑧 −2 + 5 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
1 11 1 1 1 1
= 2 + 3 𝑧 + 4 𝑧2 + 5 𝑧3 + ⋯
1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5
= 𝑧 2 [2 ( 𝑧 ) + 3 ( 𝑧 ) + ( ) + 5 (𝑧 ) + ⋯ ]
4 𝑧
1 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= 𝑧 2 [−𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) − 𝑧] if |𝑧| < 1 (∵ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 + + + +⋯)
2 3 4
1 1
= −𝑧 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) + 𝑧]
𝑧−1
= −𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )−𝑧
𝑧
𝑧
= 𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−1) − 𝑧 if |𝑧| > 1 …(3)
Sub (2) & (3) in (1),
1 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)] = 𝑧 log (𝑧−1) − [𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−1) − 𝑧]
𝑧
= [𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ] log (𝑧−1) + 𝑧

𝟐𝒏+𝟑
Problem: 3 Find 𝒛 [(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)]
2𝑛+3
Solution: Given 𝑥(𝑛) = [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)]
2𝑛+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑛+2)+𝐵(𝑛+1)
Let [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)] = (𝑛+1) + (𝑛+2) = (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
⇒ 2𝑛 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑛 + 1)
Put 𝑛 = −1; −2 + 3 = 𝐴(−1 + 2) + 𝐵(−1 + 1) ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝑛 = −2; −4 + 3 = 𝐴(−2 + 2) + 𝐵(−2 + 1) ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
2𝑛+3 1 1
∴ (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) = (𝑛+1) + (𝑛+2)
2𝑛+3 1 1
𝑧 [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)] = 𝑧 [(𝑛+1) + (𝑛+2)]
1 1
= 𝑧 [(𝑛+1)] + 𝑧 [(𝑛+2)] …(1)
1 𝑧
Now, 𝑧 [(𝑛+1)] = 𝑧 log (𝑧−1) …(2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑧 [(𝑛+2)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛+2 𝑧
−𝑛
= 2 + 3 𝑧 −1 + 4 𝑧 −2 + 5 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
1 11 1 1 1 1
= 2 + 3 𝑧 + 4 𝑧2 + 5 𝑧3 + ⋯

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 8
 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5
= 𝑧 2 [2 ( 𝑧 ) + 3 ( 𝑧 ) + ( ) + 5 (𝑧 ) + ⋯ ]
4 𝑧
1 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= 𝑧 2 [−𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) − 𝑧] if |𝑧| < 1 (∵ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 + + + +⋯)
2 3 4
1 1
= −𝑧 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) + 𝑧]
𝑧−1
= −𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )−𝑧
𝑧
𝑧
= 𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−1) − 𝑧 if |𝑧| > 1 …(3)
Sub (2) & (3) in (1),
2𝑛+3 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)] = 𝑧 log (𝑧−1) + [𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−1) − 𝑧]
𝑧
= [𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ] log (𝑧−1) − 𝑧

Problem: 4 Find 𝒛[𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒖(𝒏)] [ A.U - APR 2008, 09]

Solution: The unit step sequence 𝑢(𝑛) is defined as ,
𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏≥𝟎
𝒖(𝒏) = {𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏<0
Given 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1). 1 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1); 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …
∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝑧[𝑛(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑧(𝑛2 ) − 𝑧(𝑛)
(𝑧 2 +𝑧) 𝑧
We know that, 𝑧(𝑛2 ) = (𝑧−1)3
; 𝑧(𝑛) = (𝑧−1)2
(𝑧 2 +𝑧) 𝑧
∴ 𝑧(𝑛2 ) − 𝑧(𝑛) = (𝑧−1)3
− (𝑧−1)2
(𝑧 2 +𝑧)−𝑧(𝑧−1)
= (𝑧−1)3
𝑧 2 +𝑧−𝑧 2 +𝑧 2𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3
= (𝑧−1)3

𝒅
Problem: 5 If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) P.T 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = −𝒛 𝒅𝒛 [𝑭(𝒛)] . Hence Find 𝒛[𝒏𝟐𝒏 ] [ A.U -APR 2009, 10]
Solution:
Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧)
∴ 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
𝑑
Differentiate w.r.t z, 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)(−𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛−1
𝑑𝑧
= − ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑛𝑧
−𝑛−1 −1
𝑧
−1 ∑∞ −𝑛
= −𝑧 𝑛=0 𝑛𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−1
= 𝑧(𝑛(𝑥(𝑛))
𝑧
𝑑
−𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧(𝑛(𝑥(𝑛))
𝒅
∴ 𝒛(𝒏(𝒙(𝒏)) = −𝒛 𝑭(𝒛)
𝒅𝒛
𝑑
Now, 𝑧(𝑛(2𝑛 )) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧(2𝑛 )]
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
= −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧−2] ∵ [𝑧(𝑎𝑛 )] = [𝑧−𝑎]
(𝑧−2).1−𝑧.1
= −𝑧 [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧−2−𝑧
= −𝑧 [(𝑧−2)2 ]
−2 2𝑧
= −𝑧 [(𝑧−2)2 ] = (𝑧−2)2

PROPERTIES OF Z- TRANSFORM:
1. Linearity Property:
𝒛(𝒂𝒙(𝒏) + 𝒃𝒚(𝒏)) = 𝒂𝒛 (𝒙(𝒏)) + 𝒃𝒛 (𝒚(𝒏)) where a, b are constants.
Proof:
w.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
and 𝑧[𝑦(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑦(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

𝑧(𝑎𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑦(𝑛)) = ∑∞ 𝑛=0[𝑎𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑦(𝑛)]𝑧

−𝑛

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 9
 = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑎𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
+ ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑏𝑦(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑎 ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
+ 𝑏 ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑦(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑎𝑧 (𝑥(𝑛)) + 𝑏𝑧 (𝑦(𝑛))

2. Time Shifting Property:

(i) Shifting to the Right:
If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏 − 𝒌)] = 𝒛−𝒌 𝑭(𝒛), k > 0 (A.U APR - 2008)
(ii) Shifting to the Left:
𝒇(𝟏) 𝒇(𝟐) 𝒇(𝒌−𝟏)
If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏 + 𝒌)] = 𝒛𝒌 [𝑭(𝒛) − 𝒇(𝟎) − − − ],𝒌 > 0
𝒛 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝒌−𝟏
(A.U APR - 2005)
Proof:
(i) Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧)
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)𝑧
−𝑛

Put 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘 ∴ when, 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = −𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑚 = ∞

∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−(𝑚+𝑘)
(∵ 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑘)
∞ −𝑚−𝑘
= ∑𝑛=−𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
= ∑∞𝑛=−𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−𝑚 −𝑘
𝑧
−𝑘 ∑∞ −𝑚
=𝑧 𝑛=−𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑥(𝑚) = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 < 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)] = 𝑧 −𝑘 ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−𝑚
= 𝑧 −𝑘 𝐹(𝑧)

(ii) Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧)

W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑘)] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑘)𝑧

−𝑛

Put 𝑚 = 𝑛 + 𝑘 ∴ when, 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑚 = ∞

∴ 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑘)] = ∑∞𝑛=𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−(𝑚−𝑘)
(∵ 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑘)
∞
= ∑𝑛=𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚+𝑘
= ∑∞ 𝑛=𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−𝑚 𝑘
𝑧
𝑘 ∑∞
= 𝑧 𝑛=𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚
= 𝑧 𝑘 ∑∞𝑛=𝑘 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−𝑚

= 𝑧 𝑘 [∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−𝑚
− ∑𝑘−1
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑚)𝑧
−𝑚 ]

= 𝑧 𝑘 [𝐹(𝑧) − [𝑥(0) + 𝑥(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑥(2)𝑧 −2 + ⋯ + 𝑥(𝑘 − 1)𝑧 −(𝑘−1) ]]

𝑓(1) 𝑓(2) 𝑓(𝑘−1)
𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑘)] = 𝑧 𝑘 [𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) − − −⋯− ],𝑘 > 0
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧 𝑘−1

3. Multiplication by n (or) differentiation in the z-domain: (A.U APR - 2009)

𝒅
If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then 𝒛[𝒏𝒙(𝒏)] = −𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝑭(𝒛)
Proof:
Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧)
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
…(1)
𝑑
Differentiate w.r.t z, 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)(−𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛−1
𝑑𝑧
= − ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑛𝑧
−𝑛−1 −1
𝑧
−1 ∑∞ −𝑛
= −𝑧 𝑛=0 𝑛𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−1
= 𝑧(𝑛(𝑥(𝑛))
𝑧
𝑑
−𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧(𝑛(𝑥(𝑛))
𝑑
∴ 𝑧(𝑛(𝑥(𝑛)) = −𝑧 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧
More generally by induction,

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 10
 𝑑𝑝
∴ 𝑧(𝑛𝑝 (𝑥(𝑛)) = (−𝑧)𝑝 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 𝑝

4. Change of scale(in the z-domain) or damping rule:

If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then 𝒛[𝒂−𝒏 𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒂𝒛)
Proof:
Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧)
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛
…(1)
∞
∴ 𝑧[𝑎 𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
−𝑛 −𝑛

= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)(𝑎𝑧)
−𝑛
= 𝐹(𝑎𝑧)
Corollary:
𝑧
𝑧[𝑎𝑛 𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝐹 (𝑎)
Since 𝑧[𝑎𝑛 𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑎
−(−𝑛) −𝑛
𝑧
𝑧 −𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑎−𝑛
𝑧 −𝑛 𝑧
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛) (𝑎) = 𝐹 (𝑎 )

Note:
1. 𝒛[𝒂−𝒏 𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)]𝒛→𝒂𝒛 = [𝒙(𝒛)]𝒛→𝒂𝒛
2. 𝒛[𝒂𝒏 𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)]𝒛→𝒛 = [𝒙(𝒛)]𝒛→𝒛
𝒂 𝒂

5. Theorem: If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒛)then 𝒛[𝒂𝒏 𝒙(𝒕)] = [𝑭(𝒛)]𝒛→ 𝒛

𝒂𝒕

Proof:
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛𝑡)]
∴ 𝑧[𝑎𝑛 𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑧[𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)]
= ∑∞ 𝑛𝑡
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)𝑧
−𝑛

= ∑∞ −𝑡 −𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)(𝑎 ) 𝑧
𝑧 −𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛𝑡) (𝑎𝑡 )
𝑧
= 𝐹 (𝑎𝑡) = [𝐹(𝑧)]𝑧→ 𝑧
𝑎𝑡

6. First Shifting Theorem:

If 𝒛[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then
(i) 𝒛[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒙(𝒕)] = [𝑭(𝒛)]𝒛→𝒛𝒆𝒂𝒕
(ii) 𝒛[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒙(𝒕)] = [𝑭(𝒛)]𝒛→𝒛𝒆−𝒂𝒕
Proof:
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛𝑡)]
∴ 𝑧[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)] = 𝑧[𝑒 −𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)]
= 𝑧[(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 )−𝑛 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)]
= ∑∞ 𝑎𝑡 −𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)(𝑒 ) 𝑧
= ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛𝑡)(𝑧𝑒 )
𝑎𝑡 −𝑛

= 𝐹(𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑡 )
𝑧[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)] = [𝐹(𝑧)]𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑡
///ly 𝑧[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)] = [𝐹(𝑧)]𝑧→𝑧𝑒 −𝑎𝑡

7. Initial and Final Value Theorem: (A.U – 2006,10)

Initial Value Theorem:
If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑿(𝒛) then 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙(𝒛)
𝒛→∞
Proof:
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 11
 Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝑋(𝑧)
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑥(0) + 𝑥(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑥(2)𝑧 −2 + ⋯

𝑥(1) 𝑥(2)
= 𝑥(0) + + +⋯
𝑧 𝑧2
Taking limit on both sides,
𝑥(1) 𝑥(2) 1
lim 𝑥(𝑧) = lim [𝑥(0) + + 2 + ⋯ ] = 𝑥(0) [∵ lim = 0]
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧→∞ 𝑧

∴ 𝑥(0) = lim 𝑥(𝑧)

𝑧→∞

Final Value Theorem:

If 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏)] = 𝑿(𝒛); 𝒛[𝒙(𝒏 + 𝟏)] = 𝒛[𝑿(𝒛) − 𝒙(𝟎)] then,
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙(𝒏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦[(𝒛 − 𝟏)𝒙(𝒛)]
𝒛→∞ 𝒛→𝟏
Proof:
Given 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = 𝑋(𝑧)& 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧[𝑋(𝑧) − 𝑥(0)]
= 𝑧[𝑋(𝑧)] − 𝑧[𝑥(0)]
Now, 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 1)] − 𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑧[𝑋(𝑧)] − 𝑧[𝑥(0)] − 𝑋(𝑧)
𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 1)] − 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = (𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − 𝑧[𝑥(0)]
𝑧[𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑛)] = (𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − 𝑧[𝑥(0)]
W. k. t 𝑧[𝑥(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ ∑∞𝑛=0[𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑛)]𝑧
−𝑛
= (𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − 𝑧[𝑥(0)]
Taking limit on both sides,
lim ∑∞
𝑛=0[𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑛)]𝑧
−𝑛
= lim{(𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − 𝑧[𝑥(0)]}
𝑧→1 𝑧→1
∑∞
𝑛=0[𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑛)] = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − lim𝑧[𝑥(0)]
𝑧→1 𝑧→1
lim 𝛿𝑛 = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − [𝑥(0)]
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
Where 𝛿𝑛 = ∑∞𝑛=0[𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑛)] = [𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑛)] + [𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)] + ⋯ +
[𝑥(1) − 𝑥(0)]
= 𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(0)
lim 𝑥(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑥(0) = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑋(𝑧) − [𝑥(0)]
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
lim 𝑥(𝑛) = lim[(𝑧 − 1)𝑥(𝑧)]
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→1

8. Second Shifting Theorem:

If 𝒛[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then, 𝒛[𝒇(𝒕 + 𝑻)] = 𝒛[𝑭(𝒛) − 𝒇(𝟎)]
Proof:
W.k.t 𝑧[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛𝑡)𝑧
−𝑛

∴ 𝑧[𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇)] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛𝑇 + 𝑇)𝑧

−𝑛

𝑧 −1
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛 + 1)𝑇𝑧
−𝑛
𝑧 −1
= 𝑧 ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛 + 1)𝑇. 𝑧
−(𝑛+1)

= 𝑧 ∑∞
𝑘=1 𝑓(𝑘𝑇). 𝑧
−𝑘
∵ (𝑛 + 1) = 𝑘
∞ −𝑘
= 𝑧[∑𝑘=0 𝑓(𝑘𝑇). 𝑧 − 𝑓(0)]
∴ 𝑧[𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇)] = 𝑧[𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0)]

INVERSE Z- TRANSFORMS

If Z(f(n)) = F(z) then f(n) is called the inverse Z- transform of F(Z) and it is denoted as
𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒛−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒛)]
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 12
Inverse z-transform is found by one of the following methods:
1. Convolution method
2. Long division method (or) power series method
3. Partial fraction method
4. Residue method

From the table of z-transform of some standard functions, we have the following inverse z-
transforms:
Z(f(n))=F(z)
𝒛−𝟏 [F(z)]=f(n)
𝒛 𝒛
1. z(𝒂𝒏 ) = 𝒛−𝒂 (it is true if a = 1, -1, -a) 𝒛−𝟏 [𝒛−𝒂]= 𝒂𝒏

𝟏 𝒛
2. z[𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ] = 𝒛−𝒂 𝒛−𝟏 [𝒛−𝒂] = 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ,n≥1

𝒛 𝒛
3. z(n) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 ] = 𝒏

𝒛 𝒛
4. z(𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 ] = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏

𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒛
5. 𝒛(𝒏𝒂𝒏 ) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 ] = 𝒂𝒛

𝟐𝒛
𝟐𝒛 𝒛−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)
6. z(n(n-1)) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟑

𝒛𝟐 𝒏𝝅
𝒏 𝒏𝝅 𝒛𝟐 𝒛−𝟏 [𝒛𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 ] = 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬
7. z(𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 )= 𝟐
𝟐 𝒛𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝒛 𝒏𝝅
𝒏 𝒏𝝅 𝒂𝒛 𝒛−𝟏 [𝒛𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 ] = (𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 )
8. 𝒛 (𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) = 𝒛𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒏−𝟐 𝟏 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 ] = ((𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂𝒏−𝟐 )
9. z((𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 )= (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐

𝟐
𝟐 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝒂)𝟑 ] = (𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂𝒏−𝟑
10. z((𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂𝒏−𝟑 ) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟑
𝒛
11. z((𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂𝒏 ) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐
𝒛 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝒂)𝟐 ] = (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒂𝒏

CONVOLUTION THEOREM:
If F(z) and G(z) are the Z-transforms of f(n) and g(n) respectively, then 𝒛(𝒇(𝒏) ∗ 𝒈(𝒏)) =
𝑭(𝒁)𝑮(𝒁) where f(n)*g(n) is defined as the convolution of f(n) and g(n) given by,
𝒇(𝒏) ∗ 𝒈(𝒏) = ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 𝒇(𝒌)𝒈(𝒏 − 𝒌) [A.U 2009, 2000, 1999, 1996]
PROOF:
By definition of z-transforms,
−𝑛 −𝑛
𝑧[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑓(𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧 and 𝑧[𝑔(𝑛)] = 𝐺(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑔(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛 [∑∞ −𝑛 ]3
We have F(z)G(z) = [∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑓(𝑛)]𝑧 𝑛=0 𝑔(𝑛)𝑧
= [𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑓(2)𝑧 −2 + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 + ⋯ ][𝑔(0) + 𝑔(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑔(2)𝑧 −2 +
… + 𝑔(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 + ⋯ ]
Multiplying and collecting the co-efficient of 𝑧 −𝑛 we get,
−𝑛
𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛=0[𝑓(0)𝑔(𝑛) + 𝑓(1)𝑔(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑓(2)𝑔(𝑛 − 2) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑛)𝑔(0)] 𝑧
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 13
 −𝑛
𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝐴𝑛 𝑧 → (1)
Where 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑓(0)𝑔(𝑛) = 𝑓(1)𝑔(𝑛 − 1) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑛)𝑔(0)
𝑛

𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑛 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑘)𝑔(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝐴𝑛= 𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑘=0
∴ Eqn (1) becomes, 𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛=0[𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛)] 𝑧
−𝑛

Hence 𝐹(𝑍)𝐺(𝑧) = 𝑧[𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛)]

By defn of z-transform,
Z[f(n)*g(n)]=F(Z)G(Z) (or) F(n)*g(n) = 𝑧 −1 [𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧)]
Note: Theorem says
1. 𝑧 −1 [𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧)] = 𝑧 −1 [𝑓(𝑧)] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [𝑔(𝑧)]
2. If 𝑧[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑍), 𝑍[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐺(𝑧) then 𝑧 −1 [𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧)] = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑓(𝐾𝑇)𝑔(𝑛 − 𝑘)𝑇
𝒛𝟐
Problem 1: State convolution theorem and use it to evaluate 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝒂)(𝒛−𝒃)] [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]
𝑧 𝑧
Solution: W.k.t z(𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑎 ⇒ 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−𝑎] = 𝑎𝑛
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑧 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 − 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏) 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−𝑎] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−𝑏]
= 𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 . 𝑏 𝑛−𝑘 [∵ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑓(𝑘)𝑔(𝑛 − 𝑘)]
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏 −𝑘
= 𝑏 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 −𝑘
𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑛
= 𝑏 𝑛 [1 + 𝑏 + (𝑏) + ⋯ + (𝑏) ]
𝑎 𝑛+1
( ) −1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑏
=𝑏 [ 𝑎 ] [∴ 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔. 𝑝 = 𝑎 ( 𝑟−1 )
−1
𝑏

𝑎𝑛+1 −𝑏 𝑛+1
= 𝑏𝑛 [ 𝑏𝑛+1
]
𝑎−𝑏
𝑏
𝑎𝑛+1 −𝑏𝑛+1
= 𝑏𝑛 [ ]
𝑏𝑛+1 (𝑎−𝑏)
𝑏 .𝑏 𝑎𝑛+1 −𝑏 𝑛+1
𝑛
= [ (𝑎−𝑏) ]
𝑏 𝑛+1
𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+1 −𝑏 𝑛+1
= 𝑏𝑛+1 [ ]
𝑎−𝑏
𝑎𝑛+1 −𝑏 𝑛+1
= , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …
𝑎−1
𝑧2 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
∴ 𝑧 −1 [ ]= , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …
(𝑧 − 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏) 𝑎−𝑏

𝒛𝟐
Problem 2: Using convolution theorem, find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟑)] [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]
𝑧
Solution: W.k.t z (𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)(𝑧−3)] = 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−1 𝑧−3]
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−1] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−3]
= 1𝑛 ∗ 3𝑛
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 1𝑘 3𝑛−𝑘 by convolution theorem
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 3𝑛−𝑘
= 1 + 3 + 32 + ⋯ + 3𝑛
= 1+r+𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 3𝑛−1
3𝑛+1 −1 𝑟 𝑛 −1
= ; For Geometric series: ,r > 1
3−1 𝑟−1
1
=2 (3𝑛+1 − 1)

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 14
 𝑧2 1
∴ 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)(𝑧−3)] = 2 [3𝑛+1 − 1]

𝟖𝒛𝟐
Problem 3: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝟐𝒛−𝟏)(𝟒𝒛−𝟏)] 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟐]
8𝑧 2 8𝑧 2
Solution: 𝑧 −1 [(2𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1)] = 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ]
2(𝑧− ).4(𝑧− )
2 4

8𝑧 2
= 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ]
8(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
2 4

𝑧2
= 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ]
(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
2 4

𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [ 1 . 1 ]
(𝑧− ) (𝑧− )
2 4

𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [ 1 ] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [ 1 ]
(𝑧− ) (𝑧− )
2 4
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
= (2) ∗ (4)
1 𝑘 1 𝑛−𝑘
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (4) (2)
1 𝑘 1 𝑛 1 −𝑘
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (4) (2) (2)
1 𝑛 1 𝑘 1 −𝑘
= (2) ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (4) (2)
1 𝑛 1 𝑘 1 −𝑘
= (2) ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (4 . 2) [∵ (2) = 2𝑘 ]
1 𝑛 1 𝑘 1 𝑛 1 1 2 1 𝑛
= (2) ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (2) = (2) (1 + 2 + (2) + ⋯ + (2) )
1 𝑛+1
1 𝑛 1−( )
= (2) [ 2 1 ]
1−
2
1 𝑛+1
1 𝑛 1−(2)
= (2) [ 1 ]
2
1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛+1
=( ) [1 − ( ) ]
2 2
8𝑧 2 1 𝑛−1 1 2𝑛
𝑧 [(2𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1)] = (2) − (2)

8𝑧 2 2 1 1 1
Note: 𝑧 −1 [(2𝑧−1)(4𝑧+1)] => 𝑎𝑛𝑠: 3 (2) 𝑛 + 3 (− 4)𝑛

𝟏𝟐
Problem 4: Using convolution theorem to find the inverse z-transform(𝟑−𝒛−𝟏 )(𝟒−𝒛−𝟏 ) [AU 2007,10,11]

12 12 12
Solution: Given 𝑧 −1 [(3−𝑧 −1 )(4−𝑧 −1 )] = 𝑧 −1 [ 𝑧−1 𝑧−1
] = 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ]
3(1− )4(1− ) 12(1− )(1− )
3 4 3𝑧 4𝑧

1 1
= 𝑧 −1 [ 3𝑧−1 4𝑧−1 ] = 𝑧 −1 [ (3𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1) ]
( )( )
3𝑧 4𝑧 12𝑧2

12𝑧 2 12𝑧 2
= 𝑧 −1 [(3𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1)] = 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ]
3(𝑧− )4(𝑧− )
3 4

𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ] = 𝑧 −1 [ 1 ] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [ 1 ]
(𝑧− )(𝑧− ) 𝑧− 𝑧−
3 4 3 4
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
= (3) ∗ (4)
1 𝑘 1 𝑛−𝑘
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (3) (4)
1 𝑘 1 −𝑘 1 𝑛
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (3) (4) (4)
1 𝑛 1 𝑘 1 −𝑘 4 𝑘
= (4) ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (3) 4𝑘 [∴ (4) = (1) = 4𝑘 ]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 15
 1 𝑛 4 𝑘
= (4) ∑𝑛𝑘=0 (3)
1 𝑛 4 4 2 4 𝑛
= (4) [1 + 3 + (3) + ⋯ + (3) ]
4 𝑛+1 1 𝑛
1 𝑛 ( ) −1 ( ) 3[4𝑛+1 −3𝑛+1 ]
= (4) [ 34 ] = 4
− 1 3𝑛 .3(1)
3
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
= (4) . (3) [4𝑛+1 − 3𝑛+1 ]
1 𝑛
= (12) [4𝑛+1 − 3𝑛+1 ]
4𝑛 .4 3𝑛 .3
= −
12𝑛 12𝑛

−1
12 1 𝑛 1 𝑛
∴ 𝑧 [ ] = 4( ) − 3( )
(3 − 𝑧 −1 )(4 − 𝑧 −1 ) 3 4

𝒛𝟐
Problem 5: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛+𝒂)𝟐 ] using convolution theorem.
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
Solution: 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧+𝑎)2 ] = 𝑧 −1 [𝑧+𝑎 . 𝑧+𝑎]
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [𝑧+𝑎] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [𝑧+𝑎]
= (−𝑎)𝑛 ∗ (−𝑎)𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0(−𝑎)𝑘 (−𝑎)𝑛−𝑘 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0(−𝑎)𝑘 (−𝑎)𝑛 (−𝑎)−𝑘
= (−𝑎)𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0(−𝑎)𝑘 (−𝑎)−𝑘
= (−𝑎)𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0(−𝑎)𝑘−𝑘 = (−𝑎)𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0(−𝑎)0
= (−𝑎)𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0(1) = (−𝑎)𝑛 (1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1)
= (−𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑧2
∴ 𝑧 −1 [ ] = (𝑛 + 1)(−𝑎)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, …
(𝑧 + 𝑎)2

𝒛 𝟐
Problem 5: Find the inverse z-transform of [𝒛−𝒂] using convolution theorem. [AU 2009]
𝑧 2 𝑧2
Solution: 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−𝑎) ] = 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−𝑎)2 ]
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−𝑎)2 ] = 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−𝑎) (𝑧−𝑎)]
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−𝑎] ∗ 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−𝑎]
= 𝑎𝑘 ∗ 𝑎𝑛
= ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 = 𝑎𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘−𝑘
= 𝑎𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎0
= 𝑎𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0(1)
= 𝑎𝑛 (1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1)(𝑛 + 1)times
= 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
−1
𝑧2
∴𝑧 [ ] = (𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …
(𝑧 − 𝑎)2
TRY YOURSELF:
𝒛𝟐
1. Find the inverse z-transform of 𝟏 𝟏 using convolution theorem.
(𝒛− )(𝒛− )
𝟐 𝟒

𝑧2 1 𝑛−1 1 2𝑛
Ans: 𝑧 −1 [ 1 1 ] = (2) − (2)
(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
2 4
𝒛𝟐
2. Find the inverse z-transform of(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 by convolution theorem.
𝑧2
Ans: 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)2 ] = (𝑛 + 1)
𝟏
3. Find the inverse z-transform of 𝒛−𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
(𝟏− )(𝟏− )
𝟐 𝟒

1 𝑛−1 1 2𝑛
Ans: (2) − (2)

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 16
 𝒛 𝟑
4. 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟒) ] [AU 2010].
𝟒𝒏 (𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)
Ans: , 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, …
𝟐

Inverse z-Transform by Using Long Division Method:

Long Division Method (or) power series method:
If F(z) is the ratio of two polynomials which cannot be factorized, we simply divide the
−𝒏
numerators by the denominator by long division method and expressed it as F(z)=∑∞
𝒏=𝟎 𝒂𝒏 𝒛 .
Comparing the two series we get,
𝒇 (𝒏) = 𝒂𝒏
Hence 𝒛−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒛)] = 𝒂𝒏

𝒛𝟐 +𝒛
Problem 1: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)𝟑 ] by long division method. [AU 2009]
Solution:
1
𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 2 (1+ )
𝑧
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑧−1)3
= 𝑧 3 +3𝑧 2 +3𝑧−1
1
𝑧 2 (1+ )
𝑧
= 3 3 1
𝑧 3 (1− + 2 − 3 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1
1 1+
= 𝑧 [(1−3𝑧 −1 +3𝑧 −2 −𝑧 −3 )]
𝑧

𝑧 −1 [1+𝑧 −1 ] 𝑧 −1 [1+𝑧 −1 ] 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
= 1−3𝑧 −1 +3𝑧 −2 −𝑧 −3 = 1−3𝑧 −1 +3𝑧 −2 −𝑧 −3 = 1−3𝑧 −1 +3𝑧 −2 −𝑧 −3
By actual division,
𝑧 −1 + 4𝑧 −2 + 9𝑧 −3 + 16𝑧 −4 + ⋯.
1 − 3𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 − 𝑧 −3 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2
𝑧 −1 − 3𝑧 −2 + 3𝑧 −3 − 𝑧 −4
(-) (+) (-) (+)
4𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 𝑧 −4
−2 −3

4𝑧 −2 − 12𝑧 −3 + 12𝑧 −4 − 4𝑧 −5
(-) (+) (-) (+)
9𝑧 −3 − 11𝑧 −4 + 4𝑧 −5
9𝑧 −3 − 27𝑧 −4 + 27𝑧 −5 − 9𝑧 −6
(-) (+) (-) (+)
16𝑧 − 23𝑧 −5 + 9𝑧 −6
−4

∴ 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 −1 + 4𝑧 −2 + 9𝑧 −3 + 16𝑧 −4 + ⋯
∞

⇒ ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 + 4𝑧 −2 + 9𝑧 −3 + 16𝑧 −4
𝑛=0
Equating like coefficients we get ,
𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑓(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑓(3)𝑧 −3 + 𝑓(4)𝑧 −4 + ⋯ = 𝑧 −1 + 4𝑧 −2 + 9𝑧 −3 + 16𝑧 −4 + ⋯
𝑓(0) = 0 , 𝑓(1) = 1 , 𝑓(2) = 4 , 𝑓(3) = 9 , 𝑓(4) = 16. . . . . ..
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏=𝟎
∴ 𝒇(𝒏) = {𝒏𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒏=𝟏,𝟐,𝟑

𝒛
Problem 2: Using power series techniques, find the inverse z-transform 𝑭(𝒛) = 𝟐𝒛𝟐 −𝟑𝒛+𝟏 , |𝒛| > 1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 −1
Solution: Given 𝐹(𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 −3𝑧+1 = 3 1 = 2−3𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
𝑧 2 [2− + 2 ]
𝑧 𝑧

1 −1 3 7
𝑧 + 4 𝑧 −2 + 8 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
2
2 − 3𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 −1
𝑧
3 𝑧 −3
𝑧 −1 − 2 𝑧 −2 + 2
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 17
 (-) (+) (-)

3 −2 𝑧 −3
𝑧 −
2 2
3 −2 9 3
𝑧 − 4 𝑧 −3 + 4 𝑧 −4
2
(-) (+) (-)

7 −3 3
𝑧 − 4 𝑧 −4
4
7 −3 21 −4 7
𝑧 − 𝑧 + 8 𝑧 −5
4 8
(-) (+) (-)

6 −4 7
𝑧 − 8 𝑧 −5
8

1 3 7
F(z)= 2 𝑧 −1 + 4 𝑧 −2 + 8 𝑧 −3 + ⋯ (1)
∞
1 3 7
∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
2 4 8
𝑛=0
1 3 7
𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑓(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑓(3)𝑧 −3 + ⋯ = 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
2 4 8
comparing like coefficients,
1 3 7
𝑓(0) = 0 , 𝑓(1) = , 𝑓(2) = , 𝑓(3) =
2 4 8
1 3 7
Sequence is 𝑓(𝑛) = {𝑜, 2 , 4 , 8 , … . }
Note that for this sequence it is difficult to write the general term.

𝟏
Problem 3: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒛)] if F(z )= 𝟏−𝒂𝒛−𝟏 , ROC = |𝒛| < 𝒂
1
Solution: Given F(z)= 1−𝑎𝑧 −1
By actual division,
1+a𝑧 −1 + 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
1-a𝑧 −1 1
1-𝑎𝑧 −1
(-) (+)
𝑎𝑧 −1
𝑎𝑧 −1 − 𝑎2 𝑧 −2
(-) (+)
𝑎2 𝑧 −2
𝑎2 𝑧 −2 − 𝑎3 𝑧 −3
(-) (+)
𝑎3 𝑧 −3
𝑎3 𝑧 −3 − 𝑎4 𝑧 −4
(-) (+)
𝑎4 𝑧 −4

𝐹(𝑧) = 1 + 𝑎𝑧 −1 + 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
∞

∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + 𝑎𝑧 −1 + 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
𝑛=0
𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑓(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑓(3)𝑧 −3 + ⋯ = 1 + 𝑎𝑧 −1 + 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
Comparing like coefficients,
𝑓(0) = 1 , 𝑓(1) = 𝑎 , 𝑓(2) = 𝑎2 , 𝑓(3) = 𝑎3 ; Sequence is 𝑓(𝑛) = {1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 }

TRY YOURSELF:
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 18
 𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛
1. Find the inverse z-transform 𝑭(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟒, ANS: 𝑓(𝑛) = {1,0, −4,8, −32,64}
𝟒𝒛
2. Find 𝒛−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒛)] 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑭(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑 , ANS: 𝑓(𝑛) = {0,0,4,12,24}
𝒛
3. Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛+𝟏)𝟐 ] by division method. ANS: 𝑓(𝑛) = {−1}𝑛−1 ; 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …

INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM BY PARTIAL FRACTION:

This method is similar to the method of inverse Laplace transform by partial
𝐅(𝐳)
fractions. Here generally we express into partial fractions and multiply each partial term
𝐳
by z and then apply inverse transform 𝐳 −𝟏 to each term.

𝒛(𝒛+𝟏)
Problem 1: Find the inverse z-transform of [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕, 𝟎𝟗]
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟑
𝑧(𝑧+1)
Solution: Given 𝐹(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)3
𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧+1
=
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧−1+2
= [∴ 1 = 2 − 1]
(𝑧 − 1)3
(𝑧 − 1) 2
= +
(𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1)3
𝐹(𝑧) 1 2
= +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧 2𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = +
(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = +
(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑧 −1 [ ] + 𝑧 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1)3
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
2
𝑧 −𝑧+2 𝐴(𝑧 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑧 + 1)
⇒ =
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1)2
⇒ 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑧 + 1)
Put 𝑧 = 1 , 2 = 2𝑐 , ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
Put 𝑧 = −1 , (−1)2 — 1 + 2 = 𝐴(−2)2
⇒ A=1
Equating the coefficient of z 2 , 1=A+B
∴B=1−A= 1−1= 0⇒B= 0
∴ (1) becomes ,
𝑧 2𝑧
= 𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛 = 𝑛 [∴ 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)2 ] = 𝑛; 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)3 ] = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)]
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛2 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 … … ..

𝒛(𝒛𝟐 −𝒛+𝟐)
Problem 2: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛+𝟏)(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 ] by partial fractions [AU 2006,2010,2011]
𝑧(𝑧 2 −𝑧+2)
Solution: Given 𝐹(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)2
F(z) z2 −z+2
⇒ = (z+1)(z−1)2
z
z2 −z+2 A B C
Let = z+1 + z−1 + (z−1)2 ①
(z+1)(z−1)2
z2 −z+2 A(z−1)2 +B(z+1)(z−1)+C(z+1)
⇒ (z+1)(z−1)2 = (z+1)(z−1)2
⇒ z 2 − z + 2 = A(z − 1)2 + B(z + 1)(z − 1) + C(z + 1)
Put 𝑧 = 1 , 2 = 2𝑐 , ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
Put 𝑧 = −1 , (−1)2 — 1 + 2 = 𝐴(−2)2 ⇒ A = 1
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 19
 Equating the coefficient of z 2 , 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
∴B=1−A= 1−1= 0⇒B= 0
∴ (1) becomes ,
𝑧 2−𝑧+2 1 1
= +
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 1)2
𝐹(𝑧) 1 1
= +
𝑧 𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 1)2
𝑧 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = +
𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 1)2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = +
𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 1)2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑧 −1 [ ] + 𝑧 −1 [ ]
𝑧+1 (𝑧 − 1)2
z(z2 −z+2)
z −1 [(z+1)(z−1)2 ] = (−1)n + n, n = 0,1,2 … …

𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟑𝒛
Problem 3: Find the inverse z-transform of (𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛−𝟒)
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧
Solution: Let 𝐹(𝑧) = (𝑧+2)(𝑧−4) where F(z) = z(f(n))
𝐹(𝑧) 2𝑧+3
= (𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)
𝑧
2z+3 A B
(z+2)(z−4)
= z+2 + z−4
⟹ 2z + 3 = A(z + 4) + B(z + 2)
11
Put z = 4 , 2(4) + 3 = 𝐵(4 + 2) ⟹ 6𝐵 = 11 ⟹𝐵=
6
1
Put z = −2 , −4 + 3 = 𝐴(−2 − 4) ⟹ −6𝐴 = −1 ⟹𝐴=
6
(1) Becomes,
1 11
2z+3
(z+2)(z−4)
= 6
+ 6
z+2 z−4
F(z) 1 11
= 6(z+2) + 6(z−4)
z
1 z 11 −1 z
f(n)=6 z −1 [z+2] + z [z−4]
6
1 z 11 −1 z
= 6 z −1 [z−(−2)] + z [z−4]
6
2z2 +3z (−2)n 11(4)n
z −1 [(z+2)(z−4)] = + , n = 0,1,2,3 … …
6 6

𝟏𝟎𝒛
Problem 4: Find the inverse of z -transform of 𝒛𝟐 −𝟑𝒛+𝟐
10𝑧
Solution: Let 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 2−3𝑧+2
𝐹(𝑧) 10
= 𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2
𝑧
10 A B
(z−1)(z−2)
= z−1 + z−2 ①
10 = A(z − 2) + B(z − 1)
Put z = 1 , 10 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2) ⟹ −𝐴 = 10 ⟹ 𝐴 = −10
Put z = 2 , 10 = 𝐵(2 − 1) ⟹ 𝐵 = 10
(1) Becomes...,
10 −10 10
= +
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 − 2
𝐹(𝑧) −10 10
= +
𝑧 𝑧−1 𝑧−2
−10𝑧 10𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
−10𝑧 10𝑧
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 20
 𝑧 𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = −10𝑧 −1 [ ] + 10𝑧 −1 [ ]
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
= 101𝑛 + 102𝑛
10z
z −1 [ ] = 10(2n − 1n ) = 10(2n − 1) , n = 0,1,2, … … …
z2 −3z+2

𝒛𝟐
Problem 5: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛𝟐 +𝟒)] by the partial fraction

𝑧2 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑧
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = [(𝑧+2)(𝑧 2 +4)] ⇒ = [(𝑧+2)(𝑧 2 +4)]
𝑧

𝑧 𝐴 𝐵𝑍+𝐶
[(𝑧+2)(𝑧 2 +4)]=[(𝑧+2)]+[(𝑧 2 +4)]

∴ 𝑍 = 𝐴(𝑧 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑍 + 𝐶)(𝑧 + 2)

−1
Put 𝑍 = −2 ⇒ −2 = 𝐴( (−2)2 + 4) + 0 ⇒ −2 = 8𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 4

Equating co-efficient of 𝑧 2 , 𝑍 = 𝐴𝑧 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑧 2 + 𝐶𝑍 + 2𝐵𝑍 + 2𝐶

⇒0= 𝐴+𝐵
1 1
⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐴 = − (− 4) = 4 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1/4
−1 1
Put 𝑍 = 0, 0 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐶, ∴ 2𝐶 = −4𝐴 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 × ⇒𝐶=2
4
(1) Becomes,
−1 1 1
𝑧 𝑍+
[(𝑧+2)(𝑧 2 +4)] = [ (𝑧+2) ]+[
4 4 2
(𝑧 2 +4)
]
𝑓(𝑧) 1−1 1 𝑍 1 1
= + 4 (𝑧 2 +4) + 2 (𝑧 2 +4)
𝑧 4 (𝑧+2)
−1 1 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧+2) + (𝑧 2 + (𝑧 2
4 4 +4) 2 +4)
−1 1 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑓(𝑛)) = 4 (𝑧+2) + 4 (𝑧 2 +4) + 2 (𝑧 2 +4)
−1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑧 [ (𝑧+2)
] + 4 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧 2 +4)] + 2 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧 2 +4)]
4
−1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 2𝑧
= 𝑧 [𝑧−(−2)] + 4 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧 2+22 )] + 2 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧 2 +22 )]
4

−1 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑛) = (−2)𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 4 2𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … . .
4 4 2 2

−1
𝑧 𝑛 −1
𝑧2 𝑛𝜋 −1 𝑎𝑧 𝑛𝜋
[∵ 𝑧 [ ] = (−𝑎) , 𝑧 [ 2 2
] = 𝑎𝑛 cos ,𝑧 [ 2 2
] = 𝑎𝑛 sin ]
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧 +𝑎 2 𝑧 +𝑎 2

𝒛
Problem 6: Evaluate 𝒛−𝟏 [𝒛𝟐 +𝟕𝒛+𝟏𝟎] [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]
𝑓(𝑧) 1 𝑧 𝐴 𝐵
Solution: = [𝑧 2 +7𝑧+10] = (𝑧+2)(𝑧+5) = (𝑧+2) + (𝑧+5)
𝑧
1 −1
We get 𝐴 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 3
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
= 3
− 3
⇒ 𝑓(𝑧) = 3 (𝑧+2) − 3 (𝑧+5)
𝑧 (𝑧+2) (𝑧+5)
1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = 3 𝑧 − 3 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−(−5))
(𝑧−(−2))
𝑧 1 1
𝑧 −1 [ ] = (−2)𝑛 − (−5)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … ..
𝑧2 + 7𝑧 + 10 3 3

𝒛
Problem 7: Find the inverse z-transform of (𝒛+𝟏)(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]

Solution:

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 21
 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑧 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= = + +
𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 + 1)
1
Put 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
1
𝑧 = −1 ⇒ 𝐶 = 4
2 −1
Equating coefficient of 𝑧 ⇒ A = 4
−1 1 1
𝑓(𝑧)
= (𝑧−1) + (𝑧−1)2 + (𝑧+1)
4 2 4
𝑧
−1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = + 2 [(𝑧−1)2 ] + 4 (𝑧+1)
4 (𝑧−1)
−1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
(𝑓(𝑛)) = 4 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)] + 2 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)2 ] + [ ]
4 (𝑧 2 +4)
𝑧 −1 1 1
𝑧 −1 [ ]= (1)𝑛 + (𝑛) + (−1)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 4 2 4

𝒛𝟐 +𝟑𝒛
Problem 8: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛𝟐 +𝟏)] by partial fraction [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖]
Solution:
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑍 + 𝐷
= 𝑧 −1 [ ]= + +[ 2 ]
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 + 1)
2 2 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 2 + 1)+( 𝐶𝑍 + 𝐷)(𝑧 − 1)2
Put 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
Put 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 3 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 ⇒ −𝐴 + 𝐷 = 3 − 𝐵 = 3 − 2 = 1
⇒ 𝐷 − 𝐴 = 1 (1)
Equating coeff of 𝑧 3 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 (2)
Equating coeff of z 𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2𝐷 = 0 (3)
−2𝐷 = 0 ( by using (2))
𝐷=0 ∵ (1) ⇒ 𝐴 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
𝑓(𝑧) 1 2 𝑍
=− + + 2
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 2𝑧 𝑍2
𝑓(𝑧) = − + +
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 2 + 1)
−1
𝑧 −1
𝑧 −1
𝑍2
𝑓(𝑛) = −𝑧 [ ] + 2𝑧 [ ]+𝑧 [ 2 ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 𝑛𝜋
𝑧 −1 [ ] = −1 + 2𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2, … ..
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 + 1)
2 2 2

TRY YOURSELF:
𝒛𝟐 +𝟑𝒛 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Problem 9: 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟓)] Ans: 𝟐! (−𝟐)𝒏 − 𝟑 𝟏𝒏 + 𝟕 𝟓𝒏

Inverse z-transform by the method of residues or inverse integral method

If 𝒛[𝒇(𝒏)] = 𝑭(𝒛) then the inverse z-transform of 𝑭(𝒙) is given by the 𝒇(𝒏) =
𝟏
∫ 𝑭(𝒛) 𝒛𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒛 where c is the circle whose centre is origin and radius is sufficiently large, which
𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝒄
contains all the poles of 𝑭(𝒛).
𝒇(𝒏) = ∑ 𝑹 Where ∑ 𝑹=sum of residues of 𝑭(𝒛)𝒛𝒏−𝟏 at its poles.
Formula:
Simple pole residues 𝑹 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒛 − 𝒂) 𝑭(𝒛)𝒛𝒏−𝟏
𝒛→𝒂

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 22
 (Or)
𝟏 𝒅𝒎−𝟏
{𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝑭(𝒛). 𝒛𝒏−𝟏 }𝒛=𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒎−𝟏 [(𝒛 − 𝒂)𝒎 𝑭(𝒛)𝒛𝒏−𝟏 ]
(𝒎 − 𝟏)! 𝒛→𝒂 𝒅𝒛

𝒛+𝟑
Problem 1: Find the inverse z-transforms using inversion integral (𝒛+𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)
𝑧+3
Solution: let 𝐹(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧−2)

𝑛−1
𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧 + 3) 𝑧 𝑛 + 3𝑧 𝑛−1
𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 = =
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 2)
𝑛−1
The poles of 𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 2)=0
⇒ 𝑧 = −1,2 Which are simple poles.
𝑛−1
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝐹(𝑧)𝑧
𝑧→𝑎
𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧+3)
𝑅(−1) = 𝑅1 = lim (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧+1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→−1
𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧+3) (−1)𝑛−1 (−1+3)
= lim (𝑧 + 1) =
𝑧→−1 (𝑧−2) (−1−2)
(−1)𝑛−1 (2) (2) 𝑛−1 (2)
= = (3) (−1)(−1) = (3) (−1)𝑛−1+1
(−3)
2
𝑅1 = (−1)𝑛
3
𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧+3)
𝑅(2) = 𝑅2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧+1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→2
𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧+3) (2)𝑛−1 (2+3) 2𝑛−1 (5)
= lim (𝑧+1)
= =
𝑧→2 (2+3) 3
5
𝑅2 = (2)𝑛
6
By inverse integral method,
2 5
𝑓(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = (−1)𝑛 + (2)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …
3 6

𝒛𝟐 −𝟑𝒛
Problem 2: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛−𝟓)] using residue theorem [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟖, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]
𝑧 2 −3𝑧
Solution: let 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧+2)(𝑧−5)]

𝑛−1
𝑧 2 − 3𝑧
𝑛−1
𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧 − 3)
𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 =𝑧 =
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 5) (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 5)
The poles of 𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 𝑛−1 are given by(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 5)=0
⇒ 𝑧 = −2,5 Which are simple poles
𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−3)
𝑅(−2) = 𝑅1 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑧 + 2) (𝑧+2)(𝑧−5)
𝑧→−2
𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧 − 3) (−2 − 3)(−2)𝑛 −5
= lim = = (−2)𝑛
𝑧→−2 (𝑧 − 5) (−2 − 5) 7
−5
𝑅1 = (−2)𝑛
7
𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−3)
𝑅(5) = 𝑅2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 + 5) (𝑧+2)(𝑧−5)
𝑧→5
𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧 − 3) (5 − 3)(5)𝑛 2
= lim = = (5)𝑛
𝑧→5 (𝑧 + 2) (5 + 2) 7
2
𝑅2 = (5)𝑛
7
By inverse integral method,
5 2
𝑓(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = (−2)𝑛 + (5)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … ..
7 7

𝒛(𝒁+𝟏)
Problem 3: Find 𝒛−𝟏 [ (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑 ] [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕, 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]
𝑧(𝑍+1)
Solution: let 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 −1 [ (𝑧−1)3 ]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 23
 𝑧(𝑍 + 1) (𝑍 + 1)𝑧 𝑛 𝑧 −1 (𝑍 + 1)𝑧 𝑛
𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 𝑛−1 = 𝑧 𝑛−1 [ ] = [ ] =
(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧 − 1)3
The poles of 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦(𝑧 − 1)3=0 then Z=1 which is a pole of order 3
1 𝑑 𝑚−1
∴𝑅= lim 𝑚−1 [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑚 𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 𝑛−1 ]
(𝑚 − 1)! 𝑧→𝑎 𝑑𝑧
Here 𝑚 = 3, 𝑎 = 1
1 𝑑 3−1 (𝑍 + 1)𝑧 𝑛
𝑅(1) = lim 3−1 [(𝑧 − 1)3 ]
(3 − 1)! 𝑧→1 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)3
1 𝑑2
= 2! lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [(𝑍 + 1)𝑧 𝑛 ]
𝑧→1
1 𝑑2
= 2! lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [𝑧 𝑛+1 + 𝑧 𝑛 ]
𝑧→1
1 𝑑
= 2! lim 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑛 + 1)𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑧 𝑛−1 ]
𝑧→1
1
= 2! lim[(𝑛 + 1)𝑛𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑧 𝑛−2 ]
𝑧→1
1 1
= 2! [(𝑛 + 1)𝑛1𝑛−1 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)1𝑛−2 ] = 2! [𝑛3 + 𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛]
∵[1𝑛−1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑1𝑛−2 = 1 ]
2𝑛2
= = 𝑛2
2

𝑓(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = (𝑛)2 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …

𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟓𝒛+𝟏𝟒
Problem 4: 𝑰𝒇 𝒖(𝒛) = evaluate 𝒖𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝟑 [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟒
2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+14
Solution: Given 𝑢(𝑧) = where 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢(𝑍)
(𝑧−1)4
2
2𝑧 + 5𝑧 + 14 𝑛−1
𝑈(𝑧)𝑧 𝑛−1 = 𝑧
(𝑧 − 1)4
The poles of 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦(𝑧 − 1)4=0 then Z=1 which is a pole of order 4
Here 𝑚 = 4, 𝑎 = 1
1 𝑑3 2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+14 𝑛−1
𝑅(1) = (4−1)! lim 𝑑𝑧 3 [(𝑧 − 1)4 𝑧 ]
𝑧→1 (𝑧−1)4
1 𝑑3
= 3! lim 𝑑𝑧 3 [(2𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 14)𝑧 𝑛−1 ]
𝑧→1
1 𝑑3
= 3! lim 𝑑𝑧 3 [2𝑧 𝑛+1 + 5𝑧 𝑛 + 14𝑧 𝑛−1 ]
𝑧→1
1 𝑑2
= 3! lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [2(𝑛 + 1)𝑧 𝑛 + 5𝑛𝑧 𝑛−1 + 14𝑧(𝑛 − 1)𝑛−2 ]
𝑧→1
1 𝑑
= 3! lim 𝑑𝑧 [2(𝑛 + 1)𝑛𝑧 𝑛−1 + 5𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑧 𝑛−2 + 14(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑧 𝑛−3 ]
𝑧→1
1
= 3! lim[2𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)𝑧 𝑛−1 + 5𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑧 𝑛−3 + 14(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)𝑧 𝑛−4 ]
𝑧→1
1
= 6 [2𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1) + 5𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) + 14(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)]
Put 𝑛 = 2
1
∴ 𝑢2 =6 [2(2)(3)(1) + 5(2)(1)(0) + 14(1)(0)(−1)]
1
𝑢2 = (12) = 2 ⇒ 𝑢2 = 2
6
1
∴ 𝑢3 = [2(3)(3)(1) + 5(3)(1)(0) + 14(0)]
6
1 78
𝑢3 = (48 + 90) = = 13 ⇒ 𝑢3 = 13
6 6

𝒛𝟐 +𝒛 𝒏𝝅
Problem 5: Show that 𝒛−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛𝟐 +𝟏)] = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 using residue method
𝟐
𝑧 2 +𝑧
Solution: let 𝐹(𝑧) = [(𝑧−1)((𝑧 2 +1))]
𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛+1 + 𝑧 𝑛
𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 𝑛−1 = 𝑧 𝑛−1 [ ] =
(𝑧 − 1)((𝑧 2 + 1)) (𝑧 − 1)((𝑧 2 + 1))

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 24
The poles of 𝐹(𝑧)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)=0
𝑍 = 1(simple pole); 𝑧 2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖 (simple pole)
𝑧 𝑛+1 +𝑧 𝑛
𝑅(1) = lim(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +1)
𝑧→1
𝑧 𝑛+1 +𝑧 𝑛 1+1 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = (1+1) = 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑅(1) = 1
𝑧→1 (𝑧 2 +1)
𝑧 𝑛+1 +𝑧 𝑛
𝑅(𝑖) = lim(𝑧 − 𝑖) (𝑧−1)(𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)
𝑧→𝑖
𝑖 𝑛+1 +𝑖 𝑛 𝑖 𝑛+1 +𝑖 𝑛 −1 𝑖 𝑛 (𝑖+1) −1 𝑛 −1 𝑛
= (𝑖−1)(2𝑖)
= (−2)(2𝑖) = = 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑅(2) = 𝑖
2 (𝑖+1) 2 2
𝑧 𝑛+1 +𝑧 𝑛
𝑅(−𝑖) = lim (𝑧 + 𝑖) (𝑧−1)(𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)
𝑧→−𝑖
(−𝑖)𝑛+1 +(𝑖)𝑛 (−𝑖)𝑛 (−𝑖+1)
= =
(−𝑖−1)(−𝑖−1) 2𝑖 2 +2𝑖
(−𝑖)𝑛 +(1−𝑖) (−𝑖)𝑛 +(1−𝑖) −1
= = ⇒ 𝑅(3) = (−1)𝑛
−2+2𝑖 −2(1−𝑖) 2
(𝑖)𝑛 (−𝑖)𝑛
𝑓(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = 1 − −
2 2
1
𝑓(𝑛) = 1 − 2 [(𝑖)𝑛 + (−𝑖)𝑛 ] (1)
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
w.k.t 𝑖 𝑛 = cos 2 + 𝑖 sin 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
(−𝑖 𝑛 ) = cos − 𝑖 sin
2 2
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
(1)becomes, 𝑓(𝑛) = 1 − 2 [ cos 2 + 𝑖 sin 2 + cos 2 − 𝑖 sin 2 ] = 1 − 2 [ 2cos 2 ]
𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑛) = 1 − cos
2
TRY YOURSELF
2𝑧 2 +𝑧 3 𝑛
1. Find 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−2)3 ] Ans : 𝑅(2) = [8 𝑛2 + 8] 2𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = 3, 𝑧 = 2
2𝑧 2 +4𝑧
2. Find 𝑧 −1 [ (𝑧−2)2 ] [AU 2008] Ans: 𝑅(2) = (2𝑛 + 1)2𝑛+1 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2. , 𝑚 = 2, 𝑧 = 2
2𝑧 2
3. Find 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−𝑎)2 ] by contour integration Ans: 𝑅(𝑎) = (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛 . , 𝑚 = 2, 𝑧 = 9
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+14
4. If 𝑢(𝑧) = find the value of 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 [AU 2004]
(𝑧−1)4
(𝑛−1)
Ans: 𝑅(𝑛) = [2(𝑛 + 1)𝑛 + 3𝑛(𝑛 − 2) + 14(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)], 𝑛 = 0,1,2 ….
6
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑢2 = −2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑢3 = 11

Application of z-transform to solve linear difference equations:

The general form of a linear difference equation of 𝒓𝒕𝒉 order in the sequence 𝒚𝒏 is
𝒂𝟎 𝒚𝒏+𝒓 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒚𝒏+𝒓−𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝒏+𝒓−𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒇(𝒏) ----------------->(1)
When 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐 … …. and 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏,…………. 𝒂𝒓 are constants

To solve the difference equations applying z-transform on both sides:

Formula:

𝑍[𝑦𝑛+1 ] = 𝑍[𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑦0 ] where 𝑍[𝑦𝑛 ]= 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑍[𝑦𝑛+1 ] = 𝑍𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑍𝑦(0)

(or)
EXAMPLES: 2
𝑦1 𝑍[𝑦𝑛+2 ] = 𝑍 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑍 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑍𝑦(1)
𝑍[𝑦𝑛+2 ] = 𝑍 [𝐹(𝑍) − 𝑦0 − ]
𝑧
𝑍[𝑦𝑛+3 ] = 𝑍 3 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑍 3 𝑦(0) − 𝑍 2 𝑦(1) − 𝑍𝑦(2)
𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑍[𝑦𝑛+3 ] = 𝑍 3 [𝐹(𝑍) − 𝑦0 − − 2 ]
𝑧 𝑧

Problem 1: Solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟗𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 with 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 using z-transform

[𝐴𝑈 2008,2009,2010,2011]
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 25
Solution:
Given 𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛
Taking z-transform on both sides
𝑍[𝑦𝑛+2 ] + 6𝑍[𝑦𝑛+1 ] + 9𝑍[𝑦𝑛 ] = Z[2𝑛 ]
𝑍 𝑍
𝑍 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑍 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑍𝑦(1)+ 6[𝑍𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑍𝑦(0)] + 9[𝐹(𝑧)] = 𝑧−2 ∵𝑍(𝑎)𝑛 = 𝑧−𝑎
Given, 𝑦0 = 𝑦(0) = 𝑦1 = 𝑦(1) = 0
𝑍
𝑍 2 𝐹(𝑧) + 6 𝑍𝐹(𝑧) + 9 𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
𝑍
(𝑍 2 + 6 𝑍 + 9)𝐹(𝑍) =
𝑧−2
𝑍 𝑍
𝐹(𝑍) = (𝑧−2)(𝑍 2 +6 𝑍+9) = (𝑧−2)(𝑍+3)2
𝑓(𝑧) 1
= (𝑧−2)(𝑍+3)2 -----------------> (1)
𝑧
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let (𝑧−2)(𝑍+3)2
= (𝑧−2) + (𝑧+3) + (𝑧+3)2
1 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 3)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 2)
Put 𝑧 = −3 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(−3 + 3)2 + 𝐵(−3 + 3)(−3 − 2) + 𝐶(−3 − 2)
1 = −5𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1⁄5
Put 𝑧 = 2 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(2 + 3)2 + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0)
1 = 25𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1⁄25
Equating coefficients of 𝑍 2 , 𝐵 = −1⁄25
(1) Becomes
𝑓(𝑧) 1 1 1
= 25(𝑧−2) − 25(𝑧+3) − 5(𝑧+3)2
𝑧
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
𝑓(𝑧) = 25(𝑧−2) − 25(𝑧+3) − 5(𝑧+3)2
1 𝑍 1 𝑍 1 𝑍
𝑍[𝑦𝑛 ] = 25 (𝑧−2) − 25 (𝑧+3) − 5 (𝑧+3)2
1 𝑍 1 𝑍 𝑧 −1 𝑍
𝑦𝑛 = 25 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−2)] − 25 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧+3)] − [(𝑧−(−3))2 ]
5
1 1 1 1 −3𝑍
= 25 2𝑛 − 25 (−3)𝑛 − 5 (−3) 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−(−3))2 ]
−3𝑍
∵ 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−(−3))2 ] = 𝑛(−3)𝑛
1 1 1
= 25 2𝑛 − 25 (−3)𝑛 + (15) 𝑛(−3)𝑛 [ 𝑎𝑧
]
𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−𝑎)2 ] = 𝑛(𝑎)𝑛
2𝑛 (−3)𝑛 𝑛(−3)𝑛
𝑦𝑛 = − +( )
25 25 15

Problem 2: Solve the difference equation 𝒚𝒏+𝟑 -𝟑𝒚𝒏+𝟏+𝟐𝒚𝒏 =0 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟒,
𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚(𝟐) = 𝟖 [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]
Solution:
Given that 𝑦𝑛+3 -3𝑦𝑛+1 +2𝑦𝑛 =0
Apply z-transform on both sides, we get
𝑍[𝑦(𝑛+3) − 3𝑦(𝑛+1) + 2𝑦(𝑛) ] = 0
𝑍[[𝑦(𝑛+3) ] − 3𝑍[𝑦(𝑛+1) ] + 2𝑍[𝑦(𝑛) ]] = 0
𝑍 𝐹 (𝑧) − 𝑍 3 𝑦(0) − 𝑍 2 𝑦(1) − 𝑍𝑦(2) − 3𝑍[𝐹 (𝑧) − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝐹 (𝑍) = 0
3

Given that 𝑦(0) = 4, 𝑦(1) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(2) = 8

𝑍 3 [𝐹(𝑧)] − 4𝑍 3 − 𝑍 2 (0) − 8𝑍 − 3𝑍𝐹(𝑧) + 12𝑍 + 2𝐹(𝑍) = 0
𝑍 3 [𝐹(𝑧)] − 3𝑍𝐹(𝑧) + 2𝐹(𝑍) = 4𝑍 3 + 8𝑍 − 12𝑍 = 4𝑍 3 − 4𝑍
(𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 + 2) 𝐹(𝑧) = 4𝑍 3 − 4𝑍
4𝑧 (𝑧 2 − 1)
𝐹(𝑧) = 3 1 1 0 -3 -2
𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 2
0 1 1 -2
𝐹(𝑧) 4𝑧 (𝑧 2 − 1)
= 3 1 1 1 -2 0
𝑧 𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 2
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 26
 4(𝑧 2 − 1) 0 1 2
=
(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 2)
1 2 0
4(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1)
= (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 2)
(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 2)

𝐹(𝑧) 4(𝑧 + 1)
= … … (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 2)

4(𝑧+1) 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧+2

4(𝑧 + 1) = 𝐴(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)

Put 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 4 (1 + 1) = 𝐴(1 + 2) + 𝐵(0)
8
⇒ 8 = 𝐴. 3 ⇒ 𝐴 = 3

Put 𝑧 = −2 ⇒ 4 (−2 + 1) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 − 1)

4
⇒ −4 = −3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴 = 3

∴ (1) becomes
𝐹(𝑧) 8 1 4 1
= +
𝑧 3 𝑧−1 3 𝑧+2
8 𝑧 4 𝑧
⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = +
3 𝑧−1 3 𝑧+2
8 𝑧 4 𝑧
⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = +
3 𝑧−1 3 𝑧+2
8 𝑧 4 𝑧
∴ 𝑧[𝑦(𝑛)] = +
3 𝑧 − 1 3 𝑧 − (−2)
8 −1 𝑧 4 𝑧
⇒ [𝑦(𝑛)] = 𝑧 [ ] + 𝑧 −1 [ ]
3 𝑧−1 3 𝑧+2
8 𝑛 4
𝑦(𝑛) = (1 ) + (−2)𝑛 ; 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …
3 3

Problem 3: Solve using z- transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐+ 𝟑𝒖𝒏 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏 = 0 given 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐 [𝑨𝑼 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗, 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏]
Solution: Given 𝑢𝑛+2 + 3𝑢𝑛+1+ 2𝑢𝑛 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢0 = 1, 𝑢1 = 2

Applying z –transform on both sides,

𝑧 [𝑢𝑛+2 + 3𝑢𝑛+1 + 2𝑢𝑛 ] = 0
⇒ 𝑧 [𝑢𝑛+2 ] + 3𝑧[𝑢𝑛+1 ] + 2𝑧[𝑢𝑛 ] = 0
⇒ 𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) – 𝑧 2 𝑢𝑜 – 𝑧𝑢1 + 3𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 3𝑧𝑢0 + 2𝐹(𝑧) = 0
Given 𝑢𝑜 = 1 , 𝑢𝑜 = 2
⇒ 𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) – 𝑧 2 𝑢𝑜 – 𝑧𝑢1 + 3𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 3𝑧𝑢0 + 2𝐹(𝑧) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧)– 3𝑧𝐹(𝑧) + 2𝐹(𝑧) – 𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 = 0
⇒ (𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 2)𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 5𝑧
𝑧(𝑧+5)
∴ 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +3𝑧+2

𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧(𝑧 + 5) (𝑧 + 5)
= 2 =
𝑧 𝑧 + 3𝑧 + 2 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 2)
(𝑧+5) 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑧+1)(𝑧+2)
= +
𝑧+1 𝑧+2

𝑍 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 1)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 27
A=4
 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −1 ⇒ 4 = 𝐴(−2 + 1) + 𝐵(0) ⇒
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2 ⇒ 3 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 + 1) ⇒
B =-3
𝐹(𝑧) 4 3
= −
𝑧 𝑧+1 𝑧+2
4𝑧 3𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = −
𝑧+1 𝑧+2
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑧[𝑢𝑛 ] = 4 −3
𝑧 − (−1) 𝑧 − (−2)
𝑧 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 4𝑧 −1 [ ] − 3𝑧 −1 [ ]
𝑧— 1 𝑧— 2
𝑢𝑛 = 4(−1)𝑛 − 3(−2)𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … ..

Problem 4: Using z-transform solve 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒖𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏 with 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏[AU 2010,2011]
Solution: Given 𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛
Applying z – transform on both sides, 𝑧[𝑢𝑛+2] + 4𝑧[𝑢𝑛+1 ] + 3𝑧[𝑢𝑛 ] = [3𝑛 ]
𝑧
𝑧 2 [𝐹(𝑧)] − 𝑧 2 𝑢0 – z𝑢1 + 4[𝑧𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑢0 ] + 3𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−3
2 2 𝑧
𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) + 4𝑧𝐹(𝑧) + 3𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 𝑢0 – z𝑢1 + 4𝑧𝑢0 = 𝑧−3
Given 𝑢0 = 0, 𝑢1 = 1
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3) 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧(1) − 4(0) = 𝑧−3
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3) 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 = 𝑧−3
𝑧 𝑧+𝑧 2 −3𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4z + 3) F(z) = + 𝑧=
𝑧−3 𝑧−3
2 𝑧+𝑧 2 −3𝑧
(𝑧 + 4z + 3) F(z) = 𝑧−3
𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧−2
= − −→ (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 2 + 4z + 3)
𝑧−2 𝑧−2
Let =
(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 4z + 3)
2 (𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 1)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + → (2)
𝑧+1 𝑧+3 𝑧−3
𝑧 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 − 3) + 𝐵 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 − 3) + 𝐶 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 3)
Put 𝑧 = −1 .: −1 − 2 = 𝐴(−1 + 3) (−1 − 3)
 −8𝐴 = −3 ⇒ A = 3/8

Put 𝑧 = −3 .: −3 − 2 = 𝐵(−3 + 1) (−3 − 3)

 −5 = 12𝐵 ⇒
Put 𝑧 = 3 B=-5/12
 24𝑐 = 1 ⇒
C =-1/24
z-2 3 1 5 1 1 1
= . + . + .
(z-3)(z 2 + 4z = 3) 8 z + 1 12 z + 3 24 z-3

(1) becomes
𝐹(𝑥) 3 1 5 1 1 1
= . − . +
𝑧 8 𝑧 + 1 12 𝑧 + 3 24 𝑧 − 3
3 𝑧 5 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝐹(𝑥) = . − . +
8 𝑧 + 1 12 𝑧 + 3 24 𝑧 − 3
3 𝑧 5 1 1 𝑧
𝑧[𝑢𝑛 ] = . − . +
8 𝑧 + 1 12 𝑧 + 3 24 𝑧 − 3
3 −1 𝑧 5 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 [ ] − 𝑧 −1 [ ] + 𝑧 −1 [ ]
8 𝑧+1 12 𝑧+3 24 𝑥−3
3 𝑧 5 𝑧 1 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [ ] − 𝑧 −1 [ ] + 𝑧 −1 [ ]
8 𝑧 − (−1) 12 𝑧 − (−3) 24 𝑥−3
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 28
 3 5 1
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 − (−3)𝑛 + 3𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2 …
8 12 24

Problem 5: Solve 𝒚(𝒌 + 𝟐) + 𝒚(𝒌), 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎 [AU 2000, 2012]

Solution: Given 𝑦(𝑘 + 2) + 𝑦(𝑘) = 1
Applying z – transform
𝑍[𝑦(𝐾 + 2) + 2 [𝑦(𝑘)] = 𝑧[1]
𝑧
𝑧 2 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧𝑦(1) + 𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−1
Given 𝑦(0) = 𝑦(1) = 0
𝑍2 = (𝑧) − 𝑧2(0) − 𝑧(0) + 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧/𝑧 − 1 where 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧[𝑦(𝐾)]
(𝑧 2 + 1)𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑧/𝑧 − 1
𝐹(𝑧) 1
=
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑧 + 𝑐
= +
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1) 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 2 + 1
=> 1 = 𝐴(𝑧 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑧 + 𝑐(𝑧 − 1)
Put 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 1 𝐴(1 + 1) + 0
⇒2A = 1 ⇒ A = 1/2
Equation coefficients of 𝑧 2 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝑐 = −1/2

1 −1 1
1 𝑧−2
∴ = 2 2
+ 2
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1) 𝑧−1 𝑧 +1

𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 1 𝑧 1 1
= . − . 2 − . 2
𝑧 2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧 +1 2 𝑧 +1

𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 1 𝑧 1 1
= . − . 2 − . 2
𝑧 2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧 +1 2 𝑧 +1

𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 1 𝑧2 1 1
= . − . 2 − . 2
𝑧 2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧 +1 2 𝑧 +1

1 1 1 𝑧2 1 1
𝑧{𝑦(𝑘)] = . − . 2 − . 2
2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧 +1 2 𝑧 +1

1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
𝑌(𝑘) = 𝑧 [ ] − 𝑧 −1 [ 2 ] − 𝑧 −1 [ 2 ]
2 𝑧−1 2 𝑧 +1 2 𝑧 +1

1 1 𝑘𝜋 1 𝑘𝜋
∴ 𝑌(𝑘) = (1)𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2 2

TRY YOURSELF
Problem 6: Using z – transform solve 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟓𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒖𝒏 = 𝟒𝒏 given that 𝒖(𝟎) = 𝟎 ; 𝒖(𝟏) = 𝟏
[AU = 2001, 2008, 09,10]
𝑛
Solution: Given 𝑢𝑛+2 − 5𝑢𝑛+1 + 6𝑢𝑛 = 4
Apply z – transform on both sides we get
𝑍[𝑢𝑛 + 2] = 5𝑧[𝑢𝑛 + 1] + 6𝑧[𝑢𝑛 ] = 𝑧 [4𝑛]
𝑧
𝑍 2 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑍 2 𝑢0 – 𝑧𝑢1 − 5[𝑧𝐹(𝑧) – 𝑢0 ] + 6𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−4
Given 𝑢(0) = 0 ; 𝑢(1) = 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 29
 𝑧
(z2-5z+6) = F(z).z0(0) - z(1) - 5(0) = 𝑧−4
𝑧
(z2-5z+6) F(z) = 𝑧−4
𝑧
(z2-5z+6) F(z) = 𝑧−4 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑧 2 −4𝑧
(z2-5z+6)F(z) = 𝑧−4
𝑧 2 −3𝑧
F(z) = (𝑧−4)(𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6)
𝑧(𝑧−3)
F(z) = (𝑧−4)(𝑧−3)(𝑧−2)
𝐹(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 4)(𝑧 − 2) 𝑧−4 𝑧−2
⇒ 1 = 𝑎(𝑧 − 2) + (𝑧 − 4)
Put 𝑧 = 2 ⇒ −2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1/2
Put 𝑧 = 4 ⇒ 2𝐴 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1/2
𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 1 1
= . − .
𝑧 2 𝑧−4 2 𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧
⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = −
2(𝑧 − 4) 2(𝑧 − 2)
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍𝑢𝑛 = −
2(𝑧 − 4) 2(𝑧 − 2)
1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 ( ) − 𝑧 −1 ( )
2 𝑧−4 2 𝑧−2
1 1
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 2𝑛
2 2

Problem 7: Using z- transform solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 4𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 ;𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏 [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]
Hint : 𝑧[𝑦𝑛+2 ] + 4z[𝑦𝑛+1 ] + 3𝑧[𝑦𝑛 ] = [2𝑛 ]
Solution: Apply the formula and 𝑦0 = 0 , 𝑦1 = 1
𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) (𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3) − 𝑧 =
𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝐹(𝑧) = + 𝑧 = =
𝑧−2 𝑧−2 𝑧−2
𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧 + 3 ) (𝑧 + 1) 𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
𝐹(𝑧) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)
= =
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 3) (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 − 2)
𝐹(𝑧) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑧 𝑧+3 𝑧+1 𝑧−2
Solving we get A = -2/5, B= 1/3, C = 1/15
2 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
∴ 𝐹(𝑧) = − + +
5 𝑧 + 3 3 𝑧 + 1 15 𝑧 − 2
−2 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑍[𝑦𝑛 ] = + +
5 𝑧— 3 3 𝑧— 1 15 𝑧 − 2
−2 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 −1 𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 ( ) + 𝑧 −1 ( )+ 𝑧 ( )
5 𝑧— 3 3 𝑧— 1 15 𝑧−2
−2 1 1
∴ 𝑦𝑛 = (−3)𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 + (2)𝑛
5 3 15

Problem 8: Solve the difference equation 𝒚(𝒏) + 𝟑𝒚(𝒏 − 𝟏) − 𝟒𝒚(𝒏 − 𝟐) = 𝟎; n ≥ 2 given that
𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚(𝟏) = −𝟐 (AU2006)
Solution:
Hint: changing n to n+2 we get the usual form
𝑦(𝑛 + 2) + 3𝑦(𝑛 + 1) − 4𝑦(𝑛) = 0, 𝑛 ≥ 0 [𝑛 + 2 ≥ 2, 𝑛 ≥ 0]
Apply z-transform and given y(0) = 3 & y(1) = -2
(𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 4) 𝐹(𝑧) − 3𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 9𝑧 = 0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 30
 3𝑧 2 + 7𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 − 4
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑧[𝑦(𝑛)] = +
𝑧+4 𝑧−1
𝑧 𝑧
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑧 −1 [ ] + 2 𝑧 −1 [ ]
𝑧 − (−4) 𝑧−1
𝑦(𝑛) = (−4)𝑛 + 2(1𝑛 ) = (−4)𝑛 + 2, 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … …

Problem 9: Solve by z-transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟐𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 with 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏 [𝑨𝑼 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎]

Ans: 𝑢𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 1𝑛 − 2𝑛

Problem 10: Solve by z-transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 ; 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 [AU2008]

1 1 1
Ans : 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 − + 2𝑛
2 2 3

Formation of Difference Equation:

1. Form the difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constants from U n   2 n 1
Solution:
Given U n  a.2 n 1 .......... (1)
U n 1  a.2 n  2
U n 1  a.2 n 1.2 ........ (2)
U n1  2U n [Using (1)]

2. Form the difference equation from yn = A.3n

Solution:
Given yn = A.3n ….(1)
yn+1 = A.3 n+1

yn+1 = A.3n.3 ( by 1)
yn+1 = 3 yn
yn+1 - 3 yn = 0

3.Form the difference equation from y n  a  b3 n

Solution:
y n  a  b3 n
y n 1  a  b3 n 1
y n  2  a  b3 n  2
Eliminating ‘a’ and ‘b’ from the above equations, we get
1 (3)𝑛 𝑦𝑛
𝑛+1
|1 (3) 𝑦𝑛+1 | = 0
𝑛+2
1 (3) 𝑦𝑛+2
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 31
 1 1 𝑦𝑛
(3)𝑛 |1 3 𝑦𝑛+1 | = 0
1 9 𝑦𝑛+2
Expanding by column (C3),we get
yn(9 - 3) - yn+1 (9 - 1)+ yn+2(3 - 1) = 0
6 yn – 8 yn+1+2 yn+2 = 0
yn+2 – 4yn+1+3 yn = 0

4. From yn = A.2n + B(-2)n , form the difference equation by eliminating the constant.
Solution:
Given
yn = A.2n + B (-2)n ………..(1)
yn+1 = A.2n+1 + B(-2)n+1 …..(2)
yn+2 = A.2n+2+ B (-2)n+2… ..(3)
Eliminating A and B from (1), (2) and (3) we get
2𝑛 (−2)𝑛 𝑦𝑛
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
|2 (−2) 𝑦𝑛+1 | = 0
𝑛+2 𝑛+2
2 (−2) 𝑦𝑛+2
1 1 𝑦𝑛
Do it your Self
2𝑛 (−2)𝑛 |2 −2 𝑦𝑛+1 |=0
4 4 𝑦𝑛+2 5. Derive the difference equation by yn = A.2n + B.5n
1 1 𝑦𝑛 Ans: yn+2 – 8yn+1 + 15 yn = 0
 |2 −2 𝑦𝑛+1 |=0 6. Form the difference equation by eliminating the
4 4 𝑦𝑛+2 Constant Yx = ax + b(2)x
Expanding by column (C3),we get Ans: (x-1) yx+2 - (3x-2) yx+1 +2x yx = 0
yn(8+8) - yn+1 (4-4)+ yn+2(-2-2 ) = 0
16 yn – 4 yn+2 = 0  yn+2 – 4 yn = 0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY 621 105 page 32