Data Collection
Faculty of Nursing
Mansoura University
The Research Process Cycle
_—_—
identifying 2 Reviewing the Specifying a Collecting Data
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Step 4: Data collection methods
Forms and 01
Questionnaires C> Oral Histories
Combination
Interview O02 Research
Observation Data Collection 08 | Online Tracking
Methods
Documents and Online Marketing
Records Analytics
Focus Groups Social Media
Monitoring
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Data collection methods are ways of directly measuring variables and gathering information
Data Collection:
A process of gathering and analyzing specific information to offer
solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the results.
Importance of Data Collection:
1. Integrity of the Research
2. Reduce errors
3. Decision Making
4, Save Cost and Time
5. To support a need for a new idea, change, and/or innovation
Types of data:
A) Primary data
Primary data means first-hand information collected by an investigator.
_| Itis collected for the first time.
~ Itis original and more reliable.
_ For example, population census conducted by the government is primary data.
b) Secondary data
~ Secondary data refers to second-hand information.
_ It is not originally collected and obtained from already published or
unpublished sources.
_ For example, the address of a person taken from telephone directory or
phone number of a company.
> Data Collection Methods:
>1. Questionnaires:
- A questionnaire is a data collection tool completed by a participant, what
the individual thinks about a particular topic.
It can be utilized to accumulate data concerning information, opinions,
and feelings.
> Types of questionnaire
> a. Close-ended questions:
_ There are definite, concrete and predetermined questions with exactly
the same wordings and in the same order to all respondents.
Example Do you like our application? Yes or no
> b. Open-ended question:
> | It gives freedom to the respondents to express their views.
> | Interviewer is provided with a general guide on the type of information to
be obtained and replies are to be taken down in respondent’s own words.
> | Example TIOW CAME We MeeMMB ERE fiireiecissstsssvsesesescesesces
>2. Surveys:
» -Surveys involve the gathering of information to use for analysis and
forecasting purposes.
> - The questions are either open-ended or closed-ended, whereby open-
ended questions leave the heading of the appropriate response up to
participants to complete based on their perceptions.
>- In contrast, closed-ended questions power a reaction because the
researcher sets the appropriate responses.
»>- Self-administered questionnaires are less costly, practical when
participants are dispersed geographically.
>3. Interview:
_ -Interviews are a type of data collection tool involving two individuals
or more (interviewer and interviewee), whereby questions are asked by
the interviewer to get the required answers.
- The interviewers should create a good rapport with interviewees and
be positive and encouraging,
- The environment used during the interview should be appropriate to
enhance openness about topic.
- Questions used can be open or closed-ended, and responses are
documented through detailed notes according to the interviewee's
responses,
> Types of interviews:
>1- Structured or unstructured, depending on whether a formal
questionnaire has been formulated.
> 2- Direct or indirect due to whether the purpose of the questions asked
is plainly stated.
> Advantages:
>- Itisa high response rates especially when done face-to-face.
>- Itis a feasible method of data gathering when participants cannot
fill-out questionnaires.
>4, Observations:
>Observations require the timely collection of descriptive, behavioral data
relevant in nursing as the researcher observes behaviors.
> The whole process requires an interactive process.
>Types of observations:
. Structured data collection: it is done using specific variables and according
to a predefined order,
. Unstructured is in open and free manner where pre-determined variables
and objectives are not considered,
- Observations require much time, has a higher level of observer bias.
>5. Existing records:
- It refer to data acquired from secondary sources rather than from primary
sources,
- Those gathered as the agency's standard existing information, for example,
surveys or reports finished by outside sources, vital statistics, income, and
participant characteristics.
>6. Clinical Data:
>It is divided into different types such as.
> Electronic health records:
- It’s obtained at the point of care at a hospital, clinic. It contains information like
diagnosis, treatment, drug prescription, lab tests, insurance, and others.
>o Administrative data:
It is associated with electronic health records, for example, hospital discharges.
> Patient/disease registries:
- They track a small range of critical data for certain chronic conditions like Alzheimer's
disease, cancer, and diabetes. This registry provides information for managing patient
conditions.
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