To understand the basic components of R programming and to explore

various types of data visualizations used in analytics.

# 1. Basic R Components

# ---------------------

# Variable declaration

a <- 10 # Numeric

b <- "R-Lab" # Character

c <- TRUE # Logical

d <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) # Vector

# Display variable types

print(class(a)) # numeric

print(class(b)) # character

print(class(c)) # logical

print(class(d)) # numeric (vector)

# 2. Data Types

# -------------

# Numeric

num_var <- 12.5

print(num_var)

# Integer

int_var <- as.integer(10)

print(int_var)
# Logical

log_var <- FALSE

print(log_var)

# Character

char_var <- "Visualization"

print(char_var)

# Factor (categorical variable)

fact_var <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Female", "Male"))

print(fact_var)

# Matrix

mat <- matrix(1:9, nrow=3)

print(mat)

# Data Frame

df <- data.frame(Name=c("A", "B"), Marks=c(90, 85))

print(df)

3. Overview of Visualization

# ----------------------------

# Visuals help us to see data trends, outliers, patterns

# We'll demonstrate:

# - Line Plot

# - Bar Plot

# - Histogram
# - Pie Chart

# - Boxplot

# - Scatter Plot

# 4. Basic Plotting Graphs

# ------------------------

# Line Plot

x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

y <- c(2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

plot(x, y, type="o", col="blue", xlab="X Axis", ylab="Y Axis", main="Line

Plot")

# Bar Plot

subjects <- c("Math", "Science", "English")

marks <- c(88, 75, 90)

barplot(marks, names.arg=subjects, col="skyblue", main="Bar Plot:

Subject Marks")

# Histogram

data <- c(10, 20, 20, 30, 40, 40, 40, 50, 60, 70)

hist(data, col="green", main="Histogram of Data", xlab="Values")

# Pie Chart

slices <- c(10, 20, 30, 40)

labels <- c("A", "B", "C", "D")

pie(slices, labels=labels, main="Pie Chart", col=rainbow(length(slices)))

# Boxplot

score <- c(65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 50, 60)
boxplot(score, main="Boxplot of Scores", col="orange")

# Scatter Plot

x <- c(5, 10, 15, 20)

y <- c(2, 4, 8, 16)

plot(x, y, main="Scatter Plot", xlab="X", ylab="Y", col="red", pch=19)

5. Types of Graphs in Analytics

# -------------------------------

# - Univariate plots (histogram, barplot, pie)

# - Bivariate plots (scatterplot, boxplot)

# - Multivariate plots (pairs, grouped barplot)

# - Time-series plots (line charts)

# - Distribution plots (density, histogram)

# Example: Multiple lines in a plot (time series)

time <- 1:5

sales_2023 <- c(100, 120, 130, 115, 140)

sales_2024 <- c(90, 110, 125, 135, 150)

plot(time, sales_2023, type="o", col="blue", ylim=c(80, 160),

xlab="Quarter", ylab="Sales", main="Sales Comparison")

lines(time, sales_2024, type="o", col="red")

legend("topleft", legend=c("2023", "2024"), col=c("blue", "red"), lty=1,

pch=1)

Try using built-in datasets like:

data(mtcars)

head(mtcars)

Then you can apply:

plot(mtcars$wt, mtcars$mpg, col="blue", main="Weight vs MPG")

What is R?

 R is a powerful programming language and software environment

used for statistical computing and graphics.

 It is open-source and widely used in data science, machine

learning, and academic research.

🔹 Why Use R for Data Visualization?

 Built-in support for graphics and plotting.

 Libraries like ggplot2, lattice, plotly, shiny enhance visual

capabilities.

 Supports interactive dashboards and visual storytelling.

Variables and Assignment

x <- 10 # assigns 10 to x

name <- "R Language"

Data Types in R

Type Example Description

Numeric x <- 5.5 Decimal values

x <-
Integer Whole numbers
as.integer(10)

name <-
Character Text data
"Data"

Logical flag <- TRUE TRUE/FALSE values

Type Example Description

factor(c("M",
Factor Categorical values
"F"))

Vector c(1,2,3) Sequence of elements

matrix(1:6, 2,
Matrix 2D array of data
3)

Data Table-like structure

data.frame()
Frame (rows/cols)

. Overview of Data Visualization

🔹 What is Data Visualization?

 The graphical representation of data and information using visual

elements like charts, graphs, and maps.

🔹 Importance:

 Simplifies complex data

 Highlights patterns and trends

 Aids in effective communication and decision making

Basic Graphs in R (Using Base Functions)

Graph Functio
Purpose
Type n

Line Plot Show trends over time plot()

barplot(
Bar Chart Compare categories
)

Pie Chart Show proportions pie()

Histogram View frequency distribution hist()

boxplot(
Box Plot View data distribution and outliers
)

Scatter Relationship between two numeric

plot()
Plot variables
Example: Line Plot

x <- 1:5

y <- c(5, 10, 15, 20, 25)

plot(x, y, type="o", col="blue", main="Line Plot", xlab="X", ylab="Y")

Graph Types in Analytics

✅ Univariate Graphs

 Analyze single variable

o Histogram, Pie Chart, Box Plot

Bivariate Graphs

 Compare two variables

o Scatter Plot, Bar Graph, Line Graph

✅ Multivariate Graphs

 Analyze three or more variables

o Grouped Bar Plot, Bubble Chart, Faceted Plots

Key Functions in Base R

Functio
Use
n

plot() General plotting

hist() Histogram

barplot(
Bar chart
)

boxplot(
Boxplot
)

pie() Pie chart

lines() Add lines to a plot

legend() Add legends to a

Functio
Use
n

plot

# Variable declaration

num <- 10 # Numeric

name <- "R Programming" # Character

flag <- TRUE # Logical

# Display values

print(num)

print(name)

print(flag)

Data Types in R

# Numeric

a <- 23.5

print(class(a)) # "numeric"

# Integer

b <- as.integer(23)

print(class(b)) # "integer"

# Character

c <- "Hello R"

print(class(c)) # "character"

# Logical

d <- FALSE
print(class(d)) # "logical"

# Vector

v <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

print(v)

print(class(v)) # "numeric"

# Factor

gender <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Female", "Male"))

print(gender)

print(class(gender)) # "factor"

# Matrix

mat <- matrix(1:9, nrow=3)

print(mat)

# Data Frame

df <- data.frame(Name=c("John", "Alice"), Age=c(25, 30))

print(df)

Visualization = transforming raw data into visual insights

# This example shows how to use built-in plotting to understand trends

data <- c(12, 15, 20, 18, 25)

barplot(data, main="Sample Bar Chart", col="steelblue")

Basics of Plotting Graphs in R

# Line Plot

x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

y <- c(2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

plot(x, y, type="o", col="blue", xlab="X Axis", ylab="Y Axis", main="Line
Plot")

# Bar Plot

subjects <- c("Math", "Science", "English")

scores <- c(80, 90, 70)

barplot(scores, names.arg=subjects, col="green", main="Bar Chart of

Subjects")

# Histogram

data <- c(10, 20, 20, 30, 40, 40, 40, 50, 60, 70)

hist(data, col="purple", main="Histogram of Values", xlab="Value")

# Pie Chart

slices <- c(25, 35, 40)

labels <- c("A", "B", "C")

pie(slices, labels=labels, col=rainbow(length(slices)), main="Pie Chart")

# Boxplot

marks <- c(55, 60, 65, 70, 90, 85, 45, 77)

boxplot(marks, main="Boxplot of Marks", col="orange")

# Scatter Plot

wt <- c(2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4)

mpg <- c(35, 30, 28, 22, 20)

plot(wt, mpg, main="Scatter Plot: Weight vs MPG", xlab="Weight",

ylab="MPG", col="red", pch=19)

Different Types of Graphs in Analytics (Summary with Examples)

# Univariate: Histogram (distribution of a single variable)

hist(mtcars$mpg, main="Univariate - MPG Distribution", col="skyblue")

# Bivariate: Boxplot (continuous vs categorical)

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data=mtcars, main="Bivariate - MPG vs Cylinders",

col="yellow")

# Bivariate: Scatter plot (2 continuous variables)

plot(mtcars$hp, mtcars$mpg, main="HP vs MPG", xlab="Horsepower",

ylab="MPG", col="blue", pch=16)

# Multivariate: Colored scatter plot with shape by gear

library(ggplot2)

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=factor(cyl), shape=factor(gear)))

+

geom_point(size=3) +

ggtitle("Multivariate: Weight vs MPG by Cylinders and Gears")

Description of the Command

🔹 Function: hist()

 This function is used to create a histogram — a graphical

representation that organizes a group of data points into user-
specified ranges (bins).

 It helps you visualize the frequency distribution of a continuous

numeric variable.

Component-by-Component Explanation

Component Meaning

Refers to the mpg (Miles Per Gallon) column in

mtcars$mpg
the built-in mtcars dataset.

hist(mtcars$mpg) Plots a histogram for the mpg values.

main="Univariate - MPG
Adds a title to the plot.
Distribution"

Fills the bars of the histogram with the color

col="skyblue"
"skyblue".
hist(mtcars$mpg, main="Univariate - MPG Distribution", col="skyblue")

What This Graph Shows

 X-axis: Represents MPG intervals (e.g., 10–15, 15–20, etc.).

 Y-axis: Represents the frequency — how many cars fall within each
MPG range.

 You can visually see:

o Whether the data is skewed or symmetric

o Where most values are concentrated (central tendency)

o Any possible outliers

wt <- c(2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4)

mpg <- c(35, 30, 28, 22, 20)

plot(wt, mpg, main="Scatter Plot: Weight vs MPG", xlab="Weight",

ylab="MPG", col="red", pch=19)

This code creates a scatter plot showing the relationship between the
weight of vehicles (wt) and their corresponding miles per gallon
(mpg).

Line-by-Line Explanation

🔹 wt <- c(2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4)

 Creates a numeric vector wt with 5 values.

 These could represent weights of cars in tons (or another unit).

🔹 mpg <- c(35, 30, 28, 22, 20)

 Creates another numeric vector mpg with corresponding Miles Per

Gallon values.

 Each value in mpg is related to the respective value in wt.

Weight MP
(wt) G

2.0 35

2.5 30

3.0 28

3.5 22

4.0 20

plot(wt, mpg, ...)

This command plots the values:

Paramet
Description
er

x = wt, y = mpg → plots weight on X-axis,

wt, mpg
MPG on Y-axis.

main "Scatter Plot: Weight vs MPG" → adds a title.

xlab "Weight" → label for the X-axis.

ylab "MPG" → label for the Y-axis.

col="red" Plots points in red color.

pch=19 Uses solid circle for plotting points.

What the Scatter Plot Shows

 As weight increases, MPG decreases.

 This represents a negative correlation between vehicle weight

and fuel efficiency.

 Heavier cars tend to be less fuel-efficient.

Interpretation

This kind of visualization is important in automobile analytics, where we

assess how one feature (e.g., weight) affects another (e.g., fuel
efficiency).

plot(wt, mpg, main="Scatter Plot: Weight vs MPG", xlab="Weight",

ylab="MPG", col="red", pch=19)

abline(lm(mpg ~ wt), col="blue", lwd=2)

What This Script Does

This code creates a scatter plot of Weight vs MPG and adds a

regression (trend) line that represents the best linear fit for the data.

Paramet
Description
er

wt X-axis values: car weights

Y-axis values: miles per

mpg
gallon

main Title of the graph

xlab, ylab Axis labels

col="red" Points are colored red

Points are plotted as solid

pch=19
circles

abline(lm(mpg ~ wt), col="blue", lwd=2)

Adds a regression (trend) line to the plot.

Compone Descripti
nt on
lm(mpg ~ Fits a linear regression model where mpg is
wt) predicted using wt.

abline(.. Adds the regression line to the

.) scatter plot.

col="blu The line is colored

e" blue.

lwd= Line width is set to 2 (thicker line for better

2 visibility).

rpose: Helps visualize the trend — in this case, how MPG decreases
as weight increases.

Output Interpretation

If the trend line is downward-sloping:

 Conclusion: Heavier vehicles typically have lower fuel efficiency.

plot(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$wt, col='steelblue',

main='Scatterplot', xlab='mpg', ylab='wt', pch=19)

This line of code creates a scatter plot to visualize the relationship

between:

 mpg (Miles Per Gallon) — fuel efficiency

 wt (Weight of the car in 1000 lbs)

using the built-in mtcars dataset in R.

Compone Descripti
nt on

plot( The R function used to create scatter plots or

) other graphs

mtcars$m Values for the X-axis (Miles Per

pg Gallon)
mtcars$ Values for the Y-axis (Weight in
wt 1000 lbs)

col='steelbl Sets the color of the plotted points to

ue' "steelblue"

main='Scatterpl Sets the main title of the

ot' graph

xlab='mp Labels the X-axis as

g' "mpg"

ylab=' Labels the Y-axis as

wt' "wt"

pch=1 Plots the points using solid filled

9 circles

 The scatter plot consists of points where:

 X-axis = mpg (fuel efficiency)

 Y-axis = wt (vehicle weight)

 It helps visualize the relationship between a car's weight and its

fuel efficiency.

Scatter plots are ideal to:

 Detect correlation between variables.

 Spot outliers.

 Visualize linear/nonlinear patterns.

abline(lm(mtcars$wt ~ mtcars$mpg), col='red', lwd=2)

This draws a line showing the overall trend between mpg and wt.

abline(lm(mtcars$wt ~ mtcars$mpg), col='red', lwd=2)

Specifically, it shows the linear relationship between mpg (miles per

gallon) and wt (weight of the vehicle) from the mtcars dataset.

Component Description

lm(mtcars$wt ~ Fits a linear regression model where wt is

Component Description

mtcars$mpg) predicted by mpg.

Draws a straight line using the coefficients of

abline(...)
the regression model.

col='red' Colors the line red.

Sets the line width to 2 (makes it thicker for

lwd=2
visibility).

What the Regression Line Represents

 The regression line is the best-fit straight line through the data
points.

 It shows the trend or direction of the relationship between mpg

and wt.

Interpretation:

 As mpg increases, wt decreases.

 This indicates a negative linear relationship: cars that are more

fuel efficient tend to weigh less.

What is the Use of a Boxplot in R (and Data Analysis)?

A boxplot (also known as a box-and-whisker plot) is a graphical

summary of the distribution of a dataset. It visually displays a five-
number summary:

1. Minimum

2. First Quartile (Q1)

3. Median (Q2)

4. Third Quartile (Q3)

5. Maximum

🎯 Main Uses of a Boxplot

. Visualizing Distribution

 Shows how the data is spread out — whether it is symmetric,

skewed left/right, or has outliers.

2. Identifying the Median

 The line inside the box represents the median, which is the
central value of the dataset.

Detecting Skewness

 If the median is closer to the bottom or top of the box, the data
is skewed.

o Bottom = left-skewed

o Top = right-skewed

Spotting Outliers

 Data points that fall outside the whiskers are considered outliers
and are shown as individual dots.

Comparing Groups

 When plotting multiple boxplots side-by-side, you can compare

distributions across categories (e.g., scores of boys vs girls,
sales in different regions, etc.).

# Create sample data

scores <- c(55, 60, 65, 70, 90, 85, 45, 77)

# Plot boxplot

boxplot(scores, main="Boxplot of Scores", col="lightblue", ylab="Score")

This will show:

 The central 50% of scores (interquartile range)

  The median score

 Any outliers in the data

Why Boxplots are Important in Analytics

 Quickly detect variability, outliers, and data symmetry.

 Preferred in exploratory data analysis (EDA).

 Useful when comparing large datasets or categories

✅ R Script: Side-by-Side Boxplots

# Load built-in dataset

data(mtcars)

# Convert 'cyl' to a categorical variable

mtcars$cyl <- as.factor(mtcars$cyl)

# Create side-by-side boxplots

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars,

main = "MPG Distribution by Number of Cylinders",

xlab = "Number of Cylinders",

ylab = "Miles Per Gallon (MPG)",

col = c("skyblue", "orange", "lightgreen"))

Component Description

mpg ~ cyl Formula format: Compare mpg across different cyl values (4,
6, 8)

data = mtcars Use the mtcars dataset

boxplot(...) Draws the grouped boxplots

col = ... Adds different colors to each box

main, xlab, ylab Add labels and title for readability

What the Boxplot Shows

Each box shows the distribution of MPG for a specific cylinder category.

You can compare:

Median fuel efficiency

Variation in MPG

Presence of outliers

You'll likely see:

4-cylinder cars have higher and more consistent MPG.

8-cylinder cars have lower MPG with more spread.

The operator ~ used in the expression mpg ~ cyl is called the tilde
operator and it has a special meaning in R, especially in formulas for
statistical modeling and plotting.

Operator: ~ (Tilde)

✅ Used for:

Creating a formula object that defines a relationship between variables.

In Context: mpg ~ cyl

🔹 Meaning:

"mpg is modeled as a function of cyl"

mpg is the dependent variable (Y-axis)

cyl is the independent variable or grouping factor (X-axis)

📘 In the boxplot function:

Copy

Edit

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars)

This tells R to:

Group the mpg values based on each unique value of cyl

Then create a separate boxplot for each cylinder group (4, 6, 8)

ata(mtcars)

boxplot(disp ~ gear, data = mtcars,

main = "Displacement by Gear",

xlab = "Gear",

ylab = "Displacement")

This code creates a boxplot that shows the distribution of engine

displacement (disp) grouped by gear categories (gear) in the mtcars
dataset.

Line-by-Line Explanation

🔹 data(mtcars)

Loads the built-in mtcars dataset.

It contains information about various car attributes such as:

disp = engine displacement (in cubic inches)

gear = number of forward gears (3, 4, or 5)

This creates side-by-side boxplots of the disp variable for each unique
value in gear.

Element Description

disp ~ gear Formula: Plot displacement (disp) grouped by gear

data = mtcars Use the mtcars dataset

main Title of the boxplot

xlab, ylab Axis labels for clarity

What the Boxplot Shows

X-axis (gear): Different gear groups — typically 3, 4, and 5 gears.

Y-axis (disp): The engine displacement (how big the engine is).

Each boxplot summarizes the distribution of displacement for each gear

group.

. Gear = 3 → Highest Displacement

The boxplot shows that cars with 3 forward gears have a higher median
displacement, and the range (box + whiskers) is spread over larger engine
sizes.

This suggests that older or heavier vehicles, such as classic muscle cars or
luxury sedans, often come with:

Fewer gears

Larger engines
Less fuel efficiency

These cars are designed more for power and torque than for speed or
agility.

Gear = 5 → Lower Displacement

Cars with 5 gears show a lower engine displacement, with a tighter spread
and smaller median value.

This typically represents:

Modern, performance-tuned vehicles

Compact sports cars

Fuel-efficient or economy-class cars

These engines may be smaller in size, but paired with more gears for
better performance, speed, and efficiency.