Ex.

No:3
VirtualMachinesetup
3.1)Settingupand configuringanewvirtual machine.

3.1SettingupandconfiguringanewVirtualMachine

The New Virtual Machine Wizard guides you through the key steps for setting up a new virtual
machine, helping you set various options and parameters. You can then use the virtual machine
settings editor (VM > Settings) if you need to make any changes to your virtual machine's setup.
Steps to a New Virtual Machine

By default, the new virtual machine uses an IDE disk for Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me,
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, NetWare and FreeBSD guests. The default for other guest
operating systems is a SCSI disk.

Followthesesteps tocreate avirtual machineusingavirtual disk.

1. StartVMwareWorkstation.
Windows hosts: Double-click the VMware Workstation icon on your desktop or use the Start
menu(Start >Programs >VMware >VMware Workstation).
Linuxhosts:Inaterminalwindow,enterthecommandvmware&

2. If this is the first time you have launched VMware Workstation and you did not enter the serial
numberwhenyouinstalledtheproduct(anoptionavailableonaWindowshost),youareprompted to
enter it. The serial number is on the registration card in your package or in the email message
confirming your electronic distribution order. Enter your serial number and click OK.
The serial number you enter is saved and VMware Workstation does not ask you for it again. For
your convenience, VMware Workstation automatically sends the serial number to the VMware Web
site when you use certain Web links built into the product (for

example,Help >VMwareontheWeb>RegisterNow!andHelp>VMwareonthe
Web >Request Support). This allows us to direct you to the correct Web page to register and get
support for your product.
3. StarttheNewVirtualMachineWizard.
When you start VMware Workstation, you can open an existing virtual machine or create a new one.
Choose File >New > Virtual Machine to begin creating your virtual machine.
4. TheNewVirtualMachineWizardpresents youwithaseriesofscreensthat younavigateusingthe Next
and Prev buttons at the bottom of each screen. At each screen, follow the instructions, then click
Next to proceed to the next screen
5. Selectthemethodyouwant touseforconfiguringyourvirtual machine.

IfyouselectTypical,thewizardpromptsyoutospecify oracceptdefaultsfor thefollowing choices: The

guest operating system
Thevirtualmachinenameandthelocationofthevirtualmachine'sfiles The
network connection type
Whetherto allocate all the space for avirtual disk at the time you create it
Whether to split a virtual disk into 2GB files
 Ifyouselect Custom, youalsocanspecifyhowto setup yourdisk— createanewvirtualdisk,use
anexistingvirtual disk oruseaphysical disk —andspecifythesettings needed forthetypeofdisk you
select. Thereis also an option to create a legacyvirtual disk for usein environments with other
VMware products.
SelectCustomifyouwantto
Setmemoryoptionsthataredifferentfromthe defaults
6. IfyouselectedTypical as yourconfigurationpath,skipto step7.
If you selected Custom as your configuration path, you may create a virtual machine that fully
supports all Workstation 5 features or a legacy virtual machine compatible with specific VMware
products.

ThisscreenaskswhetheryouwanttocreateaWorkstation5virtualmachineoralegacyvirtual machine. See Legacy

Virtual Disks for more information.
7. Selectaguestoperatingsystem.
 Thisscreenaskswhichoperatingsystemyouplantoinstallinthevirtualmachine.Selectbothan operating system and
a version. The New Virtual Machine Wizard uses this information to
Selectappropriatedefaultvalues,suchastheamountofmemoryneeded Name files
associated with the virtual machine
Adjustsettingsforoptimal performance
Workaroundspecialbehaviors andbugswithin aguest operating system
If the operating system you plan to use is not listed, select Otherfor both guest operating
systemand version.
The remaining steps assume you plan to install a Windows XP Professional guest operating system.
You can find detailed installation notes for this and other guest operating systems in the VMware
Guest Operating System Installation Guide, available from the VMware Web site or from the Help
menu.
8. Selectanameandfolderforthevirtual machine.

IfyouselectedTypicalas yourconfigurationpath,skipto step10.

 If you selected Custom as your configuration path, you may adjust the memory settings or accept
the defaults, then click Next to continue.

10. Configurethenetworkingcapabilities ofthevirtualmachine

11. IfyouselectedTypical asyourconfigurationpath,click Finish andthewizardsetsupthefiles needed

for your virtual machine.
If you selected Custom as your configuration path, continuewith thesteps below to configure adisk for
your virtual machine.
12. SelectthetypeofSCSIadapter you wantto usewiththevirtual machine.

13. Selectthedisk youwantto usewith thevirtualmachine.

SelectCreateanewvirtual disk.
Virtual disks are the best choice for most virtual machines. They are quick and easy to set up
andcan be moved to new locations on the same host computer or to different host computers.

14. SelectwhethertocreateanIDEorSCSIdisk.
15. Specifythecapacityofthevirtual disk.

16. Specifythelocationofthevirtualdisk'sfiles.
 IfyouwanttospecifywhichdevicenodeshouldbeusedbyyourSCSIorIDEvirtualdisk, click Advanced.

17. ClickFinish.
Thewizardsets upthe filesneededfor yourvirtualmachine.

InstallaGuestOS in anExistingVirtualMachine

If you have created a virtual machine but haven't yet installed a guest operating system, you can
install one any time. You can install a guest OS from a CD or DVD, or from a CD/DVD image file.
Some operating systems are available as CD/DVD disc images only.
In some cases, the installation cannot be performed from a real CD/DVD disc because of disc
readingproblems. Insuchcases,itisrecommendedthatyoutrytoinstalltheoperatingsystem from
aCD/DVDdisc image ofthisdisc.ISOimagesof CD/DVDdiscs can becreatedusingathirdparty
imaging utility.
YoucanalsoinstalltheguestoperatingsystemusingaPXEservervianetwork.
Some operating systems are installed only from floppy disks. If your computer does not have floppy
drives, you can install such operating systems using images of installation diskettes or using real
floppydiskdrivesinsertedintoanexternalUSBfloppydiskdrive.Youcancreatefloppydisk images using
third-party applications.
InstallingfromaCD/DVDorits image
ToinstallaguestOSfromaCD/DVDorusingan image:
1. Selectthevirtual machine, andmakesurethatitisstopped.
2. ChooseConfigurefromtheVirtualMachinemenuto openVirtualMachine Configuration.
3. OpentheCD/DVD-ROMsettings, and configurethe virtual CD/DVD-ROMdrive settings.
o IfyouareinstallingfromarealCD/DVD,selecttheReal Device optionandspecify the real
drive to connect in the CD/DVD-ROM list. Then insert the CD/DVD disc with the operating
system files into the appropriate drive of the computer.
o Ifyouareinstallingfromanimagefile,selecttheImage file option,andspecifythe path
to the image file in the File field
1. ClickOKinVirtualMachineConfigurationto savethechanges.

2. Startyourvirtual machinebyclickingStart .
Theinstallation will launchsoonafterthevirtualmachineisstarted.

Note:IfyouneedtopressanykeysinsidethevirtualmachineduringtheguestOSinstallation,first
clickinsidethevirtualmachinewindowtocapturethekeyboardandmouseinputandthanpressthe
corresponding keys. To release the keyboard and mouse input back to the host OS, press Ctrl+Alt.
For more information, refer to Capturing and Releasing the Keyboard and the Mouse.

Installingfromthenetwork
1. ChooseConfigurefromtheVirtualMachinemenuto openVirtualMachine Configuration.
2. Click the Add button inthebottom part ofthe Virtual Machine Configuration dialogto
launch Add Hardware Assistant.

Note:TheAddbuttonisdisabledwhenthevirtualmachineisrunning.Youneedtoshutdownthe virtual
machine before you can use this button.

3. Addanetworkadaptertoyourvirtualmachine configuration.
4. OpentheBoot Order paneinVirtualMachineConfigurationandchangethebootsequenceto
make the virtual network adapter the first device in the sequence. To this effect, select Network
Adapter in the list and use the arrow buttons to move it to the top of the list.
5. ClickOKto applythechanges.

6. Startthevirtual machinebyclickingStart .
Soonafter yourvirtual machineisstarted, alistofavailablePXEservers appears.
During the installation, when the guest OS reboots for the first time or after the installation, return
the boot sequence to booting from the hard disk.
Installingfromafloppydiskimage
 1. Selectthevirtual machineandmakesurethat itisstopped.
2. Toconnecttheinstallation medium,openVirtual MachineConfiguration by:
o right-clickingthemachineandchoosingConfigurefromtheshortcutmenu, or
o choosingConfigurefrom theVirtualMachine menu.
3. OpentheFloppy Disk paneandspecifythepathtothefloppyimagediskfileintheImage File
field.
4. ClickOKto applythechanges

5. Startthevirtual machinebyclickingStart .
Theinstallation willlaunchsoonafterthevirtualmachineisstarted.
ReinstallingtheguestOS
The procedure for reinstalling the guest OS is the same as the procedure of installing the guest OS:
provide the installation media or its image, connect it to the virtual machine, and start the virtual
machine. The reinstallation will launch soon after the virtual machine is started.

Note:YoucanreinstalltheguestOSofthesametypeonly.However,youarefreetochoosethe guest OS
version.

Keep in mind that in some cases, it is easier just to create a new virtual machine, install the guest
OS, and delete the old machine after moving all the necessary data to the new one.
Exportingandpackaging anexistingVirtualMachineintoaportableformat.

You can export a virtual machine from Fusion Pro to Open Virtualization Format (OVF). You can
export both .ovf and .ova files.

FusionProconvertsthevirtualmachinefromVMwareruntime(.vmx)formattoOVFformat.

OVFisaplatform-independent,efficient,extensible,andopenpackaginganddistributionformatfor virtual
machines. OVF format provides a complete specification of the virtual machine, including the full
list of required virtual disks and the required virtual hardware configuration. The virtual hardware
configuration includes CPU, memory, networking, and storage. An administrator can quickly
provision an OVF-formatted virtual machine with little or no intervention.

You can also use the standalone version of OVF Tool to convert a virtual machine that is in VMware
runtime format to an OVF virtual machine. The standalone version of OVF Tool is installed in
the Fusion Pro installation directory under Contents/Library/VMware OVF Tool . See the OVF Tool
User Guide documentation on the VMware Web site for information about using OVF Tool.

Prerequisites

 Verifythatthevirtualmachineisnotencrypted.Youcannotexportanencryptedvirtualmachineto OVF
format.
 Verifythatthevirtualmachineispoweredoff.
 Procedure
1. OpenVMwarevSphere Clientandlogon.
2. Selectthevirtualmachine.
3. SelectFile>Export>ExportOVFTemplate:

4. SelectdestinationDirectory(localharddriveisrecommended).
 5. Selectformat.

1. ChooseSingle file(OVA)touseless disk space.

2. ChooseFolderofFiles(OVF)to exportin less time.

6. Waitforexportto complete.
 Ex.No:4

Installationofsoftware’sandbasiccommands
4.1) Installation of Linux operating
Systems.4.2)Installation of MS
Windows operating Systems.

Installation of linux
Linux is the foundation of thousands of open source operating systems designed to replace Windows
andMacOS. It isfreeto downloadand installon anycomputer.Becauseitisopensource, thereare a variety
of different versions, or distributions, available developed by different groups.

Download the Linux distribution of your choice. If you're new to Linux, consider trying a
lightweightandeasytousedistribution,suchasUbuntuorLinuxMint.Linuxdistributions(knownas
"distros") are typically available for free to download in ISO format. You can find the ISO for the
distribution of your choice at the distribution’s website. This format needs to be burned to a CD or
USB stick before you can use it to install Linux. This will create a Live CD or Live USB.
ALiveCDorLiveUSB isadiskthatyou canbootinto,andoftencontains apreviewversionofthe operating
system that can be run directly from the CD or USB stick.
Install an image burning program, or use your system’s built-in burning tool if you are using
Windows7,8,orMacOSX.PenDriveLinux andUNetBootinaretwo populartoolsforburning ISO files to
USB sticks.
Step2BootintotheLiveCDorLiveUSB: Mostcomputers aresettobootintotheharddrivefirst, which
means you will need to change some settings to boot from your newly-burned CD or USB. Start by
rebooting the computer.
Oncethecomputerreboots,pressthekey used toenterthebootmenu. The keyforyoursystemwill be
displayed on the same screen as the manufacturer’s logo. Typical keys include F12, F2, or Del. For
Windows 8 users, hold the Shift key and click restart. This will load the Advanced Startup Options,
where you can boot from CD.
ForWindows10users,go toadvancedbootin settingsandclick"Restart Now."
If your computer doesn't give you direct access to the boot menu from the manufacturer's splash
screen, it's most likely hidden in the BIOS menu. You can access the BIOS menu in the same way
that you would get to the boot menu. At the manufacturer splash screen, the key should be listed in
one of the bottom corners.
Once you're in the boot menu, select your live CD or USB. Once you’ve changed the settings, save
and exit the BIOS setup or boot menu. Your computer will continue with the boot process.

Step3 Try out the Linux distribution before installing: Most Live CDs and USBs can launch a
"live environment", giving you the ability to test it out before making the switch. You won’t be able
to create files, but you can navigate around the interface and decide if it’s right for you.
Step4 Start the installation process: If you’re trying out the distro, you can launch the installation
from the application on the desktop. If you decided not to try out the distribution, you can start the
installation from the boot menu.
Youwillbe askedto configuresomebasicoptions, suchas language,keyboard layout,and timezone.

Step5Createausernameandpassword: YouwillneedtocreatelogininformationtoinstallLinux. A
password will be required to log into your account and perform administrative tasks.

Step 6 Set up the partition: Linux needs to be installed on a separate partition from any other
operatingsystemsonyourcomputerifyouintenddualbootingLinuxwithanotherOS.Apartitionis a portion
of the hard drive that is formatted specifically for that operating system. You can skip this step if you
don't plan on dual booting. Distros such as Ubuntu will set a recommended partition
automatically.Youcanthenadjustthismanuallyyourself.MostLinuxinstallationsrequireatleast20 GB, so
be sure to set aside enough room for both the Linux operating system and any other programs you
may install and files you may create.
If the installation process does not give you automatic partitions, make sure that the partition you
createis formattedas Ext4. Ifthecopy ofLinux you areinstalling is theonly operating system on the
computer, you will most likely have to manually set your partition size.

Step 7 Boot into Linux: Once the installation is finished, your computer will reboot. You will see a
new screen when your computer boots up called “GNU GRUB”. This is a boot loader that handles
Linux installations. Pick your new Linux distro from the list. This screen may not show up if you only
have one operating system on your computer. If this screen isn't being presented to you automatically,
then you can get it back by hitting shift right after the manufacturer splash screen. If you install
multiple distros on your computer, they will all be listed here.

Step8Checkyourhardware: MosthardwareshouldworkoutoftheboxwithyourLinux distro, though

you may need to download some additional drivers to get everything working.
Some hardware requires proprietary drivers to work correctly in Linux. This is most common with
graphics cards. There is typically an open source driver that will work, but to get the most out of your
graphics cards you will need to download the proprietary drivers from the manufacturer.
In Ubuntu, you can download proprietary drivers through the System Settings menu. Select the
AdditionalDriversoption,andthenselectthegraphicsdriverfromthelist.Otherdistroshavespecific methods
for obtaining extra drivers.
Youcanfindotherdrivers fromthislistas well,suchasWi-Fi drivers.
StartusingLinux. Onceyourinstallationiscompleteandyou’veverifiedthatyourhardwareis
working, you’re ready to start using Linux. Most distros come with several popular programs
installed, and you can download many more from their respective file repositories.

StepstoinstallWindows10

Step 1: Download Windows 10 ISO image from http://windows.microsoft.com/en-

us/windows/preview-iso.ReadmoreaboutWindows10technicalpreviewISOimages.

Step 2: Mount the ISO image as a drive or burn it into a DVD. Optionally, you can create
aWindows 10 bootable USB drive.

Step 3: Launch your virtual machine software and create a new virtual machine. You can read
moredetailsonhowtoinstallWindows10onVMWareWorkstation.

Step4:Afteryoucreatethevirtualmachine,followthestepsbelowtoinstallWindows10.

Step 5: In the welcome screen, choose your language settings and click the "Next" button to
proceed.
Step6:Acceptthelicensetermsandclick"Next"toproceed.

Step 7: In the next step, you have to select the drive to install. If you have multiple drives on
your computer, you will see them all there. Choose the correct drive to install. If you are
installingWindows10over anexistingWindows,youmay installsidebysideonanother drive.
Step 8: Installer will copy all the necessary files to the computer and continue with the
installation. Depending on your system configuration, it may take a while (10-20 minutes) to
complete the installation.
After successful installation, you will see the Windows welcome screen, which is similar to the
Windows 8 theme.

YouwillbepresentedwithanoptiontoselecttheSettings.Unlessyou wanttomakecustom
configuration, you can choose "Express Settings" and proceed.
In the next step, you will be prompted to select One Driveoption. If you don't want to integrate
OneDrivestorageforthiscomputer,youcanTurnOfftheOneDriveoptions.

The next step is installing some basic apps for your Windows 10 computer. No intervention
from your side is necessary. Windows will automatically install the apps for you. It may take
several minutes to complete the installation.

As part of installation, you will need to connect your Microsoft account with your OS to access
various services like Microsoft App Store. You will need to use the same Microsoft account to
login to your Windows.

You are all set. In a few minutes, Windows 10 will be configured and will be ready for you to
use. If you encounter any errors or have any suggestions for Microsoft to improvethe OS, don't
forget to report them to Microsoft.
Exp.No:5
NetworkingandInternet
5.1) Networkingcommands.
5.2) ExploringInternetandWorldWide Web.
5.3) ExploringSearchEngines,Cyberhygiene
5.1Networkingcommands.
Ping:Linuxpingcommandstandsfor(PacketInternetGroper).Itchecksconnectivitybetweentwo
nodestoseeifaserverisavailable.Itsends ICMP ECHO_REQUESTpacketstonetworkhostsand displays
the data on the remote server's response. It checks if a remote host is up, or that network interfaces
can be reached. Further, it is used to check if a network connection is available between two
devices. It is also handy tool for checking your network connection and verifying network issues.

Pingcommandkeepsexecutingandsendsthepacketuntilyouinterrupt. To stop

the execution, press "CTRL+C" keys.

Syntax:

Thepingcommandsupportsvariouscommand-lineoptions.But,thebasicsyntaxfortheping command is
as follows:
ping<option><destination>

Options:

Theping commandsupports thefollowingcommand-lineoptions:

-4:Itusedtouse IPv4only.

-6:Itisusedtouse IPv6only.
-V: Itisusedtodisplayversion information.

-h: Itisusedto displaythehelpmanual havinga briefdescriptionof theusageandsupport options.

ssh:sshenablesyoutoconnect securelywith remotehostsoverthe internet.

sshenablessecurecommunicationovertheinternetwiththefollowingtwofeatures: It

confirms that the remote host is, who it says it is.

Itencryptsallcommunicationbetweenthehosts.

Hereisanexampleshowinghow youcanconnect totheremotehost10.0.0.50usingthesshcommand:

me@ubuntu-xenial:~$ssh 10.0.0.50
Theauthenticityofhost'10.0.0.50(10.0.0.50)'can'tbe established.
ECDSAkeyfingerprintisSHA256:s2tNJQa/C1/W0SevGm7Rt3xoBZG1QL5yT3ff/+PMpnY. Are
you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes

You get a message saying that the authenticity of the host 10.0.0.50 cannot be established, this is
becauseit’sthefirsttimeaconnectionisbeingmadewith10.0.0.50(server)andthesshclienthas
neverseenthisremotehostbefore.Enteryestocontinueconnecting.Oncetheconnectionhasbeen established, you
are prompted for a password:
Warning:Permanentlyadded'10.0.0.50'(ECDSA)tothelistofknownhosts. [email protected]'s
password:
ifconfig:
Thecommandifconfigstandsforinterfaceconfigurator.Thiscommandenablesustoinitializean
interface, assign IP address, enable ordisable an interface. It display route and networkinterface.
You can view IP address, MAC address and MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) with
ifconfigcommand.
Anewerversionofifconfigisip command.ifconfigcommandworks forallthe versions.
Syntax:
ifconfig
 Lookattheabovesnapshot,itshowstheIPaddressofallthreethatiseth,loandwlan. Get details

of specific interface

TofindIPaddressofallthreedifferently,use command
1. ifconfigeth0
2. ifconfiglo
3. ifconfigwlan0

scp:scp(securecopy)isverysimilartocpcommandforcopyingfiles,withanaddition –youcan
includeremotehostnamesinthesourceordestinationpathnames.Thehostnameandthedirectory path are
separated by a colon. This enables you to copy files securely over the network in an encrypted
form. The following command copies a.txt from the local machine to 10.0.0.50 :
me@ubuntu-xenial:~$scpa.txt10.0.0.50:/home/me [email protected]'s
password:
a.txt 100% 0 0.0KB/s

netstat:Linuxnetstat command stands for Network statistics. It displays information about

different interface statistics, including open sockets, routing tables, and connection information.
Further, it can be used to displays all the socket connections (including TCP, UDP). Apart from
connectedsockets,italsodisplaysthesocketsthatarependingforconnections. Itisahandytoolfor network
and system administrators.

Syntax:

Thenetstatcommandsupportsvariouscommand-lineoptions.Thebasicsyntaxofthenetstat command is
as follows:
netstat
Options:

It supports multiple command-line options to print information about the Linux networking
subsystem.Theoutputiscontrolledbythefirstargument.Let's seethelistofthefirstarguments:
Next→←Prev
Linuxnetstat Command

Linux netstat command stands for Network statistics. It displays information about different
interface statistics, including open sockets, routing tables, and connection information. Further, it
can be used to displays all the socket connections (including TCP, UDP). Apart from connected
sockets,italsodisplaysthesocketsthatarependingforconnections. Itisahandytoolfornetwork and
system administrators.

Syntax:

Thenetstatcommandsupportsvariouscommand-lineoptions.Thebasicsyntaxofthenetstat command is
as follows:
netstat

Options:

It supports multiple command-line options to print information about the Linux networking
subsystem.Theoutputiscontrolledbythefirstargument.Let'sseethelistofthefirstarguments:

(none):Ifnooptionisspecified,itwillexecutethedefaultcommandthatdisplaysalistofopen sockets of all

configured address families.

--route,-r:Itisusedtoprintthekernelroutingtables.The"netstat -r"commandand"route-e" command will

produce the same output.

--groups,-g:Itisusedtodisplaymulticastgroupmembershipinformationdifferent IPversions (Ipv4 and

IPV6).

--interfaces,-i:Itisusedtodisplayallnetworkinterfaces.

--masquerade,-M:Itdisplaysmasqueradedconnections.

--statistics, -s:Thisoptiondisplaysthesummarystatisticsforeachprotocol.
Hereisanexample:
$netstat-i
KernelInterfacetable
IfaceMTUMetRX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OKTX-ERRTX-DRPTX-OVRFlg
eth0 1500 0 4001 0 00 2283 0 0 0 BMRU
eth1 1500 0 27154 0 00 838962 0 0 0 BMRU
lo 65536 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 LRU
Copy

Using-rflagwilldisplaytheroutingtable.Thisshowsthepathconfiguredforsendingnetwork packets.

$netstat-r
KernelIProutingtable
Destination Gateway Genmask
FlagsMSSWindowirttIfacedefault 10.0.2.2 0.0.0.0 UG
00 0 eth0
10.0.0.0 * 255.255.255.0U 00 0 eth1
10.0.2.0 * 255.255.255.0U 00
ipstatcommand to report statistics about IP traffic. ipstat provides options to gather and report
statisticsonlyonIPtrafficmatchingspecifiedsourceordestinationaddress,interface,andhigher layer
protocol. For more information, refer to the ipstat man page.
TogatherandreportstatisticsonIPtrafficbasedontheselectedoutputmodeandsortorder,usethe “ipstat -l”
with command.
#ipstat-l 5
SOURCE DEST PROTOINT BYTES
s11-server1.mydomain.com s11-desktop.mydomain.com UDP net0 39.0
s11-desktop.mydomain.com s11-server1.mydomain.com UDP net0 28.0
Total:bytesin:39.0bytesout:28.0
nslookup

ThiscommandisalsousedtofindDNSrelatedquery.

Syntax:
nslookup<domainName>
nslookupjavatpoint.com
Lookattheabovesnapshot,itdisplaystherecordinformationofjavatpoint.com traceroute
command

Linux traceroute command is a network troubleshooting utility that helps us determine the number
ofhopsandpacketstravelingpathrequiredtoreachadestination.Itisusedtodisplayhowthedata
transmitted from a local machine to a remote machine. Loading a web page is one of the common
examples of the traceroute. A web page loading transfers data through a network and routers. The
traceroute can display the routes, IP addresses, and hostnames of routers over a network. It can be
useful for diagnosing network issues.

Syntax:
traceroute[OPTION...]HOST Options:

Thefollowing command-lineoptions aresupported bythe traceroutecommand:

-f,--first-hop=NUM: Itisusedtosettheinitialhopdistance.

-g,--gateways=GATES:Itisusedtodisplayalistofgatewaysforloosesource routing.

-I,--icmp:ItisspecifiedtouseICMPECHOasa probe.

Totracetherouteofaconnectednetworkhost,passthenameoftheserverorIPaddressyouwantto connect. For

example, to trace the route of the server 'javatpoint.com,' execute the below command:
traceroutejavatpoint.com

Theabovecommandwilldisplayhops,packets,andmuchotherinformationonthegivenroute. Consider the

below output:
Tracethe RouteUsing Ipv4

The'4'optionisusedtotracetheroutetoahostnetworkusingtheIpv6protocol.Considerthe below
command:
traceroute4google.com

Theabovecommandwilltracetherouteto'google.com'byusingtheIpv6protocol.Considerthe below
output:

telnet:

telnetconnectdestination’shostandportviaatelnetprotocolifaconnectionestablishesmeans connectivity
between two hosts is working fine.
[root@lab~]#telnetgf.dev443 Trying
104.27.153.44...
Connectedtogf.dev.
Escapecharacteris'^]'.
hostCommand

Linux host command displays domain name for given IP address or vice-versa. It also performs
DNSlookupsrelatedtotheDNSquery.Thehostcommand'sdefaultbehaviordisplaysasummary of its
command-line arguments and supported options.

Syntax:

Thehostcommandsupportsvariouscommand-lineargumentsandoptions.Thebasicsyntaxforthe host
command is as follows:
host<name>

Options:

Thefollowingcommand-linearguments andoptionscanbeusedwiththehostcommand:

-4:ItisusedforIpv4address onlyforthequery.

-6:ItisusedforIPv6address onlyforthequery.

-a:The'-a'optionstandsfor"All."Itisequivalentto'-v','-r','s',anyoption.But,itinfluencesthe behavior of the '-

l ' option.

Ifweexecutethehostcommandwithoutanyarguments,itwilldisplayasummaryofcommand-line arguments and

supported options. Execute the command as follows:
host:

Theabovecommandwilldisplayalistofsupportedcommand-lineoptions.Considerthebelow output:

ftp: is the simplest file transfer protocol to exchange files to and from a remote computer or
network..SimilartoWindows,LinuxandUNIXoperatingsystemsalsohavebuilt-incommand-line
promptsthatcanbeusedasFTPclientstomakeanFTPconnection.Here’salistofcommonly used FTP
Linux and UNIX platforms commands.
4 UseonlyIPv4tocontactanyhost.
-6 UseIPv6only.

-e Disablescommandeditingandhistorysupport,ifitwascompiledintotheftpexecutable.Other
wise, it does nothing.

arp:ThecommandarpstandsforAddressResoslutionProtocol. Itallowsustovieworaddcontent into

kernel's ARP table.

Syntax:
arp

Lookat theabovesnapshot, command arpdisplays ARPtable

wget: Wget command is a Linux command line utility that helps us to download the files from the
web.WecandownloadthefilesfromwebserversusingHTTP,HTTPSandFTPprotocols.Wecan use wget
in scripts and cronjobs.
Wgetisanon-interactiveprogramsothatitwillruninthebackground.Oneofthegoodfeatureof wget
command is mirriong using this we can download the complete website from the web.
Let’shavealookatsomeexamplesof Wgetcommand

Howtodownload aWebPageusing wgetcommand?

Thebasicformat todownloadafilefrom thewebusingWgetcommand.

wgethttp://example.com/sample.php

routecommand in Linux is used when you want to work with the IP/kernel routing table. It is
mainly used to set up static routes to specific hosts or networks via an interface. It is used for
showing or update the IP/kernel routing table.
Syntax:$route

5.2)ExploringInternetandWorld Wide Web.

Theinternetisaworldwide,publiclynetworkofinterconnectedcomputer networks.Internetisthe
combination of Interconnection and Networks and is also called ‘Net’. The following are the
different networks available.

LAN-LocalAreaNetworkareprivatelyownednetworkswithinasinglebuildingorcampusofup to few
kilometers in size. Interconnection of computes within the room.

WAN:AWide AreaNetworkis anetworkthatconnectscomputerswithinabuildingor institution.

MAN:MetropolitanAreaNetworkisanetworkthatconnectsthecomputerswithinsomespecific geographic
area or town / city.

TCP/IP(TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol):Collectionofmethodsusedtoconnect servers on
the internet and to exchange data.
HTML(HyperText MarkupLanguage): Thecodingusedto controlthelook of documentson the
web.

HTTP(HyperTextTransferProtocol):Partofaurlthatidentifiesthelocationasonethatuses HTML.

IP(InternetProtocol):Aformatforcontentsandaddressesofpacketsofinformationsentoverthe internet.

IPADDRESS:AnidentifierforacomputerordeviceonaTCP/IP network.

SEARCHENGINE:Aprogramthatsearchesdocumentslocatedonthe Internetforkeywordsor phrases

entered by a person browsing the net.

InternetConnectionrequirements:
TCP/IPprotocol

Client Software

ISPAccountMeansofcommunicationtothenet

telephone Modem

Ethernet

ISDN(IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork)

DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)

Satellite.

5.3)ExploringSearchEngines,Cyberhygiene

A Web search engine is a tool designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.
Informationmayconsist ofwebpages,images,informationandothertypesoffiles.Somesearch engines
also mine data available in news books, databases, or open directories

Asearchengineoperates,inthefollowingorder

Web crawling

Indexing

Searching

Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from
theWWWitself.ThesepagesareretrievedbyaWebcrawler(sometimesalsoknownasaspider) — an
automated Web browser which follows every link it sees. When a user enters a query into a search
engine(typicallybyusingkeywords),the engineexaminesitsindexandprovidesalistingof best-matching
web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document's titleand
sometimes parts ofthe text. Most search engines support theuseof theBoolean operators AND, OR
and NOT to further specify the search query.

AOLSearch-enginethatdefaultstoANDlogicandoffersanOptionstemplateforeasysearch construction;
has an option to view results by popularity; offers a directory based on the Open Directory

Ask.com-generalsearch engineenhancedbyanumberofspecialtysearchesincludingadictionary, thesaurus,

currency converter, encyclopedia, maps, news and more (Site is a merging of the former search
engines Ask Jeeves and Teoma)

ChaCha-searchengine thatofferslivehumanguidestohelpanswerqueries
Cuil-searches averylargeindexofWebpagesand includesthumbnailsofsites in itssearch results

Factbites-betaenginethatsearchesforfulltopicmatchesandreturnsmeaningful,fullsentence excerpts of
sites in its results list

Google-rankspagesbytrackingthelinkslinksfrompagesrankedhighbytheservice.Alsocheck out
EcoSmartSearch.com, a Google-powered search engine with a black background display that saves
energy.Google offers a number of Services that are worth exploring, including:

GoogleBlogSearch, forsearchingblogentries

GoogleBookSearch,forsearchingthefulltextofbooksfrommostpublishersintheU.S. Google

Directory, for searching the Google version of the Open Directory

GoogleScholar,offersthefulltext,abstracts,and/orcitationstoscholarlymaterialsincludingbooks, journal
articles, documents in academic repositories and the free Web. This link will allow you to access the
full text of articles in journals to which the Libraries subscribe when you are off campus.

GoogleU.S.Government Search,asearchabledatabaseofU.S.governmentWebsites(.govand
.mil)rankedbylink popularity

LiveSearch-Microsoft's searchenginethatofferssearchesofthegeneralWebaswellassomedeep Web

sources and focused search including health, local, and questions/answers

Lycos-generalsearch enginethatalsoofferssearchesofafewdeepWebcontentsourcesincluding people

look-up, yellow pages and multimedia

Quintura-displaysatypeoftagcloudwithkeywordsrelatedto yoursearchthatcanbeselectedto generate new

results

SearchEdu.com-servicethatlimitsresultstothe.edu,domain;alsoofferstosearchwell-known dictionaries,
encyclopedias, almanacs, etc. See also:

Yahoo!-portal withageneralWebsearchandmanyothercontent services

CYBERHYGIENE:
Viruses,wormsandTrojanHorsesareallmaliciousprogramsthatcancausedamagetoyour computer.

Computer virus attaches itself to a program or file enabling it to spread from one computer to
another,leavinginfectionsasittravels.Almostallvirusesareattachedtoanexecutablefile,which
meansthevirusmayexistonyourcomputerbutitactuallycannot infect yourcomputerunless you run or
open the malicious program.

Awormissimilartoavirusbydesignandisconsideredtobeasub-classofavirus.Wormsspread from
computer to computer, but unlike a virus, it has the capability to travel without any human action.
A worm takes advantage of file or information transport features on your system, which is what
allows it to travel unaided.

ATrojanHorseisfullofasmuchtrickeryasthemythologicalTrojanHorseitwasnamedafter.The Trojan
Horse, at first glance will appear to be useful software but will actually do damage once installed or
run on your computer. Some Trojans are designed to be more annoying than malicious
(likechangingyourdesktop,addingsillyactivedesktopicons)ortheycan causeseriousdamageby deleting
files and destroying information on your system.

ProtectingComputerAgainstViruses&Worms:Therearethreebasicstepsthroughwhichwecan easily
protect our computer against the Viruses and Worms.

UpdatingWindows.Installing

Antivirus Software.

InstallingorConfiguringFirewall.

UPDATINGWINDOWS:MakesurethattheAutomaticUpdatesoptionisalwayssettoAutomatic. Updates
get downloaded automatically and get installed in a background process.

INSTALLING ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE: Antivirus software are computer programs that

attempttoidentify,neutralizeoreliminatemalicioussoftware.Theterm"antivirus"isusedbecause
theearliestexamplesweredesignedexclusivelytocombatcomputerviruses;howevermostmodern
antivirus software is now designed to combat a wide range of threats, including worms, phishing
attacks, rootkits, and Trojans, often described collectively as malware.

TOPANTIVIRUSSOFTWARES:

Norton AntiVirus 15.0.0.8 NOD32AntiVirus3.0.414RC1

McAfee VirusScan 10 Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.1.241 Beta

ClamWin 0.91.2 BitDefender 10 Free Edition

INSTALLING OR CONFIGURING FIREWALL:
TheWindowsFirewall generalsettingsallowyoutoconfiguretheseoptions:
On(recommended).This isthedefaultsetting(withDon'tallowexceptionsnotselected).
Don'tallowexceptions.Whenthischeckboxisselected,thefirewallisplacedintoOnWithNo Exceptions
mode which blocks all unsolicited requests to connect to your computer. Off (not

recommended).TurningoffWindowsFirewallmightmakeyourcomputermorevulnerableto damage
from viruses, worms, or intruders.
CUSTOMIZEWEBBROWSERS:BlockorAllowPop-upWindows Select

Tools > Options, and click the Content tab.

UnchecktheboxbesideBlockpop-upwindowstoallowallpopupwindows.Checktheboxtoblock all pop-

up windows.

Tospecifywhichsitescanorcannotlaunchpopupwindowsinyourbrowser,checktheboxand click
Exceptions to the right of it.

IntheExceptionsbox,enterthewebsite'saddress. Click

Allow.

Toremoveawebsitefromthelistofallowedsites,highlightit&clickRemoveSite. To clear

the list completely, click Remove All Sites.

Whenyou'redone,clickClose.
 Exp.No:6

6.1DemonstrationandPracticeonTextEditorslikeNotepad++,Sublime Text,
Atom, Brackets, Visual code, etc

Notepad++isanopensourcecodeeditorwritteninC++.Itsupportsvariousprogramming languages
running under the Microsoft Windows environment.

ItsupportssyntaxhighlightingforlanguageslikePHP,JavaScript,HTML,andCSS.Butithasa few
drawbacks.

HereisacuratedlistofTopCodeEditoralternativesthatcanreplaceNotepad++.Thislistincludes
commercial (paid) as well as open-source (free) code editors (IDE) with popular features and the
latest download link.

1) Atom

Atomisusefulcodeeditortoolpreferredbyprogrammersduetoitssimpleinterfacecomparedtothe other
editors. Atom users can submit packages and them for the software.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 PackageManager IntegratedforPluginssupport
 Thefeatureof smartautocompletion
 ThisNotepad++ alternativesupportsCommandPalette
 Multiplepanes
 Allowcross-platformediting
 2) Kite

KiteisIDEforNotepad++thatautomaticallycompletesmultiplelinecodes.Thiseditorsupports more
than 16 languages. It helps you to code faster with no hassle.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 ItoffersJavadocumentation.
 Thiseditor providesafunction signatureas youtype.
 Youwill get atooltip on mousehover.
 Providessupportin email.
 Usesmachinelearningmodels forJavalanguage.

Emacs

Emacs is a Unix based text editor tool which is used by programmers, engineers, students, and
systemadministrators.ItisoneofthebestNotepad++alternativesthatallowsyoutoadd,modify, delete,
insert, words, letters, lines, and other units of text.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:
 ThisalternativetoNotepad++provides complete built-indocumentation
 FullUnicodesupportfor many humanscripts
 Highlycustomizable,usingEmacsLispcode.
 Apackagingsystemfor installinganddownloadingextensions

4) NetBeans

NetBeans is an open-source code editor tool for developing with Java, PHP, C++, and other
programminglanguages.Withthiseditor,codeanalyzers,andconverters.Thiscodeeditorisbetter than
Notepad++ and it allows you to upgrade your applications to use new Java 8 language constructs.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 Easy&EfficientProject Management
 ThisNotepad++ alternativeoffersfast&SmartCode Editing
 RapidUserInterface Development
 Helpsyou towritebug-freecode

5) jEdit

jEdit,acodeeditorprogramwhichiswritteninJava.Thisopensourcetoolsupportshundredsof plugins and

macros. It offers a large collection of plugins maintained by a worldwide developer team.
 Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 Built-inmacrolanguage&extensiblepluginarchitecture
 ThisNotepad++ alternativeforMacallows copyandpaste withanunlimited numberofclipboards
 Youcan downloadplugins with thehelp ofthe pluginmanager.
 Registercontentsaresavedacross editingsessions.
 Allowsauto indent,and syntax highlightingover200languages

6) Geany

GeanyisatexteditorwhichusesGTK+toolkit.Italsohascertainbasicfeaturesofanintegrated development
environment. The tool supports many filetypes and has some nice features.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 ThisNotepad++alternativeLinuxallowsyoutoaddanoteforapplyingtheindentsettingsinthe project
preferences 
 Navigatingthroughthesourcecode
 Allowspopup menu on messagewindow notebooks andsidebar
 Showstatusmessageonattempttoexecuteempty context action
 7) TextMate

TextMateisaversatileplaintexteditorformacwithuniqueandinnovativefeatures.Thetooloffers support for

many programming languages, writing prose in structured formats such as blogging, running SQL
queries, writing screenplays, etc.

Price: Free

Platform:Mac

Features:

 Auto-IndentforCommon Actions
 CSS-likeSelectorsto findtheScopeofActionsand Settings
 DynamicOutlineforWorkingWith MultipleFiles
 FunctionPop-upforQuickOverviewand Navigation
 RunShellCommands fromWithinaDocument
 VisualBookmarkstoJumpBetweenPlacesinaFile

8) VIM

Vim is an advanced text editor open source tool which is also considered to be an IDE in its way.
ThistoolallowsmanagingyourtexteditingactivitieswithvimeditorsandUNIXSystemwhichcan be used
on-premise or online.

Price:Free
 Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 Extensiveplugin support
 Powerfulsearchand replace
 Integrateswithmanytools
 Macrorecordingandplayback
 Supportforhundredsof programminglanguagesandfileformats

9) Light Table

LightTableisanIDEandtexteditortoolforsoftwaredevelopment.Thetooloffersfastfeedback and
allowing instant execution, debugging and access to documentation.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 InlineEvaluation
 LightTableisalightweight,clean,andsleek interface.
 Powerfuleditingandpluginmanager
 Thefeatureof printlnto keep trackof critical valuesin your code

10) Brackets

BracketsisalightweighttooldevelopedbyAdobe.Itisanopensourcetexteditorwhichisfreeto download. It
allows you to a toggle between your source code and the browser view.
 Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 QuickEdit UIfeatureputs context-specificcodeandtoolsinline

 ThisNotepad++alternativeforWindowsofferslivepreview,preprocessorsupport,andinline
editors
 PleasantlookingUI
 EspeciallydevelopedtoolformacOS
 Itcomeswiththeinbuiltextensionmanagerforfast&effective extensionmanagement.

11) Bluefish

Bluefish a is a cross-platform editor is a speedy tool which can handle dozens of files
simultaneously.Thetoolallowsdeveloperstoconductremoteediting.Thiscodeeditortooloffers many
options to s programmers and web developers, to write websites, scripts, and programming code.

Price:Free

Platform:Mac,Windows,Linux

Features:

 ThisNotepadplusplusalternativeloadshundredsoffileswithinseconds
 Auto-recoveryofchangesinmodifieddocuments after acrash,killorshutdown.
 Projectsupportfeaturehelpsyou toworkefficiently onmultiple projects.
 Unlimitedundo/redofunctionality.
 Exp.No:7

i. DemonstrationandpracticeonMicrosoftWord-Formatting,PageBorders,Reviewing,Equations,
symbols.
Word-Formatting,PageBorders,Reviewing,Equations,symbols.

Microsoft Word is a word processing software and is currently the most common word
processor on the market. Because it is so common, the .doc format has become the de facto format
fortextdocuments.Wordfilescan alsobeusedtocreateotherfileformats,suchasPDFand HTML. There
are several things that can be done to make content created in Word more accessible.

HOMESCREEN

MicrosoftWord2007is differentfrompreviousversionsofMicrosoftWord.

Menus
Whenyou
begin
toexplore
Word

RollNumber: Page 65
 2007youwillnoticeanewlooktothemenubar.Youshouldrememberthreefeaturesasyouwork within Word
2007:
 TheMicrosoftOfficeButton
 TheQuickAccess Toolbar
 TheRibbon
Thesethreefeaturescontainmanyofthefunctionsthatwereinthemenuofpreviousversionsof Word. The
functions of these three features will be outlined below.
TheMicrosoft

TheOfficeButtonistheroundiconatthetopleft-handcorner.Itincludesthe basic File

Functions from the older version of Office

New,Open,Save,Save As,Print, etc.

ClickontheOfficeButtonicon.Youwillseethemainfilefunctionsinthe pull-
down menu.

TheQuickAccessToolbarcontainsshortcutsto Save,
Undo, and Repeat Tools
Quick WerecommendalwaysusingMSOfficeButton>>SaveAstomakesure your
Access work is being saved properly
Toolbar
TheMenuorToolbarfromolderversionsofMSOfficehavebeenreplaced with
Ribbon Tabs.
RibbonTabs

Ribbon

RollNumber: Page66
Tool Group RibbonTabsarebrokenintosub-sectionscalledToolGroups. Example

Hereis theClipboard Groupunderthe

Home Tab

BasicfunctionssuchasCut, Copy,and
Pastearerepresentedas icons

When you hold the mouse over each

icon, a small window will appear to
show you

The keyboard shortcut for that Tool

AdescriptionofwhatthatTooldoes

Theimagetotherightshowsthewindowthaappearswhenyouholdthe mouse
over the Cut Tool icon

TakesometimetoexploretheRibbonTabsandToolGroupsandlearn When
where to find the Tools you use most frequently.
youclickonthesmallarrowatthebottom
right-hand corner of Tool Group box, a
Dialog Box Dialog Box appears.

The Dialog Box provides additional

Formatting options related to the Tool
Group that you chose.
Thearrowatthebottomofthe“Paste”buttonindicatesthat you
can drop down a Context Menu.

The Context Menu provides

more options related to the
Context function you are working with.
Menu

RollNumber:
Page67
 Formatting Inordertoformatoredit anyinsertedobject(ex.images,tables,etc.)
Tools Tab
1. Youmustfirstselecttheobjectbyclickingontheimageorbringthecursor inside
the table.

2. ThentheFormattingToolsTabappears attheright-handendofthe
RibbonTabs.Itprovidestheformattingpalettesfortheselected object.

MicrosoftWordShortcuts:

 ToCreateaNewDocument:ClicktheOfficeButton,selectNew,andclickCreate,orpress
<Ctrl>+<N>.
 ToOpenaDocument:ClicktheOfficeButton andselect Open,orpress<Ctrl>+<O>.
 ToSaveaDocument:Clickthe Save buttonontheQuickAccessToolbar,orpress
<Ctrl>+<S>.
 ToSaveaDocumentwithaDifferentName:ClicktheOfficeButton,selectSaveAs,andentera new name
for the document.
 ToPreviewaDocument:ClicktheOfficeButton,pointtothePrintlistarrow,andselectPrint Preview.
 ToPrintaDocument:ClicktheOfficeButton andselectPrint,orpress<Ctrl>+<P>.
 ToUndo:Clickthe Undobutton on theQuick Access Toolbarorpress<Ctrl>+<Z>.

 ToClosea Document: Clickthe Closebuttonor press<Ctrl>+<W>.

 ToGetHelp:Press <F1>to opentheHelp window.Typeyourquestionand press<Enter>.
 ToExitWord:ClicktheOfficeButton andclickExitWord.

 ToCutorCopyText: Select thetext youwant tocut orcopy andclick the Cut orCopy 

buttonintheClipboardgroup onthe Hometab.

 ToPasteText:Placetheinsertionpointwhereyouwanttopasteandclickthe Paste buttonin the

Clipboard group on the Home tab. 
 ToFormatSelectedText:UsethecommandsintheFontgroupontheHometab,orclickthe
DialogBoxLauncher intheFont grouptoopen theFontdialog box.

RollNumber:
Page68
  To Copy Formatting with the Format Painter: Select the text with the formatting you want to

copyandclickthe FormatPainterbuttonintheClipboardgroupontheHometab.Then, select the text

you want to apply the copied formatting to. 
 To Change Paragraph Alignment: Select the paragraph(s) and click the appropriate alignment

button(Align Left, Center, AlignRight,or Justify)intheParagraph groupon the Home tab. 

 To Indenta Paragraph: Click the Increase Indent button in theParagraph groupon the Home tab.

 To Decreasean Indent: Click the DecreaseIndent button in theParagraph groupon theHome tab.
 To Add a Tab Stop: Click the Tab alignment box on the Ruler until yousee the type of tab you
want to insert. Then, click on the Ruler where you want to insert the tab stop. 
 To Adjust or Remove a Tab Stop: Click and drag the tab stop to the desired position on the Ruler.
Click and drag the tab stop off the Ruler to remove it. 

 To Change Paragraph Line Spacing: Click the Line Spacing button in the Paragraph group on
the Home tab and select an option from the list.
 To Create a Bulleted or Numbered List: Select the paragraphs you want to bullet or number and

click the Bullets or Numbering button in the Paragraph group on the Hometab.
 ToChangeaDocument’sMargins:ClickthePageLayouttabontheRibbon,clicktheMargins
buttoninthePageSetup group,and selecta setting.
 ToChangePageOrientation: Click the PageLayouttab on theRibbon, click the Orientation
button,andselect anoption fromthelist.
 ToInsertaHeaderorFooter:ClicktheInserttabontheRibbonandclicktheHeaderorFooter
buttonintheHeader& Footer group.
 ToInsert aManual PageBreak:Clickthe Inserttab on theRibbon andclick the PageBreak
buttonin thePageSetup group.
 ToInsertaSectionBreak:ClickthePageLayouttabontheRibbon,clicktheBreaksbuttonin the Page
Setup group, and select the type of break you want to insert.
 ToCorrectaSpellingError:Right-clicktheerrorandselectacorrectionfromthecontextual menu.
Or, press <F7>to run the Spell Checker.
RollNumber:
Page69
 ToFind Text:Click the FindbuttonintheEditing groupon the Hometab.

 ToReplaceText:Clickthe ReplacebuttonintheEditinggroupontheHometab. There

are seven ribbon tabs available in MS-Word 2007

Home:Clipboard,Fonts,Paragraph,Styles,andEditing.

Insert:Thistabhandlesanythingyoumightwanttoinsertintoadocument,suchastables, pictures,
charts, hyperlinks, bookmarks, headers and footers, WordArt, etc.

Page Layout: Here's where you'll change margins, page size and orientation, set up
columns,alignobjects,addeffectsandsoon.Therearesomegreyareasbetweenthistab and the
Home tab.

References:Thistabhandlestablesofcontents,footnotes,bibliographies,indexesandsimilarmaterial.

RollNumber: Page70
Mailings:Thisiswhereyou'llgoforanythingtodowithmailings,fromcreatinglabelsto mail
merges.

Review:Thisiswheretogoifyouneedtocheckspellingandgrammarorlookupawordin a
thesaurus.

View:Here'swheretogowhenyouwanttochangetheviewinanyway,includingdisplayinga ruler and

gridlines, zooming in and out, splitting a window and so on.

RollNumber:
Page71
ExpNo:8

MicrosoftExcel-Organizedata,usageofformula,graphsandcharts.

MICROSOFTEXCEL

Microsoft Excel is an electronicspreadsheet that runs on apersonal computer. Youcan use it

to organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical
calculations quickly.Excel 2007 has eight standard ribbon tabs
HOME SCREEN:

ICONS DESCRIPTIONS
Clipboard
Pastesthecontentsoftheclipboardinthecursor’s currentlocation
 Placesthecurrentlyselecteditemontheclipboard,itwillberemovedfromits current
location once it is pasted in a new location

Copiesthecurrentlyselected itemtotheclipboard
Copies the formatting of the currently selected item to apply to the next
selecteditem
Showstheclipboardandotheroptions

FONTS
Font

Fontsize

Increasefontsize

Decreasefontsize

Bold
Italics
Underline(thearrowwillgiveyoulineoptions)

Apply thelastusedborder(thearrowwillgiveyouborderoptions)

Applythelastusedcellcolor(thearrowwillgiveyoucolor options)

Applythelastusedfontcolor(thearrowwillgiveyoucolor options)

Morefont options

ALIGNMENT

Aligncontentstotop, middle,orbottom
Changetheangle ofthetext in the cell
Aligncellcontentstoleft,center,or right
Increaseordecreaseindent
Makeallcellcontentsvisiblebywrappingtomultiple lines

Merges selected cells into one cell and centers the contents
(thearrow provides more options)
Morealignment options
SOMEADVANCEDICONS

Numberformat(i.e.currency,percentage,date)
Accounting
numberformatcurrency(alternatecurrenciesareavailable using the
arrow)
Displaycell contentsasa percentage
Displaythecellvaluewithathousand’sseparating comma
Increaseordecreasethe numberofdecimal places
Morenumberoptions
Automaticallyformatcellsbased onthecellcontents

Formattheselectedcellsasatable

Formatcellsbyusingpre-definedstyles

Insertcell,row,orcolumn
Deletecell,row,orcolumn
Variouscell,row,orcolumnformattingoptions
Autosum(thearrow providesothercommon formulas)
Fill
Clear
Arrangeand viewdatabysortingor filtering

Findtext,formatting,ortypeofinformation

InsertTab

Insertpivottable or Insertanothertype
pivot chart of chart

Inserttable Insertahyperlink
to a website
 Insert a Insertatextbox
picture
from a file
Insert Microsoft Insert a
clip art header
and/or a footer

Insert shapes InsertWordArt

or drawing
canvas
Insert a Smart Art Insert asignature
diagram line

Insert a column Insert a range of

chart other types of
objects

Insertalinechart Insertasymbol

Insertapie chart Insert an

area chart

Insertabar chart Insert a

scatter
chart

FREEZEORLOCKROWS AND COLUMNS

You can view two areas of a worksheet and lock rows or columns in one area by freezing or
splitting panes (pane: A portion of the document window bounded by and separated from other
portionsbyverticalorhorizontalbars.).Whenyoufreezepanes,youselectspecificrowsorcolumns that
remain visible when scrolling in the worksheet.

Stepstocreate:

For example, you would freeze panes to keep row and column labels visible as you scroll, as shown
in the following example
1. Firstprepareatableas bellow.

2. Thebelowdocumentscontainsfull tablebeforefreezing

3. Toapplyfreezepane,selecttherequiredrowor column
4. NowgotoviewtabandclickonFreeze Panes

.
5. NowselectFreezePanes
 6. Thebelow documents seems toviewonlyhalfofthedocument actuallyremaining halfis hide
after freezing

7. Tounfreezegoto thesameandselectUnfreeze panes

APPLYINGAUTOFILL

Using the fill handle (fill handle: The small black square in the lower-right corner of the selection.
When you point to the fill handle, the pointer changes to a black cross.), you can quickly fill cells in
a range with a series of numbers or dates or with a built-in series for days, weekdays, months, or
years.

1. Selectthefirstcell intherangethatyouwanttofill.
2. Typethestartingvaluefor theseries.
3. Typeavalueinthenextcellto establish apattern.
 4. Selectthecell orcellsthat containthestartingvalues.
5. Dragthefill handle acrosstherangethatyouwantto fill.

6. Nowdragasbellowandleavethemouse

7. Nowyoucanfindtherequirednumbersdisplayedautomatically

8. Tofill in increasing order,dragdownorto the right. To fill in decreasingorder,dragup orto the

left

ApplyingFormatCells, FormattingText

Step1: createatableas followsusingthefollowing.

APPLINGFONT:
FonttoolwindowbypressingCtrl+ Shift+Fwewill getthefollowingwindow
 APPLINGALIGNMENT:

ALIGNTEXTTOTHE LEFT

1. Selectthetextthat youwanttoformat.

2. OntheHometab,in theAlignment group, clickAlignLeft.

KeyboardshortcutToalignselectedtexttotheleft,pressCTRL+L.

ALIGNTEXTTOTHE RIGHT

1. Selectthetextthat youwantto format.

2. OntheHometab,in theAlignment group, click AlignRight.

KeyboardshortcutToalignselectedtexttotheright,press CTRL+R.

CENTERTEXT

1. Selectthetextthat youwantto format.

2. OntheHometab,inthe Alignment group, click Center.

KeyboardshortcutTocenterselectedtext,pressCTRL+E.

IMPLEMENTINGCONDITIONAL FORMATTING

Useaconditionalformattohelpyouvisuallyexploreandanalyzedata,detectcriticalissues,and identify
patterns and trends.
ItAlso Helps Us To DoTheFollowing:

Learnmoreaboutconditionalformatting

Format all cells by using a two-color scale

Formatallcellsbyusingathree-colorscale

Format all cells by using data bars

Formatallcellsbyusing aniconset

Formatonlycellsthatcontaintext,number,ordateortimevalues

Format only top or bottom ranked values

Formatonlyvaluesthatareaboveorbelowaverage

Format only unique or duplicate values

Useaformulatodeterminewhich cellsto format

Clearconditionalformats

Formatallcellsbyusingatwo-color scale

Color scales are visual guides that help you understand data distribution and variation. A two-color
scale helps you compare a range of cells by using a gradation of two colors. The shade of the color
represents higher or lower values. For example, in a green andred color scale, you can specify higher
value cells have a more green color and lower value cells have a more red color.
 ExpNo:9
PowerPoint-Featuresofpowerpoint,guidelinesforpreparinganeffectivePresentation.

 It is best to outline your entire presentation before working too much on the style and layout of
your presentation. When left to the end it is much less time consuming to work on the style and
format of your slides. Keep in mind the content of your presentation is the most important part of
it!
 Keep your points short and straightforward. Points should be complimentary to your oral
presentation.
 PowerPoint allows you to add a lot of distracting sounds and excessive animations to your
presentation. It is best to keep all animation as simple as possible and only use sounds if absolutely
necessary.
 Stay away from unusual fonts. If you are presenting on an unfamiliar computer the font you have
chosen may not work. Arial and Times New Roman are common fonts.
 Thinkofcontrast.If you useadarkbackground uselight-coloredtext andviceversa.
 Refrainfromusingbackgrounds thatwill obscure yourtextcolour.

 TheMSOfficeButtoncontainsthemainfilefunctionsNew,Open,Save,Saveas,Print,Print Preview, etc.

 TheQuickAccessToolbarcontainsshortcutstoSave,Undo,andRepeat
 EachRibbonTabdisplays aRibbonthat providesasetofToolGroups.
 The Ribbon Tab and theTool Groups in the Ribbon correspond to the Menu and Toolbar in
Word2000 and 2003
 TheNameofeach ToolGroupis listedatthebottom oftheGroup
 Example-IntheHome Tab, thethirdToolGroupis namedFont
 Thename "Font"is undertheFontTool Group
 TochangetheTool Groups beingdisplayedin theRibbon
 Clickontheappropriate Ribbon Tab
 Example-TheHomeTab containsTool Groupsfor themostcommonlyused Tools
 Clipboard,Font,Paragraph, andStyletoolsin Word
 Some Tool Group boxes have a small arrow in the bottom right-hand corner. If you click on this
arrow, PowerPoint will open a Dialog Box which offers more options and settings related to that
Tool Group
 In PowerPoint 2007, you will find that tools with similar uses are organized so that they are usually
found within the same Tool Group or at least within one Ribbon. If you do not find a tool in the
Ribbon you think it should be in, try exploring the other Ribbon Tabs.
HOMEPAGE:
Createanewpresentation MS Office Button >> New -- New Presentation window
opens up
The MSOfficeButton islocated in the top left
corner of theWord 2007 Window
Tostartanewfilefromscratch:
Choose“BlankDocument”andpress “Create”.

Therearetemplatesavailableontheleftpanelfor
creating a presentation of a
specifictype(ie. photoalbum or calendar).
Openanexistingpresentation
MSOfficeButton>>Open
Findyourpresentationinthe“Open”window.
PowerPoint 2007 will open files created with
older versions of PowerPoint
(*.ppt)aswellasPowerPoint2007files (*.pptx)

Open a file from a different PowerPoint 2007 will automatically convert a

version or format document from a compatible version of PowerPoint

Your document will open in CompatibilityMode

This will prevent you from using certain tools in

Office 2007 which are not compatible with Office
2000 or 2003

When you finish editing a document, be VERY

CAREFUL to save any converted documents in their
original format

Please read the Important Notes below regarding

saving in Office 2007
 MSOfficeButton >>Save
Savethecurrentdocument Please read the Important Notes above regarding
saving in
Office2007

Save a document under a

different name, version, or MSOfficeButton >>SaveAs...
format InthebarsatthebottomoftheSaveAs...sub window:

o Giveyourdocumentanewnamein“FileName:”
o Selecttheversionandformatfrom“Saveas type:”

Addanew slide HomeTab>>Slides>> NewSlide

Click on New Slide button. It adds a new slide in the
default layout "Title and Content.”
Click on the arrow at the bottom corner of the New
Slide button. You can select the slide layout from the
Default Design pallet.
Click Layout button. You can select and change the
slide layout.
ClickDeletebuttontodeletethecurrent slides.

ViewingSlidesin PowerPoint 2007 Workspace

Layoutofframesin“Normal When you first open a new presentation in
PowerPoint the main window has three frames:
View”
TherightbiggestframeshowstheCurrentSlide. The
left frame has two tabs:
Slides tab displays the slides as thumbnails
Outlinetabdisplaysawrittenoutlineofeachslide of
yourpresentation.
ThebottomframeisforNotestoremindyouof points
for each slide.

Differentviewsallowyouto ViewTab>>Presentation Views

manage different aspects of NormalView-AwindowsplitsintoSlide,Notes,

yourpresentation. andtheleftframewhere youcanchooseeitherSlides
ThumbnailsorSlidesOutline.Allowsyoutofocus on a
slide and see everything about the slide at once.
SlideSorter-Givesthumbnailsofalltheslidesinthe
presentation. Lets you see the big picture.
Allowsyou to sort, move, add and delete slides
easily.
Usefulnearendof aproject
NotesPage-Displaysapagelayoutofthenotesand the
slide. Allows you to
rearrangethenotesandcomparethemtothecontent of
your slide.
SlideShow-Playsthepresentationfromthe beginning.
Insertingand FormattingTextand Objects

Add text with text HomeTab >>Drawing>>Text Box

In PowerPoint all text is contained in Text Boxes.
boxes
ClickonTextBoxbutton>>Clickanywhereinthe slide.
Dragcirclecornerpointsorsquaresidepointsofthe text
box to change its size.
Clickwithinthebox totypetext.

Formattextbox

Selectthetextbox.TheDrawingToolsTabappears.
ClickontheFormattab.FormattheselectedtextboxinShape Styles:
o ShapeFill--Changes thefill color
o ShapeOutline--Changes the color,width,linestyleofoutline
o ShapeEffects--Appliesvisualeffects(shadow,bevel,etc.)to the
text box

AddWordArt--fancy text InsertTab>>Text>> WordArt

ClickontheWordArtbutton>>Selectthestyle you
like
AWordArtTextBoxappearsintheslide.Typein.
Formatanimageand Formattingprocessisbasicallythesameasformatting"textbox,"
ClipArt "WordArt," or

"Shape."

Select objects (image or clip art). Picture Tool Tab appears.

FormatobjectsusingAdjustGroup,PictureStylesGroupand
Arrange
Group.
Moveobjects: Seethe instruction of"MoveText Box"

FormattingSlideDesign

Changethebackground DesignTabs>>Background>>BackgroundStyles
ClickontheFormatBackgroundbuttonatthebottom. Format
Background window appears.
o Youcansetthecolor,solidorgradient,transparencyorchoose
picture/texture fill
o ClickonClosebuttontoapplychangesonlytothe current slide
o ClickonApplytoAlltoapplychangestoallthe slide
Changethetheme DesignTabs>> Themes
Movethecursoroverthethemebuttonstopreviewdifferent
themes on your current slide.
Clickonanythemebuttontochoosethetheme,whichwillbe applied
to all the slides in your presentation.
Colors--Changesthecolorschemeofthecurrenttheme Fonts --
Changes the font of the current theme
Effects--Changestheeffects ofthecurrenttheme
FormattingPresentationinSlideMaster
TheSlideMasteracts asatemplatefor yourentirepresentation.
AlteringanythingontheSlideMasterwill change itforall theslidesinyourpresentation

ObjectsandAnimation

FinishingSteps

Changetheorderofthe ViewTab >>Presentation Views>>SlideSorter

o You can easily change the order, if you have a lot of slides.Or,
slides
selectSlidestabintheleftframeintheNormalView.Youcansee
thumbnails of the slides in your presentation.
o Clickonaslidethumbnailanddragup anddowntochangethe
order.
Makenotes WriteyournotesinthebottomframeinNormalview. To
Print your notes:
OfficeButton>>Print>>Print What:
Select"NotePages"NOTE:Notesarenotvisibleduringthe slide
show
ManualPresentation:
ViewTab >>Presentation Views>>SlideShow
Presenttheslide show
Tomovetothenextslideinyourpresentationdooneofthe following:
Clicktheleftmousebutton Hit
the spacebar
Usethearrowkeysonthekeyboard.Upandleftgoback,right and
down go forward.
Clickonthe Esckeyonkeyboardto goback toNormal view.
AutomaticPresentation:
AnimationsTab>>TransitiontothisSlide>>AdvanceSlide Click on
the check box for "Automatically After."
Setthetimetoautomaticallychangetothenextslideaftera

certaindurationoftime. Thisfeatureis usefulif youareunder

atimeconstraintorifyouwanttopresentinamoremovie-like style.

SLIDEORINTATION:UsedtosetthepageinPortrait (Vertical)orLandscape(Horizontal).

SLIDE LAYOUTS: A layout is one part of a slide master that defines positioning information for
content that will later appear on a slide. Layouts contain placeholders (placeholders: Boxes with
dotted or hatch-marked borders that are part of most slide layouts. These boxes hold title and body
text or objects such ascharts, tables, and pictures.), which in turn hold text, such as titles and bulleted
lists, and slide content such as SmartArt graphics, tables, charts, pictures, shapes, andclip art (clip
art: A single piece of ready-made art, often appearing as a bitmap or a combinationofdrawn shapes.).
While you can add text and object placeholders to a layout or slide master, you cannot add
placeholders directly to a slide.To View The Layouts: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click
Layout, and then click a layout.
 BACKGROUNDS:Adda backgroundstyletoyourpresentation

1. Clicktheslideorslidesthatyouwanttoaddabackgroundstyleto.Toselectmultipleslides, click the

first slide, and then press and hold CTRL while you click the other slides.

2. OntheDesign tab,inBackground group,clickarrownexttoBackgroundStyles.

3. Right-clickthebackgroundstylethatyou want,and thendooneofthefollowing:

 Toapplythebackgroundstyletotheselectedslides, clickApplytoSelectedSlides.

 Toapplythebackgroundstyletoalloftheslidesinyourpresentation,clickApplytoAll Slides.

Customizea backgroundstyleforyourpresentation

1. Clicktheslideorslides thatyouwant toaddabackgroundstyleto.

To select multiple slides, click the first slide, and then press and hold CTRL while you click the
other slides.

2. OntheDesign tab,intheBackground group,clickthearrownexttoBackgroundStyles.

3. ClickFormat Background,andthenchoosethe optionsthatyouwant.Orrightclick and select

Format Background.

4. YoucanapplySolidFillorGradientFillorPictureorTextureFill,Insertingpicturesbyclicking on File and

can Insert Clip Arts by clicking on Clip Arts.
 Solid Selection

GradientFillSelection PictureorTextureFillSelection

InsertingPictures InsertClipArts

AUTO SHAPESWecaninsertdifferentshapesfromInsertTabandselectShapesGroup.Select a
shape and just click and drag so that we will get a shape.

INSERTINGBULLETSAND NUMBERING:
 Inserting Bullets InsertingNumbering
INSERTING HYPERLINKS:

In Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007, a hyperlink is a connection from one slide to another
slide in the same presentation (such as a hyperlink to a custom show ) or to a slide in another
presentation, an e-mail address, a Web page, or a file.You can create a hyperlink from text or from
an object, such as a picture, graph, shape, or WordArt

Createahyperlinktoaslidein thesamepresentation
1. InNormalview,selectthetextortheobject that youwantto useasahyperlink.
2. OntheInsert tab,in theLinksgroup,click Hyperlink.
3. UnderLinkto,clickPlacein This Document.
4. Dooneof thefollowing:
Linkto acustomshowinthecurrent presentation:
1. Under Selectaplace inthisdocument, click the custom show that you want to use
asthe hyperlink destination.
2. SelecttheShowandreturncheckbox.
 Linkto aslideinthecurrent presentation:
UnderSelectaplaceinthisdocument,clicktheslidethatyouwanttouseasthe hyperlink
destination.
Createahyperlinktoaslideinadifferentpresentation
1. InNormalview,selectthetextortheobjectthatyouwanttouseasahyperlink.
2. OntheInsert tab,in theLinksgroup,click Hyperlink.
3. UnderLinkto,clickExistingFileorWeb Page.
 4. Locatethepresentationthatcontainstheslidethatyou wantto linkto.

5. ClickBookmark,andthenclickthetitleoftheslidethatyouwanttolink to.

INSERTINGTABLES:

We can Insert tables from Insert and select tables group. Now select the range of Rows
and Columns.Atthesametimeyoucan seethetable imageontheslide.
Wecanalsochangetheformat of the table.

Samplecreationofapresentation:

1. Insertanewslidewithslidelayoutofyourchoice.

2. Changethebackground(built-inorcustomized )

3. Inserttherequiredimages,ClipArts,AutoShapes,WordArtpictures.

4. Nowto applycustomanimation for theaboveusingfollowingmethod.

1. Selectanobject& gotoAnimationsTabandclickonCustomAnimation

2. ClickonMoreEffectsto viewandapplymore.

3. Toviewmoreoptionstoapplyanimationwithtimesoundstartwithpreviousandwithoutprevi
ous, select an object and click on down arrow.

4. ToapplyTimingclick onTiming.WecansetupStart,Delay,Speed,Repeatoptions

5. To apply sound effects select Effect options and we can set sound and can also change
the color after animation.

6. We can set the animation for the object when the mouse is clicked, or with previous
object and After previous object. By default it is on mouse click. Using “Automatically
After” we can assign some time gap.

ApplingSlideTransaction:

This is used to view the next slide with ananimation. We can use the default slide
transactionsfromanimations.WecanalsoapplytimingbetweentheslidesusingAutomatically
After option.Hereprovidethetimetowaitfor thenextslide.ToviewthepreviewclickonPlay
and to see the slide show click on Slide Show.

ii. MicrosoftExcel-Organizedata,usageofformula, graphsandcharts.

MICROSOFTEXCEL

Microsoft Excel is an electronicspreadsheet that runs on apersonal computer.

Youcan use it to organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform
mathematical calculations quickly.Excel 2007 has eight standard ribbon tabs
HOME SCREEN:

ICONS DESCRIPTIONS
Clipboard
 Pastesthecontentsoftheclipboardinthecursor’s currentlocation

AI TOOLS – Chat GPT:

Chatbot AI tools like GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) models, such as ChatGPT, are designed
to simulate human-like conversations. They use natural language processing to understand and
generate text based on the input they receive.

These tools, powered by deep learning algorithms, analyze text inputs to generate contextually
relevant responses. They learn from vast amounts of text data, allowing them to understand language
patterns, context, and even nuances in conversation. They don't possess emotions, consciousness, or
personal experiences, but they strive to provide helpful and informative responses based on the
information they've been trained on.

ChatGPT and similar AI tools have various applications, including customer service automation,
language translation, content generation, and aiding in research or information retrieval. They're
constantly evolving through ongoing training on new data to improve their language understanding and
responsiveness.

Task 1: Prompt Engineering: Experiment with different types of prompts to see how the model
responds. Try asking questions, starting conversations, or even providing incomplete sentences to see
how the model completes them.
Ex: Prompt: "You are a knowledgeable AI. Please answer the following question: What is the capital of
France?"

Task 2: Creative Writing: Use the model as a writing assistant. Provide the beginning of a story or a
description of a scene, and let the model generate the rest of the content. This can be a fun way to
brainstorm creative ideas Ex: Prompt: "In a world where gravity suddenly stopped working, people
started floating upwards. Write a story about how society adapted to this new reality."
Task 3: Language Translation: Experiment with translation tasks by providing a sentence in one
language and asking the model to translate it into another language. Compare the output to see how
accurate and fluent the translations are. Ex:Prompt: "Translate the following English sentence to
French: 'Hello, how are you doing today?'"