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Solutions
Daily Practice Problems
Solutions
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Question 1.
In air fully saturated with water vapor, the mole fraction of water vapor is 0.02.
Given that the total pressure of the saturated air is 1.2 atm, the partial
pressure of the dry air is __________. [Level: Moderate]
Answer:
To find the partial pressure of dry air, we first need to determine the partial
pressure of water vapor in the saturated air. Given that the mole fraction of
water vapor is 0.03 and the total pressure of the saturated air is 1.2 atm, we can
calculate the partial pressure of water vapor as follows:
𝑃𝐻2 𝑂 =Mole fraction of water vapor × Total
𝑃𝐻2 𝑂 =0.02×1.2
𝑃𝐻2 𝑂 =0.024
Next, the partial pressure of dry air is the total pressure minus the partial
pressure of water vapor:
𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 =Total pressure−𝑃𝐻2 𝑂
𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 =1.2 atm−0.024
𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 =1.176
So, the partial pressure of dry air is 1.176
Question 2.
In an experiment, a non-volatile solute with a molecular weight of 80 g/mol is
added to 200 g of water. The solution's vapor pressure decreases to 3/4th of
the vapor pressure of pure water. Assuming ideal behaviour and knowing that
water's molecular weight is 18 g/mol, calculate the exact weight of solute
required. [Level: Moderate]
(a) 156.50 g
(b) 296.30 g
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(c) 123.30 g
(d) 206.60 g
Answer:
The correct option is (b) 296.30 g
Raoult’s Law for the reduction in vapor pressure due to the addition of a non-
volatile solute:
𝑃𝑜 −𝑃𝑠 𝑤×𝑀
=
𝑃𝑠 𝑚×𝑊
Where:
𝑃𝑜 is the vapor pressure of pure water.
𝑃𝑠 is the vapor pressure of the solution.
w is the weight of the solute to be dissolved.
M=18 g/mol is the molecular weight of water.
m=80 g/mol is the molecular weight of the solute.
W=200 g is the mass of water.
3
Given 𝑃𝑠 = 4 𝑃𝑜
3
𝑃𝑜 −4𝑃𝑜 𝑤×18
3 =
𝑃 80×200
4 𝑜
3
1− 𝑤×18
4
3 = 80×200
4
4−3
4 𝑤×18
3 = 80×200
4
1 𝑤×18
=
3 80×200
80×200
w= 18×3
w=296.30g
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Question 3.
A 2.0 M aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) has a density of 1.25
g/cm³. The molecular mass of KOH is 56 g/mol. If 300 mL of this solution is
mixed with 700 mL of pure water, calculate the molality of KOH in the final
solution after mixing. Assume the volumes are additive and that the total mass
of the solution changes accordingly. [Level: Difficult]
Answer:
Given:
Molarity of KOH solution = 2.0 M
Density of KOH solution = 1.25 g/cm³ (or 1.25 g/mL)
Molecular mass of KOH = 56 g/mol
Volume of KOH solution = 300 mL
Volume of pure water added = 700 mL
The molarity of the solution implies 2 moles of KOH per litre of solution. The
volume of the original KOH solution is 300 mL or 0.3 L.
Moles of KOH=Molarity×Volume of solution
Moles of KOH=2.0 mol/L×0.3 L=0.6 mol
So, the original solution contains 0.6 moles of KOH.
Mass of KOH in the solution:
Mass of KOH =Moles × Molar mass
=0.6mol× 56g/mol
=33.6g
So, the mass of KOH in the solution is 33.6 g.
The total mass of the solution is 375 g, and the mass of KOH is 33.6 g. So, the
mass of water in the original solution is:
Mass of water in original solution=Total mass of solution−Mass of KOH
Mass of water=375 g−33.6 g=341.4 g
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The mass of water in the original KOH solution is 341.4 g.
When 700 mL of pure water is added, the mass of the added water is:
Mass of added water=700 g
Total mass of water=341.4g+700g=1041.4g
So, the total mass of water (the solvent) after dilution is 1041.4 g, or 1.0414 kg.
Molality (m):
Moles of solute
Molality=Mass of solvent in kg
0.6mol
=1.0414 kg
≈0.576mol/kg
Question 4.
The density of a 1.5 M solution of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) in water is 1.1 g/mL.
Calculate the molality of the solution. (Atomic masses: H = 1, S = 32, O = 16)
[Level: Moderate]
(a) 2.50 mol/kg
(b) 1.57 mol/kg
(c) 3.75 mol/kg
(d) 0.90 mol/kg
Answer:
The correct option is (b) 1.57 mol/kg
Given:
Molarity (M) = 1.5 mol/L
Density (d) = 1.1 g/mL = 1100 g/L
Molar mass of H₂SO₄ = 2(1) + 32 + 4(16) = 98 g/mol
Formula for molality (m):
1000×𝑀
Molality = (1000𝑑)−(𝑀×𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)
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1000×1.5
=((1000×1.1)−(1.5× 98)
1500
=1100−147
1500
= 953
=1.57mol/kg
Question 5.
A laboratory technician dissolves 18 g of KOH (molar mass = 56 g/mol) in water
to prepare 350 mL of solution. After determining the concentration of this
stock solution, 125 mL of it is taken and diluted to 1.5 L. Assuming the density
of the final solution remains close to that of pure water, calculate the molarity
of the final diluted solution. Consider the full dissociation of KOH when
calculating the concentration of hydroxide ions. [Level: Difficult]
(a) 0.0765 M
(b) 0.0562 M
(c) 0.0453 M
(d) 0.0954 M
Answer:
The correct option is (a) 0.0765M
Given:
Mass of KOH = 18 g
Molar mass of KOH = 56 g/mol
Volume of stock solution = 350 mL = 0.350 L
Volume of solution taken for dilution = 125 mL = 0.125 L
Volume after dilution = 1.5 L
The number of moles of KOH is given by:
Mass of KOH
Number of moles of KOH =Molar mass of KOH
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18g
=56g/mol
=0.3214mol
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution::
Moles of KOH
Molarity of stock solution=Volume of the solution in L
0.3214mol
= 0.350L
= 0.9183M
So, the molarity of the stock solution is approximately 0.9183 M.
Dilution formula:
𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2
Where:
𝑀1 = molarity of the stock solution = 0.9183 M
𝑉1 = volume of the stock solution used for dilution = 0.125 L
𝑀2 = molarity of the final solution (what we need to find)
𝑉2 = final volume after dilution = 1.5 L
Rearranging the dilution formula to solve for 𝑀2 :
𝑀1 𝑉1
𝑀2 =
𝑉2
0.9183∗ 0.125
= 1.5
=0.0765M
Question 6.
20 mL of a solution of magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂] is titrated with 50 mL
of 0.1 M HCl solution. What is the molarity of the magnesium hydroxide
solution? [Level: Easy]
(a) 0.05 M
(b) 0.10 M
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(c) 0.20 M
(d) 0.125 M
Answer:
The correct option is (d) 0.125 M
Given:
Volume of Mg(OH)₂ solution = 20 mL
Molarity of HCl solution = 0.1 M
Volume of HCl solution used = 50 mL
The balanced equation is:
Mg(OH)₂+2HCl→ Mg(Cl)₂+2𝐻2 𝑂
𝑀1 𝑉1 × 𝑛1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2 × 𝑛2
MMg(OH)₂ ×20× 2=0.1×50× 1
0.1×50
MNaOH = 20×2
=0.125M
Question 7.
The density of a 1 molal urea solution is 1.1 g/ml. Calculate the elevation in the
boiling point if the ebullioscopy constant 𝐾𝑏 =0.58 K kg/mol. [Level: Moderate]
(a) 0.65 K
(b) 0.50 K
(c) 0.58 K
(d) 0.60 K
Answer:
The correct option is (c) 0.58 K
Formula for elevation in boiling point:
ΔTb = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚
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where ΔTb is the elevation in boiling point, 𝐾𝑏 =0.58 K kg/mol, and molality
m=1.0mol/kg.
ΔTb =0.58 ×1.0=0.58K
ΔTb ≈0.58K
The elevation in boiling point is approximately 0.58K.
Question 8.
The number of moles of oxygen in one litre of air containing 25% oxygen by
volume, in standard conditions, is _________. [Level: Moderate]
Answer:
Given that 25% of the air is oxygen, the volume of oxygen in 1 litre of air = 0.25
litres.
At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4
litres.
Volume of oxygen
Number of moles of oxygen = Molar volume at STP
0.25
=22.4
=0.0112
Question 9.
A solution weighing p grams has molality m. The molecular mass of the solute,
if the mass of solute is q grams, will be: [Level: Moderate]
𝑞 1000
(a) 𝑚 × (𝑝−𝑞)
𝑚 1000
(b) × (𝑝−𝑞)
𝑞
𝑝 1000
(c) 𝑚 × (𝑝−𝑞)
𝑚 1000
(d) × (𝑝−𝑞)
𝑝
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Answer:
𝑞 1000
The correct option is (a) 𝑚 × (𝑝−𝑞)
Molarity formula:
𝑤 1000
m = 𝑀𝑏 ×
𝑏 𝑤𝑎
where:
𝑤𝑏 =q (mass of solute),
𝑤𝑎 =p−q (mass of solvent),
m is the molality,
𝑀𝑏 is the molecular mass of the solute (which we need to find).
𝑤𝑏 1000
𝑀𝑏 = ×
𝑚 𝑤𝑎
𝑞 1000
𝑀𝑏 = 𝑚 × (𝑝−𝑞)
Question 10.
The vapor pressure of pure solvent X at a certain temperature is 0.90 atm. A
non-volatile solute Y is dissolved in solvent X, resulting in a solution where the
vapor pressure decreases to 0.70 atm. If the solution is made by dissolving 20 g
of Y in 180 g of X, and the molar masses of Y and X are 60 g/mol and 90 g/mol,
respectively, calculate the mole fraction of solute Y in the solution. [Level:
Difficult]
(a) 0.40
(b) 0.22
(c) 0.60
(d) 0.33
Answer:
The correct option is (d) 0.33
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To find the mole fraction of component Y (the solute) in the solution, we can use
Raoult's Law, which relates the vapor pressure of a solution to the mole fraction
of the solvent and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 ×Psolvent
where:
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is the vapor pressure of the solution (0.60 atm),
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 is the mole fraction of the solvent (X) in the solution,
Psolvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (0.90 atm).
Mole fraction of the solvent 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0.60𝑎𝑡𝑚 6
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 0.90𝑎𝑡𝑚 =
Psolvent 9
The mole fraction of the solute 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 is:
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒=1−𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
6 3
=1 - 9 = 9 = 0.33
So, the mole fraction of component Y in the solution is approximately 0.33
Question 11.
The vapor pressure of a solvent decreases by 20 mm Hg when a non-volatile
solute is added to the solvent, resulting in a solution with a solute mole
fraction of 0.4. If the solution is altered such that the vapor pressure decreases
by 40 mm Hg, what will be the new mole fraction of the solvent in the
solution? [Level: Moderate]
(a) 0.8
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.4
(d) 0.2
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Answer:
The correct option is (d) 0.2
According to Raoult’s law
𝑃0 −𝑃
= 𝑋𝑛
𝑃0
𝑛
𝑋𝑛 = 𝑛+𝑁
𝑃0 −𝑃 𝑛
= (Mole fraction of solute)
𝑃0 𝑛+𝑁
Decrease in vapor pressure of solvent = 𝑃0 − 𝑃 =20 mm of Hg
Mole fraction of solute = 0.4
20
= 0.4
𝑃0
𝑃0 = 50 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔
For other solution of same solvent
40 𝑛
==
50 𝑛+𝑁
Mole fraction of solute = 0.8
Hence, mole fraction of solvent = 1-0.8 = 0.2
Question 12.
A 6% solution of cane sugar (molecular mass = 342 g/mol) is found to be
isotonic with a 2% solution of an unknown non-electrolyte substance X at a
given temperature. If both solutions are in equal volumes and exhibit the same
osmotic pressure, determine the molecular mass of substance X. Consider the
density of the solutions to be 1 g/mL and assume ideal behaviour. [Level:
Difficult]
Answer:
Cane sugar solution: 6% by mass, molecular mass = 342 g/mol
Solution of substance X: 2% by mass, molecular mass =𝑀𝑥
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Since the solutions are isotonic, their osmotic pressures are equal at a given
temperature and must have same volume and number of moles:
𝜋1 = 𝜋2 , 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇 𝑤1 𝑅𝑇
𝜋1 = =
𝑉1 𝑀1 𝑉1
𝑛2 𝑅𝑇 𝑤2 𝑅𝑇
𝜋2 = =
𝑉2 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑤1 𝑅𝑇 𝑤2 𝑅𝑇
Therefore =
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑤1 𝑤
= 𝑀2
𝑀1 2
6 2
=𝑀
342 𝑥
342×2
𝑀𝑥 = = 114 g/mol
6
Question 13.
A solution contains 2.5 moles of sugar and 7.5 moles of water. What are the
mole fractions of sugar and water: [Level: Easy]
(a) 1/4, 3/4
(b) 4/10, 6/10
(c) 3/4, 1/4
(d) 3/8, 5/8
Answer:
1 3
The correct option is (c) 4 , 4
The total number of moles in the solution = 3 moles (sugar) + 7 moles (water) =
10 moles.
2.5 1
Mole fraction of sugar = 10 = 4
7.5 3
Mole fraction of water = 10 = 4
1 3
Therefore, the mole fraction of sugar and water = 4 , 4
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Question 14.
A researcher adds a solute with a molecular weight of 55 g/mol to 150 g of
water, causing the vapor pressure of the solution to drop to 3/5 of that of pure
water. Using Raoult’s Law and considering the possibility of slight deviations
from ideal solution behavior determine the vapor pressure of the solution
required, given water’s molecular weight of 18 g/mol.
Vapor pressure of pure water 𝑃𝐴0 =50mm Hg. [Level: Moderate]
(a) 15 mm Hg
(b) 20 mm Hg
(c) 30 mm Hg
(d) 35 mm Hg
Answer:
The correct option is (c) 30 mm Hg
Since the vapor pressure drops to 3/5, the mole fraction of the solvent 𝑥𝐴 is:
3
𝑥𝐴 = 5 = 0.6
Therefore, the mole fraction of the solute 𝑥𝐵 = 1−0.60=0.4
According to Raoult’s law, P = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 = 50× 0.6
= 30mm Hg
Question 15.
Which of the following statements about the composition of the vapor over an
ideal 1:1 molar mixture of ethanol and acetone is correct? Assume that the
temperature is constant at 30°C.
(Given: Vapour pressure data at 30°C: ethanol = 4.0 kPa, acetone = 6.0 kPa):
[Level: Difficult]
(a) The vapor will contain a higher percentage of ethanol
(b) The vapor will contain a higher percentage of acetone
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(c) The vapor will contain equal amounts of ethanol and acetone
(d) Not enough information is given to make a prediction
Answer:
The correct option is (b) The vapor will contain a higher percentage of acetone
Let us consider that A is ethanol and B is acetone. For a 1:1 molar mixture of A
and B:
1
𝑥𝐴 = 2
1
𝑥𝐵 =
2
The total pressure of the solution (P) is given by:
P = 𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵0 𝑥𝐵
Where 𝑃𝐴0 is the vapor pressure of ethanol and 𝑃𝐵0 is the vapor pressure of
acetone.
1 1
P = 4𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 2 + 6𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 2 = 2𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 3𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 5𝑘𝑃𝑎
The mole fraction of ethanol in the vapor (𝑦𝐴 ) is:
1
𝑃𝐴0 𝑥𝐴 4𝑘𝑃𝑎 ×2 2
𝑦𝐴 = = = 5 = 0.4
𝑃 5𝑘𝑃𝑎
The mole fraction of acetone in the vapor (𝑦𝐵 ) is:
𝑦𝐵 = 1 − 𝑦𝐴 = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
So, the vapor will contain a higher percentage of acetone.
Question 16.
A 0.6% (W/V) urea solution would be isotonic with: [Level: Moderate]
(a) 0.1 M glucose solution
(b) 1 M urea solution
(c) 0.6% (W/V) glucose solution
(d) 0.6% (W/V) NaCl solution
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Answer:
The correct option is (a) 0.1 M glucose solution
0.6% (W/V) means 0.6 g of urea is present in 100 mL of solution.
0.6 g
Moles of urea = g =0.01mol.
60 mol
Volume of solution = 100 mL = 0.1 L.
0.01 mol
Molarity of urea solution = =0.1 M
0.1 L
The 0.6% (W/V) urea solution is isotonic with the 0.1M urea solution.
Question 17.
The correct relationship between the boiling points of very dilute solutions of
KCl (𝑇1 ) and NaCl (𝑇2 ) having the same molar concentrations is: [Level: Easy]
(a) 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
(b) 𝑇1 > 𝑇2
(c) 𝑇2 > 𝑇1
(d) 𝑇1 ≥ 𝑇2
Answer:
The correct option is (a) 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
Since both KCl and NaCl dissociate into two ions (K⁺, Cl⁻ and Na⁺, Cl⁻), the
number of ions is the same for both solutions. Therefore, their boiling points will
be the same, as boiling point elevation depends on the number of particles in
the solution (van’t Hoff factor).
Question 18.
Arrange the freezing points of glucose solutions in the correct order for the
following concentrations: [Level: Easy]
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(a) 5% > 10% > 15% > 20%
(b) 5% > 10% > 20% > 15%
(c) 20% > 15% > 10% > 5%
(d) 10% > 5% > 20% > 15%
Answer:
The correct option is (b) 5% > 10% > 15% >20%
Greater is the percentage composition of glucose lesser will be the freezing
point or more will be the depression in freezing point of solution.
Question 19.
A mixture of 40 g of hydrogen gas (H₂) and 80 g of helium gas (He) is placed in
a container at constant temperature. The total pressure of the gas mixture is 8
atm. Calculate the mole fractions and the partial pressures of hydrogen and
helium in the mixture, assuming ideal gas behaviour. The molar masses are: H₂
= 2 g/mol, He = 4 g/mol. [Level: Difficult]
Answer:
Given:
Mass of hydrogen (H₂) = 40 g
Mass of helium (He) = 80 g
Total pressure of the gas mixture = 8 atm
Number of moles of each gas.
For hydrogen (H₂):
Molar mass of H₂= 2 g/mol
40𝑔
Moles of hydrogen = 2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 20𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
For helium (He):
Molar mass of He = 4 g/mol
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80𝑔
Moles of hydrogen = 4 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 20𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Total number of moles=moles of H₂+moles of He=20+20=40moles
moles of H₂ 20
Mole fraction of H₂ (𝑋𝐻2 ) = Total number of moles = 40 = 0.5
moles of He 20
Mole fraction of He (𝑋𝐻𝑒 ) = Total number of moles = 40 = 0.5
Partial pressure of H₂:
𝑃𝐻2 = 𝑋𝐻2 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0.5 × 8𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 4𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐻𝑒 = 𝑋𝐻𝑒 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0.5 × 8𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 4𝑎𝑡𝑚
The partial pressure of hydrogen and helium are 4atm and 4atm.
Question 20.
Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed as follows: 600 mL of
a 2 M solution (I) is mixed with 400 mL of a 1.5 M solution (II). What is the
molarity of the final solution? [Level: Moderate]
(a) 1.75 M
(b) 1.80 M
(c) 2.20 M
(d) 1.70 M
Answer:
The correct option is (b) 1.80 M
Given:
Solution I: 600 mL of 2 M
Solution II: 400 mL of 1.5 M
𝑀𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 × 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀1 𝑉1 + 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑀𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 × (600 + 400) = (2 × 600) + (1.5 × 400)
𝑀𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 × 1000 = 1200 + 600
1800
𝑀𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1000 = 1.8𝑀
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