C H A P T E R

4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to know about Study Plan
 covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Maximum Time = 3:30 Hrs
 the concept of homologous series.
Maximum Questions = 64
 Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups.
List of Topics
 Difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Topic-1: Carbon and its Properties,
 Chemical properties of carbon compounds.
Homologous Series and IUPAC Names
 Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition, and �����������������������������������������������������������
substitution reaction). Topic-2 : Ethanol, Ethanoic acid, Soaps, and
 Properties and uses of Ethanol and Ethanoic acid.
Detergents������������������������������������������
 Soaps and detergents.

TOPIC-1 C arbon and its Properties, Homologous Series and IUPAC Names
Concepts Covered:
 Covalent bonding in carbon compounds  Versatile nature of carbon  Homologous series  Nomenclature of carbon
compounds containing functional groups  Difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons  Chemical
properties of carbon compounds.

Revision Notes atoms is covalent bond. In a covalent bond, the shared

pair of electrons belongs to the valence shell of both the
 Properties of Carbon atoms.
 The element carbon is a non-metal. Its symbol is C.  Conditions for the formation of a covalent bond:
 Carbon is a versatile element. The percentage of carbon (i) The combining atoms should have
in the earth's crust in the form of mineral is 0.02% and 4 to 7 electrons in their valence
in the atmosphere as CO2 is 0.03%. shell.
 All the living things like plants and animals are made (ii) The combining atoms should not
up of carbon-based compounds. lose electrons easily.
 Carbon always forms covalent bonds. (iii) The combining atoms should not
 The atomic number of carbon is 6. gain electrons readily.
 Electronic configuration: (iv) The difference in electronegativity of two bonded
K L atoms should be low.
C (6) 2 4  Properties of covalent compounds:
 How carbon attains noble gas configuration? (i) Physical state: The covalent compounds exist as gases
(i) Carbon is tetravalent in nature. It does not form ionic liquids, and soft solids.
bond because it has 4 valence electrons, half of an octet. (ii)  Solubility: They are generally insoluble in water and
To form ionic bonds, carbon molecules must either gain other polar solvents but soluble in organic solvents
or lose 4 electrons. such as benzene, toluene, etc.
Gain of 4 electrons to form C4– anion is not favorable (iii) Melting and boiling points: They generally have low
because it would be difficult for the nucleus with six melting and boiling points.
protons to hold on to ten electrons, that is, four extra
(iv) Electrical conductivity: They are non-conductors of
electrons.
electricity in solid, molten, or aqueous state.
Loss of 4 electrons to form C4+ cation is not favorable
 Steps for writing the Lewis dot Structures of a covalent
as it would require a large amount of energy to remove
compound:
four electrons, leaving behind a carbon cation with six
(i) Write the electronic configuration of all the atoms
protons in its nucleus holding on to just two electrons.
present in the molecule.
(ii)
Carbon forms covalent compounds (by sharing
electrons). (ii)  Identify how many electrons are needed by each atom
The atoms of other elements like to attain noble gas configuration.
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, (iii) Share the electrons between atoms in such a way
and chlorine also form bonds by that all the atoms in a molecule have noble gas
sharing electrons. configuration.
(iii) The bond formed by sharing of (iv) Keep in mind that the shared electrons are counted in
electrons between same or different the valence shell of both the atoms sharing it.
Carbon and its Compounds

 Lewis dot structures reflect the electronic structures of the elements, including how the electrons are paired. In
Lewis dot structures each dot represents an electron. A pair of dots between chemical symbols for atoms represents
a bond.

Example-1
(i) H2

H – H: Single bond between hydrogen atoms

(ii) O2

O = O: Double bond between oxygen atoms

(iii) N2

N ≡ N: Triple bond between nitrogen atoms

 Versatile Nature of Carbon: Carbon can form large MNEMONICS

number of carbon compounds. The factors that enable Concept: Saturated and unsaturated compounds
carbon to form a large number of compounds are Mnemonics: Thank You DeSa.
catenation and tetravalency. [Board, 2022] Interpretation:
T: Triple bond, Y: Alkyne, D: Double bond , e: Alkene
 Catenation: It is the unique ability of elements to form S: Single bond, A: Alkane
long, straight or branched chains and rings of different
sizes. Carbon shows maximum catenation in the  Electron dot structure of saturated hydrocarbons:
periodic table. Ethane C2H6
 Tetravalency: It is the state of an atom in which there
are four electrons available with the atom for covalent
chemical bonding.
 Hydrocarbon: Compounds made up of hydrogen and
carbon are called hydrocarbons.

 Electron dot structure of unsaturated hydrocarbons:

Ethene: C2H4 Ethyne: C2H2

H–CºC–H

 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

 On the basis of structures, hydrocarbons can be:  IUPAC name of hydrocarbon consists of two parts. It
(i) Straight chain hydrocarbons: Propane, butane, etc. involves:
(ii) Branched chain hydrocarbon: Iso-butane, iso-pentane, (i) Word root: Number of carbons in the longest carbon
etc. chain.
(iii) Cyclic hydrocarbons: Cyclohexane C6H12, benzene Number of carbon atoms Word root (Greek name)
C6H6, etc.
1 Meth
 Cyclic or Closed Chain Hydrocarbons: These are the
2 Eth
hydrocarbons which have carbon-carbon closed chain. 3 Prop
They are classified as: 4 But
(i) Alicyclic hydrocarbons: These are the hydrocarbons 5 Pent
which do not have benzene ring in their structures. 6 Hex
(ii) Aromatic hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons which 7 Hept
have benzene ring in their structures. When hydrogen 8 Oct
bonded to carbon of benzene is substituted with 9 Non
halogens, radicals, or other functional groups, the 10 Dec
derivatives are called aromatic compounds.
(ii) Suffix: It depends on the type of carbon-carbon bond.
 Benzene: It is an aromatic hydrocarbon which has the
For a single bond suffix is – ane; for double bond, suffix
molecular formula C6H6. It has alternating carbon -
is – ene; and for triple bond suffix is – yne.
carbon single and double bonds.
 Types of Formulae for Writing Hydrocarbons:
(i) Molecular formula: It involves the actual number of
each type of atom present in the compound.
(ii) Structural formula: The actual arrangement of atoms
is written in structural formula.
(iii) Condensed formula: It is the shortened form of the
structural formula.
 In hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogen atom
is replaced by other atoms in accordance with their
 Benzene can also be represented as: valencies. These are heteroatoms.
 These heteroatoms or group of atoms which make
carbon compounds reactive and decides its properties
are called functional groups.
Some important functional groups in carbon compounds are:
Heteroatoms Functional group Formula of functional group Prefix/suffix
Cl/Br Halo (Chloro/Bromo) — Cl, — Br, — I Chloro/Bromo/Iodo
Oxygen 1. Alcohol — OH — ol
2. Aldehyde — CHO — al

3. Ketone — one

4. Carboxylic acid — oic acid

Double bond 1. Alkene group >C=C< — ene

Triple bond 2. Alkyne group —C≡C— — yne

 Homologous Series: A series of  Properties of a homologous series: As the molecular

organic compounds in which every mass increases in a series, physical properties of the
succeeding member differs from compounds show a variation, but chemical properties
the previous one by – CH2 or 14 which are determined by a functional group remain the
a.m.u. is called homologous series. same within a series.
The molecular formula of all the
members of a homologous series
can be derived from a general formula. 
 [Board, 2022]
Carbon and its Compounds

sooty flame because the percentage of carbon is higher

MNEMONICS than saturated hydrocarbons which do not completely
Concept 1: Homologous series oxidise in air.
Mnemonics: Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas (b) Oxidation: Alcohols can be converted into carboxylic
Interpretations: M: Methane (1C), E: Ethane (2C), acid in the presence of oxidising agent like alkaline
P: Propane (3C), B: Butane (4C) KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) or acidic potassium
Concept 2: Reactions in saturated and unsaturated dichromate K2Cr2O7.
compounds Alkaline KMnO Or
CH3CH2OH  4
→ CH3COOH
Mnemonics: SaSUnA Acidic K Cr O 2 2 7

Interpretations: Sa: Saturated, S: Substitution, Ethanol Ethanoic acid

Un: Unsaturated, A: Addition (c) Addition Reaction: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkene,
 Homologous series of alkanes: General formula: alkyne) undergo addition reactions.
CnH2n+ 2, where n = number of carbon atoms. e.g.,
CH4, C2H6, C3H8.
 Homologous series of alkenes: General formula:
CnH2n, where n = number of carbon atoms. e.g., C2H4,
C 3 H 6 , C 4 H 8.
In unsaturated hydrocarbons, hydrogen is added
 Homologous series of alkynes: General formula:
in the presence of the catalyst: palladium or nickel.
CnH2n–2, where n = number of carbon atoms. e.g., Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee using
C2H2, C3H4, C4H6. this process. It is also called hydrogenation of vegetable
 Chemical properties of carbon compounds oils.
(a) Combustion: Carbon compounds burn in air to give (d) Substitution Reaction: Saturated hydrocarbons
carbon dioxide, water, heat, and light. undergo substitution reaction in the presence of
Combustion
CH4 + 2O2 
→ CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light sunlight.
Sunlight
 Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because CH4 + Cl2 
→ CH3Cl + HCl
they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy.
 Saturated hydrocarbons generally burn in air with blue KEY-TERM
and non-sooty flame. Heteroatoms: An atom other than carbon or hydrogen
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn in air with yellow atom

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions  (1 mark each) What is the molecular formula of the alkane?
 U [CFPQ]
1. Name a cyclic unsaturated carbon compound.
3. Name the functional group present in propanone.
R [Delhi, Set-1 2020]
 R [Delhi Set-2, 2020]
Concept Applied Aromatic compounds Concept Applied Functional groups
Ans. Ketone. 1
Ans. Cyclopentene/cyclohexene-formula or structure (or
4. How are covalent bonds formed?
any other). [Marking Scheme, 2020-21] 1
 F [OD Set-1, 2020]
2. An alkane has 11 carbon atoms arranged within
5. Write the molecular formula of the second and the
ring structures as shown below.
third member of the homologous series whose first
member is methane.
 U [OD 31/1, 2017] [SA-2, OD. Set-1, 2017]

Concept Applied Homologous series

Topper's Answer, 2017

 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

functional group – OH. What happens to the

Commonly Made Error (i) boiling point and (ii) solubility of organic
Usually students get confused between the compounds of a homologous series as the molecular
first few members of alkane, alkene and alkyne mass increases? E [Delhi Term-2, 2022]
series.
Concept Applied Homologous series
Answering Tip Ans. The general formula of the homologous series of the
compound –OH group is CnH2n + 1 OH.
Learn and practice to write the first few members
The two consecutive homologous are: Methanol
of alkane, alkene and alkyne series with their
(CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH). ½+½
formulae.
(i) As the molecular mass increases in homologous
6. Rehmat classified the reaction between Methane series, the boiling point also increases. ½
and Chlorine in the presence of sunlight as a (ii) The solubility of an organic compound decreases
substitution reaction. Justify Rehmat’s view and with increase in molecular mass. ½
illustrate the reaction with the help of a balanced 3. (i) Write the name and draw the structure of a
chemical equation. saturated hydrocarbon with four carbon atoms.
 [SQP 2023-24] (ii) Write the number of single covalent bonds present
Ans. Rehmat’s observation is correct as the hydrogen in this compound.
atoms are substituted by hetero atom, i.e., Cl.  R [Delhi Term-3, 2022]
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (in the presence of 4. Consider the carbon compounds having following
sunlight) molecular formula:
7. Polythene is a plastic made from ethene (CH2=CH2). (i) C3H6 (ii) C3H8 (iii) C4H6 (iv) C6H6 (v) C6H12
When ethene is subjected to high pressure and (a) State the number of double covalent bonds present
moderately high temperatures, ethene molecules in C3H6.
react with each other to form large molecules, (b) Write the formula of the first member of the
hundreds of times bigger, thus forming the plastic. homologous series to which the carbon compound
Which property of carbon atoms is instrumental in C4H6 belongs.
the formation of polythene? U [CFPQ] (c) Which one of the above compounds forms a ring
Ans. Catenation structure of carbon atoms?
OR (d) Identify, which of the above compounds, is a
the ability of carbon atoms to link with each other to member of alkane series.
form long chains.  R [Outside Delhi, Term-2, 2022]
Concept Applied Covalent bonds
Short Answer Type Questions-I  (2 marks each)
1. “Carbon prefers to share its valence electrons Ans. (a) Only one double covalent bond is present, other
with other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other is a triple covalent bond.
elements rather than gaining or losing the valence (b) C2H2 is the member of alkyne series having formula
electrons in order to attain noble gas configuration.” CnH2n–2
Justify this statement. (c) C6H6 has a ring structure of carbon atoms. (known as
 A [Term-2, Delhi Set-I, 2022] benzene ring)
(d) C3H8 is a member of the alkane series having formula
Concept Applied Valency CnH2n+2. ½
Ans. The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic 5. The table shows the electronic structures of four
configuration can be written as K, L = 2, 4. elements.
Thus, it has four electrons in its outermost shell and Element Electronic Structure
requires 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic
configuration. Carbon can attain its stable noble gas P 2,6
configuration in two ways: Q 2,8,1
(i) It may gain four electrons to form C4- anion. But in R 2,8,7
that case, it would be difficult for the nucleus with S 2,8,8
six protons to hold on to ten electrons. (a) Identify which element(s) will form covalent bonds
(ii) It could lose four electrons to form C4+ cations. But with carbon.
in that case, it would require huge amount of energy (b) "Carbon reacts with an element in the above table to
which is not energetically favourable. form several compounds." Give suitable reason.
Thus, carbon overcomes this problem by sharing U [SQP, 2021-22]
its valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or
with atoms of other elements and forms covalent Ans. (a) P and R ½+½
compounds. 1+1 (b) Carbon has a valency four or tetravalency and
2. Write the chemical formula of two consecutive catenation. ½+½
homologous of organic compounds having [Marking Scheme SQP, 2021-22]
Carbon and its Compounds

6. A carbon compound 'A' having a melting point Ans. (a) Functional group: Aldehyde ½
156 K and a boiling point 351 K, having a molecular (b) General formula : CnH2nO ½
formula C2H6O is soluble in water in all proportions.
(c) It forms the part of the homologous series of the
(a) Identify 'A' and draw its electron dot structure.
aldehydes as these compounds differ from each
(b) Give the molecular formula of any two homologous
other by –CH2 unit. 1
of 'A'. Ap [SQP 2021-22]
Structure of 4th member of this series is:
Concept Applied Lewis dot structure

Ans. (a) Ethanol; C2H5OH

H H
xx
x
• • •x •
x x O x H
H x C x C x
•x x• xx 2. (a) Draw the electron dot structure for ethyne.
H H (b) List two differences between the properties
ETHANOL 1+1 exhibited by covalent compounds and ionic
compounds. U [Delhi, Term-2, 2022]
(b) CH3OH and C3H7OH are homologous of ethanol.
1 Concept Applied Lewis Dot structure
[Marking Scheme SQP, 2021-22]
Ans. (a) Electron dot structure of ethyne is:
Commonly Made Error
Students often make mistake while drawing
electron dot structures.

Answering Tip
1
Understand the basic concepts involved in (b)
drawing the dot structure. Make sure that you Ionic compounds Covalent compounds
have made dots for all the shared bonds.
They have high melting They have low melting
7. Describe an experiment that can confirm the and boiling points. and boiling points.
presence of carbon in a compound. With a valency
of 4, how is carbon able to attain noble gas They are formed by the They are formed by
configuration in its compounds? C [SQP 2020-21] transfer of electrons sharing of electrons
between the combining between the combining
Ans. - Burn the compound in the air/oxygen; Gas atoms. atoms.
evolved turns lime water milky 1 1+1
- By sharing its four valence electrons with other 3. “Two different forms of carbon–diamond and
elements. [Marking Scheme SQP, 2020-21] 1 graphite–have different structure and very different
8. Organic compounds belonging to different physical properties even though their chemical
homologous series can be isomers. For example, properties are the same.” Explain why.
propanal and propanone are isomers.  A [Outside Delhi Term-2, 2022]
Can an alkane and an alcohol be isomers? Why or Concept Applied Allotropes of Carbon
why not? K [CFPQ]
Ans. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
Short Answer Type Questions-II  (3 marks each) Allotropes are different forms of an element having
1. Consider the following organic compounds: different physical properties. The element-carbon-
occurs in various forms in nature with different
physical properties but nearly same chemical
(i) (ii)
properties. Diamond is a giant molecule of carbon
atoms in which each carbon atom is bonded to four
(a) Name the functional group present in these other carbon atoms forming a rigid three dimensional
compounds. structure, which is responsible for its hardness.
(b) Write the general formula for the compounds of Graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms
this functional group. in which each carbon atom is bonded to three other
(c) State the relationship between these compounds carbon atoms in the same plane in a hexagonal array.
and draw the structure of any other compound Graphite structure is formed by hexagonal array
having similar functional group. being placed in layer one above the other. 3
F [Delhi, Term-2, 2022]
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

4. What is a homologous series of carbon compounds? (ii) They have the same functional group.
Give an example and list its three characteristics.
(iii) The difference in the molecular mass of the two
 U [Outside Delhi, Set- 1, 2019]
successive member in 14 u.
Ans. A series of compounds in which the same (iv) The difference in the molecular formula of two
functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a
carbon chain is called a homologous series.1 successive member is of CH2 unit.
Example: Alkane/Alkene/Alkyne/Alcohol½ (v) They have similar chemical properties.
Characteristics:  (Any three points) ½ × 3
(i) They have the same general formula. [Marking Scheme, OD, 2019]
5. Shown below are the structural formulae of four carbon compounds.
CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – C – OH CH3 – OH
|| | ||
O OH O
p Q R S
(a) Two of these compounds are more likely to have similar chemical properties. Identify these two compounds.
Give a reason for your answer.
(b) Identify which of these compounds are likely to have the same boiling point. Justify your answer.
 K [CFPQ]
Concept Applied Carbon Compounds
6. Give reasons why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4– anions, but forms covalent compounds. Also,
state why covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity and have low melting and boiling points?
 U [Outside Delhi Set-1, 2022]

Topper's Answer, 2022

Carbon and its Compounds

7. Two carbon compounds X and Y have the molecular Structural formula:
formula C4H8 and C5H12 respectively. Which one
of these is most likely to show addition reaction?
Justify your answer. Also, give the chemical
equation to explain the process of addition reaction
in this case. U [Delhi 31/1/1 2017]
(c) C is an alcohol.
Concept Applied Saturated and unsaturated Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent and
hydrocarbon. removes a water molecule from ethanol.
Hot conc.H SO
C 2 H 5OH →
2 4
C 2 H 4 +H 2O
Ans. C4H8; it is an unsaturated hydrocarbon due to the (d) CH3COOH+C2H5OH 
conc H 2 SO4
→
presence of a double bond. 1+1 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ni//Pd
C4H8 + H2 → C4 H10  ½ Catalyst Major product is an ester and it is used to make
 ½ Equation (or any other) ½ + ½ perfumes/flavouring agents. ½
[Marking Scheme, Delhi, 2017] [Marking Scheme, SQP, 2020-21]
2. Write the chemical formula and name of the
Commonly Made Error compound which is the active ingredient of all
alcoholic drinks. List its two uses. Write the chemical
Generally students get confused between equation and the name of the product formed when
saturated and unsaturated compounds and this compound reacts with: (i) sodium metal (ii) hot
their molecular formula. concentrated sulphuric acid.
 U [Delhi, Set- 1, 2019]
Answering Tip
Ans. • C2H5OH, Ethanol/Ethyl alcohol
Be clear with basic concepts of saturated and • Good solvent; used in medicines (Any other)
unsaturated compounds, their molecular (i) 2C2H5OH + 2 Na ¾® 2C2H5ONa + H2
formulae. Also, remember how saturated and Sodium ethoxide
unsaturated compounds react differently. Hot Conc. H 2 SO4
(ii) C2H5OH  → CH2=CH2+ H2O
443 K 
Ethene
Long Answer Type Questions  (5 marks each)
 [Marking Scheme, Delhi, 2019] 1+1+1+ ½ + 1 + ½
1. The formulae of four organic compounds are given
below: 3. What is methane? Draw its electron dot structure.
A B C D Name the type of bonds formed in this compound.
Why are such compounds: (i) poor conductors of
C2H4 CH3COOH C2H5OH C 2H 6 electricity and (ii) have low melting and boiling
(a) W hich one of these compounds A, B, C, or D is a points? What happens when this compound burns
saturated hydrocarbon? in oxygen? F [Delhi, Set- 1, 2019]
(b) Identify the organic acid and give its structural
Concept Applied Lewis Dot structure
formula.
(c) Which of the above compounds when heated at Ans. • CH4/Simplest hydrocarbon
443K in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 forms
ethene as the major product? What is the role played
by concentrated H2SO4 in this reaction? Also, write
the chemical equation involved.
(d) Give a chemical equation when B and C react with
each other in presence of concentrated H2SO4.
Name the major product formed and mention one
of its important uses. U+A [SQP, 2020-21]

Concept Applied Carbon compounds and • Covalent bonds

(i) No ions or charged particles are formed.
functional groups
(ii) Due to weak covalent bonds.
Ans. (a) D is a saturated hydrocarbon. • Carbon dioxide and water are produced/
CH4 + 2O2 ¾® CO2 + 2H2O
(b) B is an organic acid.
 [Marking Scheme, 2019] ½ + 1 + ½ + 1+1+1
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

4. Why are certain compounds called hydrocarbons? Write the general formula for homologous series of alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes and also draw the structure of the first member of each series. Write the name of the
reaction that converts alkenes into alkanes and also write a chemical equation to show the necessary conditions
for the reaction to occur. U [OD Set-1 2017, 2019]

Topper's Answer, 2017

5. Carry out the following conversions stating the (d) 2Na + 2CH3COOH → 2CH3COONa + H2
condition (s) for each: (Q) (R)
(i) Ethanol to Ethene (e) Dehydration of ethanol occurs /
(ii) Ethene to Ethane conc. H SO
C2H5OH  2 4
→ C2H4 + H 2O
(iii) Ethane to Chloroethane
(iv) Ethanol to Ethanoic acid (P)
(v) Ethanoic acid to Ethyl ethanoate 7. An organic compound ‘X’ is liquid at room
 [Outside Delhi Set-1, 2023] temperature. It is also a very good solvent and has the
molecular formula C2H6O. Upon oxidation ‘X’ gives
Concept Applied Carbon Reactions ‘Y’. ‘Y’ releases a gas ‘W’ with brisk effervescence
6. An organic compound ‘P’ is a constituent of wines. on reacting with NaHCO3. X reacts with Y in the
‘P’ on reacting with acidified K2Cr2O7 forms another presence of conc. H2SO4 to give another compound
compound ‘Q’. When a piece of sodium is added to ‘Z’ which has a pleasant smell. 'Z'.
‘Q’, a gas ‘R’ evolves which burns with a pop sound (a) Give the chemical name and chemical formula of
when a burning matchstick is brought near it. 'Y'.
(a) Give the chemical name of compound 'P'. (b) How will you test for the gas ‘W’?
(b) Mention another use of the compound ‘P’ apart
(c) Depict the formation 'Y' and 'Z' using chemical
from the use mentioned in the question.
(c) Illustrate with the help of chemical equation the equations.
conversion of ‘P’ into ‘Q’. (d) Name the reaction of formation of ‘Z’.
(d) Give a balanced equation to depict the reaction of Q (e) Give any one use of ‘Z’? [APQ 2023-24]
with sodium. Ans. (a) Ethanoic acid Y = CH3COOH
(e) What happens when ‘P’ is heated with conc. H2SO4 (b) The gas evolved ‘W’ turns the lime water milky
at 443 K? Write its chemical equation. [APQ 2023-24] Acid. K Cr O
Ans. (a) P = Ethanol (c) C2H5OH  2 2 7
→ CH3COOH
(b) Industrial solvent/ingredient of cough syrup/ (X) (Y)
homeopathic medicine/lab reagent - any one or any C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
other (X) (Y) (Z)
acidified K Cr O
(c) C2H5OH 
2 2 7
→ CH3COOH (d) Esterification Reaction
(P) (Q) (e) Any one use: use-perfumes/cosmetics;
 Carbon and its Compounds

TOPIC-2 E thanol, Ethanoic acid, Soaps and Detergents

Concepts Covered
 Properties and Uses of Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid  Soaps and Detergents.

Soaps are effective only in soft water.

Revision Notes 
 Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long
 Ethanol: Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol. It is
chain of carboxylic acid.
the second member of the alcohol series. The molecular
 Detergents are effective in both hard and soft water.
formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.
 Soap molecule has:
 Chemical Properties: [Board, 2022]
(i) Reaction with sodium: Formation of sodium ethoxide (i) An ionic (hydrophilic) part
and hydrogen. (ii) A long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic) part
2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2
(ii) Reaction with acid: Formation of ester (ethyl
ethanoate) – a sweet-smelling ester. This process is
called esterification.
conc . H SO
CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH 
2 4
→ CH 3COOCH 2CH 3 + H
2O Structure of the soap molecule
conc . H SO  Cleansing Action of Soap: Most dirt is oily in nature.
CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH 
2 4
→ CH 3COOCH 2CH 3 + H 2O
The hydrophobic end of a soap molecule attaches
 Uses: In preparation of soap, cosmetics alcoholic itself with dirt and the ionic end is surrounded with
beverages, medicines, laboratory reagent, etc. molecules of water. This result in formation of a radial
 Ethanoic acid: The common name of ethanoic acid is structure called micelles.
acetic acid and it belongs to the group of acids called  Soap micelles help to dissolve dirt and grease in water
carboxylic acid. It is the second member of the series. and the cloth gets cleaned.
The molecular formula of the compound is CH3COOH.
 Vinegar — 5-8 % solution of acetic acid in water.
 Glacial acetic acid — Pure acetic acid
 Chemical Properties of ethanoic acid
(i) Reaction with sodium carbonate:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O
+ CO2
(ii) Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate:
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Brisk effervescence marks the presence of carbon
dioxide.
(iii) Reaction with NaOH:
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O  The magnesium and calcium salts present in hard
(iv) Reaction with ethanol (Esterification): water reacts with soap molecule to form insoluble
 [Board 2023] product called scum. This scum create difficulty in
conc . H SO
CH 3COOH + CH 3CH 2OH  2
→ CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2O
4
cleansing action.
 Soap and detergents  Detergents prevent the formation of the insoluble scum
 Soap is sodium or potassium salt with hard water and clothes get cleaned effectively.
of long chain carboxylic acid. e.g.,
C17H35COONa+
KEY-TERM
Ester: Ester is a sweet-smelling substance and is produced
 On hydrolysis, ester gives parent
as a result of the reaction of an acid such as ethanoic acid
alcohol and sodium salt of
and an alcohol such as ethanol in the presence of an acid
carboxylic acid. Alkaline hydrolysis
catalyst. It is used in making perfumes and flavouring
of ester is called saponification.
agents.
 [Board 2017]

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions  (1 mark each) Short Answer Type Questions-I  (2 marks each)
1. What is the chemical formula of acetic acid? R 1. List two chemical properties on the basis of which
Ans. CH3COOH [OEB] 1 ethanol and ethanoic acid may be differentiated
and explain how. U [O.D. Set-3, 2019]
2. Medicines like tincture iodine or cough syrup use
ethanol for their preparation. Why? A [OEB]
Concept Applied Alcohol and Carboxylic Acids
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

Ans. Ethanoic acid reacts with NaOH to give sodium salt Ans. (a) By dissolving 5 g of KMnO4 in 100 mL of water/
and water but C2H5OH does not show this reaction. By dissolving 5 g of KMnO4 in water to make a final
 1 volume of 100 mL.
Ethanoic acid reacts with NaHCO3 (Sodium (b) As an oxidising agent 1
Bicarbonate) or Na2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate) and Purple colour persists ½+½
gives sodium salt of ethanoic acid, water, and Alkaline KMnO4
(c) CH3CH2OH  → CH3COOH 1
carbon dioxide. [Marking Scheme, 2019] 1 heat

2. Consider the following organic compounds: [Marking Scheme, 2020-21]

(i) CH3CH2CHO (ii) CH3CHO 2. (a) Draw the structures for (i) ethanol, (ii) ethanoic
(a) Name the functional group present in these acid.
compounds. (b) Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic
(b) Write the general formula for the compounds of this acid considered an oxidation reaction? Write the
functional group. oxidising agent used in the reaction involved.
(c) State the relationship between these compounds U [Delhi Set-III, 2020]
and draw the structure of any other compound
having similar functional group. [SQP 2023-24] Concept Applied Structure of Carbon
Ans. (a) Functional group: Aldehyde = CHO compounds
(b) General formula: CnH2nO 3. Study the following information given and answer
the questions that follow.
(c) It forms the part of the homologous series of the
Ethanol is a renewable biofuel because it is made
aldehydes as these compounds differ from each
from biomass. Ethanol is a clear, colourless alcohol
other by –CH2 unit.
made from a variety of biomass materials. Ethanol
Structure of 4th member of this series is:
producers mostly use food grains and crops
H H H O
with high starch and sugar content such as corn,
| | | ||
sorghum, barley, sugarcane, and sugar beets. The
H—C—C—C—C—H
most common ethanol production processes today
| | |
use yeast to ferment the starch and sugars in corn,
H H H
sugarcane, and sugar beets.
3. Heating an alcohol with concentrated sulphuric
(a) What is the chemical formula for ethanol?
acid results in the dehydration of the alcohol to give
(b) What other compound is obtained as a by-product
the alkene as shown by the reaction of ethanol to when ethanol is obtained from sugar?
give ethene. (c) What would be the products formed when ethanol
Hot conc. sulphuric acid
CH 3CH 2OH 
→ CH 2 = CH 2 undergoes complete combustion? Support your
answer with a balanced chemical equation.
Pramila heated 2-butanol (shown below) with  U [CFPQ]
concentrated sulphuric acid. 4. Distinguish between esterification and
CH3CH2CHCH3 saponification reactions with the help of the
| chemical equations for each. State one use of each
OH (i) esters, and (ii) saponification process.
Write the structural formulae of all the possible  U [OD Set-1, 2017]
products of the reaction. U [CFPQ] Concept Applied Saponification
Concept Applied Reactions of alcoholic Ans. Esterification is the process by which esters are
compounds formed when an alcohol reacts with an acid in
presence of conc. sulphuric acid.
Short Answer Type Questions-II  (3 marks each) H+
R'OH + RCOOH 
→ RCOOR' + H O
2 2
1. 3 mL of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed
Ester
gently in a water bath. A 5% solution of alkaline
potassium permanganate is added first drop by CH3​CH2​OH + CH3​COOH → CH3​COOC2​H5 ​+ H2​O
drop to this solution, then in excess. Saponification reaction is when ester reacts with
(a) How is 5% solution of KMnO4 prepared? NaOH, to form the sodium salt of acid (soap) and
(b) State the role of alkaline potassium permanganate alcohol.
in this reaction. What happens on adding it in RCOOR' + NaOH → RCOONa + R'OH
excess? Soap 2
(c) Explain by writing the reaction.
CH3​COOC2​H5 ​+ NaOH → CH3​COONa + C2​H5​OH
A+E [Delhi, Set-1, 2020]
Carbon and its Compounds

(i) Uses of esters: (ii) CH3COOH + NaOH →

Used in perfumes or as artificial flavouring agents in Conc. H 2 SO4
(iii) C2H5OH + CH3COOH →
ice-creams and cold drinks.
Ap [Set I, Delhi 2017]
(ii) Uses of saponification process:
Used in making soaps. ½+½ Concept Applied 'Properties of ethanol and
5. Complete the following chemical equations: ethanoic acid'.
(i) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH →
6. Write three different chemical reactions showing the conversion of ethanoic acid to sodium ethanoate. Write a
balanced chemical equation in each case. Write the name of the reactants and the products other than ethanoic
acid and sodium ethanoate in each case. U [Term-2, O.D. Set-3, 2016]

Topper's Answer, 2016

Ans. 2

7. When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the C2H6O in the presence of an acid, a sweet smelling
presence of conc. H2SO4, a substance with a fruity compound ‘C’ is formed.
smell is produced. Answer the following: (1) Identify ‘B’ and ‘C’.
(i) State the class of compounds to which the fruity (2) State the role of acid in this reaction.
smelling compounds belong. Write the chemical (3) Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
equation for the reaction and write the chemical  [Set-1 OD., 2023]
name of the product formed. Ans (a) (i) A = Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
(ii) State the role of conc. H2SO4. CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
U [Term-2, Set-1, 2, 2016] (ii) (1) B = Ethanol CH3CH2OH,
Ans. (i) Esters. ½ C = Ester (Ethyl ethanoate CH3COOC2H5)
Chemical Equation: (2) Acid acts as a catalyst and increases the reaction rate.
O (3) CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
—
—

H SO
CH3 — C — OH + CH3CH2OH  
2 4
→ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

Conc. H2SO4
2. (i) Name the compound formed when ethanol is
O heated at 443K in the presence of conc. H2SO4 and
draw its electron dot structure. State the role of
—
—

CH3 — C — O — CH2 — CH3 +H2O 1 conc. H2SO4 in this reaction.

(ii) What is hydrogenation? Explain it with the help of
Product’s chemical name—Ethyl ethanoate ½ a chemical equation. State the role of this reaction
(ii) Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent. (Helps in in industry. [Set-1 Outside Delhi, 2023]
the removal of water formed in the reaction.) 1
Ans. (i) Ethene: The molecular formula is C2H4
[Marking Scheme, 2016]
Electron-dot structure:
Long Answer Type Questions  (5 marks each)
1. (i) A compound “A” with a molecular formula of
C2H4O2 reacts with a base to give salt and water.
Identify ‘A’, state its nature and the name of the
functional group it possesses. Write chemical
equation for the reaction involved.
(ii) When the above stated compound ‘A’ reacts with
another compound ‘B’ having molecular formula H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent in this reaction.
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

(ii) Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between (c) CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5

molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or  + H2O
element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as CH3COOC2H3 + NaOH → CH3COONa
nickel, palladium, or platinum.  + C2H5OH [1]
Ni/Pt/Pd
CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3CH3 4. (a) Compare soaps and detergents on the basis of
their composition and cleansing action in hard
Function or Application = The process is commonly water.
employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. (b) What happens when ethanol is treated with sodium
3. Shristi heated Ethanol with a compound A in metal? State the behaviour of ethanol in this
presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric reaction.
acid and observed a sweet-smelling compound B is (c) Draw the structure of cyclohexane.
formed. When B is treated with sodium hydroxide
it gives back Ethanol and a compound C. (d) Name the following compound.
(a) Identify A and C H
|
(b) Give one use each of compounds A and B. H − C− C− H
|| |
(c) Write the chemical reactions involved and name the
O H
reactions. A [SQP, 2022-23]
[Set-1 Outside Delhi, 2020]
Concept Applied Chemical properties of
Ethanol Concept Applied Saponification
Ans. (a) A- Ethanoic acid/ or any other carboxylic acid, 5. A compound ‘X’ on heating with excess conc. Sul-
C- sodium salt of ethanoic acid/ any other carboxylic phuric acid at 443K gives an unsaturated compound
acid carboxylic acid/ sodium ethanoate. [½ + ½] ‘Y’. ‘X’ also reacts with sodium metal to evolve a
(b) Use of A- dil. solution used as vinegar in cooking/ colourless gas ‘Z’. Identify ‘X’, ’Y’ and ‘Z’. Write the
preservative in pickles. [1] equation of the chemical reaction for formation of
‘Y’ and also write the role of sulphuric acid in the
Use of B- making perfumes, flavoring agent[1]
reaction. C [Delhi/Outside Delhi, 2018]

Topper's Answer, 2018

6. Soaps and detergents are two types of salts. State micelles in which carbon chain of the molecules
the difference between the two. Write the mecha- dissolves in the oil while the ionic end dissolves
nism of the cleansing action of soaps. Why do in water and faces outside. The micelles thus help
soaps not form lather (foam) with hard water? in dissolving the dirt in water. (Note: 1 mark to
Mention any two problems that arise due to the use be awarded if only labelled diagram of micelle is
of detergents instead of soaps. given)
 U [Delhi Set-I 2017] Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in hard water form
insoluble substance (scum) with soap.
Concept Applied Cleansing Action of soap
Two problems:
Ans. (i) Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of (a) Non-biodegradable
long chain carboxylic acids while detergents are (b) Water pollution/soil pollution
the ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain
carboxylic acids. (Note: 1 mark to be awarded for any one of the
(ii) The dirt is oily in nature and when soap is added problems.) [Marking Scheme, Delhi 2017]
to water, its molecules form structures called 2+1+1+2
Carbon and its Compounds

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

5. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of
Objective Type Questions palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an
[A] Multiple Choice Questions example of:
(A) Addition reaction
1. The formulae of four organic compounds are shown (B) Substitution reaction
below. Choose the correct option.
(C) Displacement reaction
A B
(D) Oxidation reaction K [NCERT Exemplar]
6. When sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to
ethanoic acid a gas evolves. Consider the following
statements about the gas evolved.
(A) It turns lime water milky.
C D
(B) It is evolved with a brisk effervescence.
(C) It has a smell of burning sulphur.
(D) It is also a by-product of respiration.
The correct statements are:
(A) A and B are unsaturated hydrocarbons. (A) (A) and (B) only (B) (B) and (D) only
(B) C and D are saturated hydrocarbons. (C) (A), (C) and (D) (D) (A), (B) and (D)
(C) Addition of hydrogen in presence of catalyst  A [Delhi Set-3, 2020]
changes A to C. 7. While studying the saponification reaction, what
(D) Addition of potassium permanganate changes B do you observe when you mix an equal amount of
to D. E [SQP 2022-23] colourless vegetable oil and 20% aqueous solution
Ans. Option (C) is correct. of NaOH in a beaker?
Explanation: The name of the reaction that converts (A) The colour of the mixture has become dark
alkenes (A) into alkanes (C) is hydrogenation. The
conditions which are necessary for this reaction are brown.
the presence of a catalyst Ni and the temperature (B) A brisk effervescence is taking place in the
should be 423 K. beaker.
2. Which of the following is not observed in a (C) The outer surface of the beaker has become hot.
homologous series? Give reason for your choice. (D) The outer surface of the beaker has become cold.
F [SQP 2021-22]  A [All India Region, 2017]
(A) Change in chemical properties. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(B) Difference in —CH2 and 14u molecular mass. Explanation: The beaker becomes hot because it is an
(C) Gradation in physical properties. exothermic reaction.
(D) Same functional group.
8. When you add a few drops of acetic acid to a test-
Ans. Option (A) is correct. tube containing sodium bicarbonate powder, which
Explanation: Change in chemical properties is not one of the following is your observation ?
observed in a homologous series. The chemical (A) No reaction takes place.
properties of all compounds in a series remain the
same. [Marking Scheme, 2021-22] (B) A colourless gas with pungent smell is released
with brisk effervescence.
3. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has:
(C) A brown coloured gas is released with brisk
(A) 6 covalent bonds (B) 7 covalent bonds
effervescence.
(C) 8 covalent bonds (D) 9 covalent bonds
(D) Formation of bubbles of a colourless and
K [NCERT Exemplar]
odourless gas. K [SA-2, OD. Set-1, 2017]
4. The correct electron dot structure of a water mol-
ecule is: Ans. Option (D) is correct.
 ⋅ H  ⋅ H Explanation: When a few drops of acetic acid is
(A) H ⋅ O (B) H : O
  added to a test-tube containing sodium bicarbonate
(C) H : O : H (D) H : O :H powder, it leads to the formation of sodium acetate
 along with release of carbon dioxide gas, which is
E [NCERT Exemplar] colourless and odourless gas.
Ans. Option (C) is correct. 9. Pentane has the molecular formula C5H12. It has
Explanation: In electron dot structure, oxygen has
(A) 5 covalent bonds (B) 12 covalent bonds
a complete octet, while each atom of hydrogen has
(C) 16 covalent bonds (D) 17 covalent bonds
two electrons in outermost shell.
 [NCERT Exemplar]
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

Ans. Option (C) is correct Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Pentane has 4 C–C single bond and 12 C–H single Explanation: Esterification is a reaction in which
bond. So, total 16 covalent bonds are present. alcohol like ethanol reacts with carboxylic acids to
10. Vinegar is a solution of form esters and water in the presence of sulphuric
(A) 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol acid. Esters are generally sweet smelling substances.
5. Assertion (A): Acetic acid has six single bond and
(B) 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
one double bond.
(C) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water Reason (R): It is saturated organic compound.
(D) 50% – 60% acetic acid in water  U [OEB]
 [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. Option (C) is correct
[C] Case Based MCQs
Vinegar is made up of acetic acid, of about 5-8% of I. Read the given passage and answer the questions
acid in water. that follow: [OEB]
[B] Assertion & Reason
Carbon has the unique property to form
Directions: In the following questions, a statement bonds with other atoms of carbon.
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A. 1. Name the characteristic property of carbon as
(C) A is true but R is false. depicted in the fig.
(D) A is false and R is true. (A) Catenation (B) Polymerization
1. Assertion (A): In a homologous series of alcohols, (C) Isomerisation (D) None of the above U
the formula for the second member is C2H5OH and Ans. Option (A) is correct.
the third member is C3H7OH. Explanation: Carbon forms bond with other atoms
Reason (R): The difference between the molecular of carbon. This property of carbon is known as
masses of the two consecutive members of a catenation.
homologous series is 144. 2. Carbon forms large number of compounds due to:
 U [Delhi Set-2, 2021-22] (A) Catenation only
Ans. Option (C) is correct. (B) Tetravalency only
Explanation: In homologous series of alcohols, the (C) Both catenation and tetravalency
formula for the second member is C2H5OH and the (D) None of the above U
third member is C3H7OH. The difference between Ans. Option (C) is correct.
the molecular masses of the two consecutive Explanation: Carbon forms a large number of
members of a homologous series is 14u. compounds due to the following:
2. Assertion (A): Following are the members of (i) Catenation: Carbon forms bond with other carbon
a homologous series : CH3OH, CH3CH2OH,
atoms.
CH3CH2CH2OH
(ii) Tetravalency: Carbon shares four electrons with
Reason (R): A series of compounds with same other atoms.
functional group but differing by ––CH2 – unit is
3. Carbon is:
called a homologous series.
(A) Divalent (B) Monovalent
U [Outside Delhi, Set-1, 2021-22]
(C) Tetravalent (D) Trivalent U
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: Homologous series is a series of Explanation: Carbon has a valency of four. It is
compounds in which the members present have capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon
the same functional group and similar chemical or atoms of some other monovalent element. Carbon
properties and any two successive members in a can form bonds with Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
particular series differ in their molecular formula by Sulphur, Chlorine and many other elements to form
a – CH2 unit. For example, the series like methanol, compounds with specific properties.
ethanol, propanol and so on is a homologous series of OR
alcohol.
Which of these is a saturated compound in which 6
3. Assertion (A): Third member of alkane is propane carbon atoms are arranged in a ring?
(C3H8).
(A) Hexane (B) Cyclohexane
Reason (R): It is obtained from general formula
CnH2n + 2 U [OEB] (C) Pentane (D) Cyclopentane U
4. Assertion (A): Esterification is a process in which a Ans. Option (B) is correct.
sweet-smelling substance is produced. Explanation: Cyclohexane is the carbon compounds
Reason (R): When esters react with sodium in which carbon atoms are arranged in the form of
hydroxide, an alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic a ring. It is a cyclic carbon compound. Its structure
acid are obtained. [Set-1, 2020-21] is :
Carbon and its Compounds

(b)
Is this true about carbon compounds? Yes or
No
(i) They are good conductors of No
electricity.
(ii) They exist in either saturated or un- Yes
saturated form.
(iii) They have lower boiling points Yes
than ionic compounds.
2
[D] Case Based Subjective Questions OR
1. Read the given passage and answer the questions (b) Carbon, due to strong C–C bond. 1+1
that follow: 2. Given below is a four-carbon skeleton of a
hydrocarbon compound.
The pictures show the bonds formed by the C
sharing of electrons by the atoms of four different |
molecules. [SAS] C —C
|
C
(a) Fill in the hydrogen atoms/bonds to form:
(i) a saturated hydrocarbon
(ii) an unsaturated hydrocarbon
(b) If the four-carbon skeleton is of a straight chained
(a) Out of these molecules–Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen alkene, draw the structures of all the possible
and oxygen—which has the strongest bond between compounds.
its atoms? What is this type of bond between atoms OR
known as? 2 If the four-carbon skeleton is of a straight chained
alkyne:
(b) Which of these statements is true about carbon
(i) How many carbon atoms may NOT be bonded to
compounds? Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ for the correct
any hydrogen atoms?
response. [SAS] (ii) How many hydrogen atoms will there be in the
Is this true about carbon Yes or No compound? [APQ 2023-24]
compounds? CH2
||
(i) They are good conductors of Ans. (a) (i) H3C —C
electricity. |
CH3
(ii) They exist in either saturated
or unsaturated form. CH2
||
(iii) They have lower boiling (ii) H3C —C
points than ionic compounds. |
CH3
2
OR (b) CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3
(b) Which element exhibits the property of catenation Butane |
to the maximum extent and why? CH3
2-Methylpropane
Ans. (a) Carbon can gain four electrons and form C4–
OR
anion or lose four electrons to form the C4+ cation.
(b) (i) 1 or 2 carbon atoms
It forms four covalent bonds by sharing its valence
(ii) six hydrogens
electrons with other atoms. 1
H2
This type of bond between atoms is known as
covalent bond covalent. Carbon compounds are H3C—C—C ºº CH
or
those where there is a carbon–carbon bond.1
H3C—C ºº C—CH3

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-1)

VSATQs SATQs-I
2. C11H20 1 3. (i) Name of the saturated hydrocarbon with four
carbon atoms is butane (C4H10). ½
4. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of
electrons pair/pairs between the atoms. 1
 [Marking Scheme, OD, 2020]
 ½
(ii) The number of single covalent bonds is 13. 1
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

8. No, they cannot be isomers.1 LATQs

Alkanes have only carbon and hydrogen atoms, hot H SO
while alcohols have oxygen atoms too. 1 5. (i) CH3CH2OH 
2
443 K
4
→ CH2=CH2
Ni/Pt/Pd
SATQs-II (ii) CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3CH3
5. (a) Q and S  ½+½ (iii) CH3CH3 
2 Cl /hv
→ CH3CH2Cl
They have the same functional group. 1 KMnO
(b) None of them ½ (iv) CH3CH2OH  4
→ CH3COOH
They are all different chemical substances. 1 (v) CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
H SO
 
2 4
→ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (TOPIC-2)

VSATQs (d) Ethanal / Acetaldehyde 1
2. Ethanol is a solvent that is used to make tincture [Marking Scheme, 2020]
iodine or cough syrup because the cell membrane of
micro-organisms is made up of lipids. And ethanol
being a solvent can dissolve lipids easily and kill the
Commonly Made Error
micro-organisms that may be pathogenic. 1 Students often write incorrect reactions..
SATQs-I
3. CH3CH = CHCH3 Answering Tip
CH3CH2CH = CH2 1+1
Understand the reactions and how it takes place.
SATQs-II Make a list of important reactions (reactants,
2. (a) (i) Ethanol: C2H5OH/CH3CH2OH 1 conditions and products) of this chapter and
practice them.

LATQs
4. (a)
(ii) Ethanoic acid: CH3COOH 1
Soaps Detergents
l Composition: Ammonium or 1
Sodium or Potassium Sulphonate salts of
salts of long chain fatty long chain carboxylic
(b) As oxygen is added to ethanol acids/carboxylic acids. acids.
Oxidising agent : Alkaline KMnO4 ½
Acidified K2Cr2O7 ½ l Cleansing action in Does not form scum. 1
[Marking Scheme, 2020-21] hard water: Forms
scum.
3. (a) CH3CH2OH½
(b) Carbon dioxide/ CO2 ½ (b) l Hydrogen gas is evolved
(c) Carbon dioxide and water/ CO2 and H2O ½+½ l Behaves like an acid. ½+½
CH3CH2OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O  1
(c) H H
5. (i) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa H C H
+ C2H5OH H C C H
(c) H H
H C C H
H C H H C H
H C C H
H H  1
H C C H
C H (d) Ethanal / Acetaldehyde 1
H
[Marking Scheme, 2020]
H H  1

SOLUTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

MCQs Explanation: Ethane has 7 covalent bonds. One bond
is between two carbon atoms and the rest of the six
3. Option (B) is correct.
are between hydrogen atoms.
Carbon and its Compounds

5. Option (A) is correct. A&R

Explanation: Vegetable or plants oils such as 3. Option (A) is correct.
sunflower seed oil or palm oil consist of long-chain Explanation: C3H8 can be obtained from general
hydrocarbon molecules which contain double formula, CnH2n + 2.
bonds. On treating with hydrogen in the presence of 5. Option (C) is correct.
palladium or nickel catalyst, the hydrogen molecule Explanation: Acetic acid has a structure which has
adds across double bond and ultimately form six single bonds and only one double bond. It is an
saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., fats. unsaturated organic compound.
6. Option (D) is correct. H O
Explanation: The gas evolved is carbon dioxide with | ||
brisk effervescence. It turns lime water milky. It is H — C — C — OH
also a by-product of respiration. |
H

REFLECTION
1. Have you understood the properties of carbon and the concept of homologous series?
2. Can you write the IUPAC name of various carbon compounds?
3. Can you now answer the questions related to chemical properties of carbon compounds?
4. Can you distinguish between soaps and detergents on the basis of their composition and cleansing
action in hard water?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI CONCEPTS
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
INTEGRATED
Chapter Covered Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Name of the Book Science, Class 10, NCERT
Subject and Artificial Bonding in Carbon- The Covalent Bond, Properties of Data Acquisition
Intelligence Carbon Compounds, Electron Dot Structure, Allotropes of Data Exploration
Integrated Carbon. Auto draw
Learning Students will be able to:
Objectives • Understand the nature of bonding in carbon.
• Explain why carbon forms a covalent bond.
• Draw electron dot structures of various molecules.
• Enlist various allotropes of carbon, their structure, and
uses.
Time Required 2 periods of 35-40 minutes each.
Classroom Flexible seating arrangement.
Arrangement
Material Required Laptop/desktop or smart mobile phone with internet
connection, notebook, pens, white board, etc.
Pre-Preparation Students will be asked to make a list of ten items that they
Activities have used/consumed since morning. They will group the
items as follows:
Items made up of metals-
Items made up of glass-
Others-
After they divide the items, they will write which item may
contain carbon in some form.
Previous Knowledge Students must be aware about atomic number and atomic
mass, concept of valence electron, and valency.
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-X

Methodology • 
Students will be divided into groups of 4-5. Data acquisition
• 
They will be asked to collect the data of melting and Data Exploration
boiling points of at least 10 carbon compound sand
arrange the data in the ascending order.
• 
Students will plot a line graph for melting point as well
as boiling point.
• 
Students will be able to explain the forces of attraction Autodraw
among different carbon compounds based on the
plotted graph.
• 
Next, students will watch a video to understand the
nature of bonding in carbon.

• They will be introduced to electron dot structure with

the help of one example.
• Students will be asked to draw electron dot structures of
various compounds.
Day 2
Students will recall the concepts taught on day 1.
They will be asked about the various forms in which they
find carbon around them.Taking their answers, they will be
introduced to the concept of allotropes.
A video will be shown to illustrate this concept further

Based on the video, they’ll draw a tree diagram

highlighting various allotropes of carbon.

Learning Outcomes By the end of the class the students will be able to:
• Enlist properties of carbon compounds.
• Explain why carbon forms a covalent bond.
• iii) Diagrammatically depict the properties of various
allotropes of carbon.
Follow up Activities Students will be assessed on the basis of their learning
with the help of AI-based app, KAHOOT.
Reflections Students will learn the basics of AI with the help of apps.
They will be asked to find out about the apps that can be
used as an alternative to the above-mentioned app.